This thesis focuses on the epidemiological situation in the incidence of measles in the Czech Republic and possibilities of influencing their unfavourable situation in Europe. Measles is a highly contagious disease of viral origin, which has a significant impact on the health of the child population in particular. The most effective protection against the measles is vaccination. The introduction of measles vaccination positively affected the epidemiological situation in the world. Priority of the WHO (World Health Organization, WHO, hereinafter) is elimination of the measles. The long term goal of the WHO and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC hereinafter) was the elimination of measles in the European region by 2010. This goal was not achieved. The cause was low immunization coverage of certain population groups in several European countries. The prerequisite of achieving elimination of measles is that the vaccination coverage in the population is high. Many countries, thanks to effective vaccination strategy, succeeded in reducing the incidence of measles. In the years 2007- 2009 the historically lowest incidence, of less than 10 measles cases per million inhabitants, in the European region was achieved. In subsequent years, there was again a rise in measles morbidity. A repeated rise in cases of the disease is attributed to the expansion of social groups where vaccination coverage was inadequate in terms of achieving herd immunity. The thesis is divided into theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part is divided into four main chapters. The first chapter describes the history of measles, the origin of the name of the disease and the first mention of it. The second theoretical chapter is devoted to the clinical characteristics of measles. In subchapters it describes the clinical picture of the disease, possible complications of the disease, how the infection is diagnosed and what treatment options there are. The third chapter defines the epidemiological characteristics of the disease. The subheads are aimed at the cause of the disease, possible ways of transmission, incubation period, period of communicability, susceptibility and incidence of this disease. At last, the fourth chapter of the theoretical part desribes possible epidemiological measures, which include measles surveillance, preventive and repressive measures and vaccination. The practical part of the thesis was elaborated through quantitative research - secondary data analysis. Analysed data were obtained from the information system for reporting and recording infectious diseases EPIDAT on Regional Hygiene Station of South Bohemian Region, based in Budweis and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. The data on population, in terms of age groups and individual regions, were drawn from the demographic yearbooks, which are available on the website of the Czech Statistical Office. The resulting data were subsequently processed in tabular and graphical forms in Microsoft Excel. The research objectives were: 1) to set charting trends in the incidence of measles in the Czech Republic and Central Europe over the period 2004-2013, 2) to compare the incidence of measles in the individual regions of the Czech Republic, and 3) to identify the reasons for gaps in vaccination coverage against measles in the South Bohemian Region. Based on the above stated objectives, the five research questions were defined. The results are intended to highlight the issues of possible adverse influence on the epidemiological situation in the incidence of measles in Europe. This thesis can be used as a source of information on trends in incidence, vaccine development and immunization status for measles.

Orientador: Gláucia Maria Bovi Ambrosano / Dissertação (mestrado profissional) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T23:09:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leite_FabioBellucci_M.pdf: 1041472 bytes, checksum: 2060c0f9f24919afab6f66a9a9ea48ca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar a cobertura vacinal para Hepatite B e fatores associados, dos Cirurgiões Dentistas que trabalham na rede pública e privada na região da subprefeitura de São Mateus, São Paulo, S. P.A Supervisão de Saúde de São Mateus forneceu os endereços de todas as Unidades Básicas de Saúde e seus respectivos cirurgiões dentistas para obtenção do total de profissionais da rede pública local. Para obtenção dos endereços dos profissionais da rede privada, buscou-se cadastro em empresas dental da região, alguns dados recebidos do Conselho Regional de Odontologia e cadastro na subprefeitura da região. Um questionário foi aplicado a 133 profissionais. Na análise da cobertura vacinal, observou-se que 78,2 % dos profissionais tomaram as três doses preconizadas ou mais e, dos que tomaram a vacina, observou-se que somente 49,0% realizaram o exame antiHBs para comprovarem se estavam imunizados. Dos profissionais entrevistados, apenas 3 % não tomaram nenhuma dose da vacina e 14,3 % tomaram duas doses. Percebeu-se que boa parte dos cirurgiões dentistas pode estar exposto ao vírus da hepatite B, visto que, 51,2% dos profissionais afirmaram terem sofrido algum acidente com perfuro-cortante. Os profissionais conhecem a doença, pois 97,0 % tomaram pelo menos uma dose, mas efetivamente esse conhecimento não gera a ação de vacinação completa e a realização do antiiHBs.Os cirurgiões dentistas que trabalham na rede pública estão mais protegidos e com melhor cobertura vacinal dos que os trabalham na rede privada. Os resultados desse estudo refletem a necessidade de implementação de campanhas que conscientizem os profissionais sobre a necessidade de vacinação completa contra a hepatite B / Abstract: This study examined the vaccination coverage for hepatitis B and related factors of the dentists who work in public and private areas in the region of the sub city of Sao Mateus (in the capital of the city of Sao Paulo). The local health supervision has provided the addresses of all the Basic Health Units and its respective professionals, to reach the private professional dentists it was necessary to contact the National Board of Dentistry and some other public servers. A questionnaire was applied to 133 professionals. During the analysis of the immunization coverage it was observed that only 78,2% of the professionals were immunized with the tree shots recommended or more and among those who received the shots only 49,0% realized the antiHBs exam which proves if the vaccine was efficient. In general only 3,0% didn't get any shots of the medication and among 14,3% received at least 2 shots. The bottom line is that a significant amount of dentists can be exposed to the Hepatitis B virus, considering that, 51,2% of them confessed to have suffered some kind of accident with sharp instruments. The professionals are all aware of the disease, the proof is that 97% of them took at least one shot of the vaccine but they responsibility is limited once the treatment is not effective if incomplete, not to mention the realization of the antiHBs. The dentists who work for public organizations have a better protection than those who work for private enterprises. The outcome of this study is to aware all the professionals about the need of having a complete protection against the Hepatitis B virus / Mestrado / Mestre em Odontologia em Saúde Coletiva

Estudo observacional transversal que teve como objetivos caracterizar os pacientes com diabetes mellitus segundo as variáveis demográficas e clínicas; estimar a prevalência de infecção pelo vírus da hepatite B e C e a cobertura vacinal contra hepatite B em pacientes com diabetes mellitus e identificar potenciais fatores de risco relacionados. A amostra de conveniência foi constituída de 255 pacientes com diabetes mellitus que compareceram à consulta médica nos ambulatórios de Endocrinologia e de Clínica Médica Integrado de Unidade Distrital de Saúde de Ribeirão Preto-SP, no período de julho a dezembro de 2014. As variáveis demográficas selecionadas foram sexo, idade e escolaridade e, as clínicas o uso de insulina, monitoramento da glicemia capilar, história de intervenções médicas, cirúrgicas, diagnósticas e terapêuticas e situações e comportamentos de risco para hepatite B e C. Os marcadores sorológicos investigados foram HBsAg, Anti-HBc IgG, Anti-HBc IgM, Anti-HBs e Anti-HCV. Considerou-se vacinação completa três ou mais doses da vacina contra hepatite B registrada. Para a coleta de dados utilizou-se um questionário, consulta ao registro de vacinação no Sistema Informatizado de Gestão em Saúde da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde e coleta de sangue venoso. Os dados foram apresentados por meio de estatística descritiva. A análise univariada das possíveis associações entre as variáveis demográficas e clínicas e os desfechos infecção pelo vírus da hepatite B e C e cobertura vacinal contra hepatite B, foi determinada pelos testes de Qui-quadrado corrigido por Pearson ou Teste exato de Fisher bicaudal e Wilcoxon para amostras não pareadas. Para a análise multivariada, foi construído um modelo de regressão logística onde foram incluídas as variáveis que exibiram p<0,2 na análise univariada. Valores de \'p\' inferiores a 5% foram considerados significativos. Os resultados mostraram que 16,8% dos pacientes apresentaram marcador Anti-HBc total reagente, 8,2% Anti-HBs isolado e 75% foram não reagentes para todos os marcadores de hepatite B. Nenhum caso de HBsAg reagente foi encontrado na amostra estudada. Quanto à infecção pelo vírus da hepatite C, 3,3% dos pacientes apresentaram marcador anti-HCV reagente. A prevalência de infecção pelo vírus da hepatite B (Anti-HBc reagente) em pacientes com diabetes mellitus foi de 16,8%, superior à nacional e mostrou-se diretamente associado ao tempo da doença. A prevalência de infecção pelo vírus da hepatite C (Anti-HCV reagente) foi de 3,3%, superior à nacional, mas não teve associação com as variáveis demográficas e clínicas investigadas. A cobertura vacinal contra hepatite B mostrou-se baixa (15%) em pacientes com diabetes mellitus evidenciando a sua vulnerabilidade a essa doença grave e potencialmente fatal. Maior escolaridade e o trabalho na área da saúde foram associados à melhor cobertura vacinal. Estes resultados fornecem subsídios importantes para a avaliação da prática clínica dos enfermeiros na atenção primaria à saúde para a prestação de cuidados relacionados à cobertura vacinal a pessoas com diabetes mellitus. Assim, esforços devem ser empenhados pelos profissionais e serviços de saúde para enfrentar o desafio de prover ampla cobertura vacinal a essa população, garantindo a prevenção da infecção pelo vírus da hepatite B e C / A cross-sectional observational study aimed at characterizing patients with diabetes mellitus according to demographic and clinical variables; to estimate the prevalence of hepatitis B and C virus infection and vaccine coverage in patients with diabetes mellitus and to identify potential related risk factors. The convenience sample consisted of 255 patients with diabetes mellitus who attended the medical consultation in the outpatient clinics of Endocrinology and Integrated Medical Clinic of the District Health Unit of Ribeirão Preto-SP, from July to December 2014. The selected demographic variables the use of insulin, capillary blood glucose monitoring, history of medical, surgical, diagnostic and therapeutic interventions and risky situations and behaviors for hepatitis B and C. The serological markers investigated were HBsAg, Anti -HBc IgG, Anti-HBc IgM, Anti-HBs and Anti-HCV. Three or more doses of the registered hepatitis B vaccine were considered complete vaccination. To collect data, a questionnaire was used, consulting the vaccination record of the Health Management Computerized System of Health of the Municipal Health Department and venous blood collection. The data were presented by means of descriptive statistics. Univariate analysis of possible associations between demographic and clinical variables and outcomes of hepatitis B and C virus infection and vaccine coverage against hepatitis B was determined by the Pearson-corrected chi-square test or Wilcoxon\'s exact Fisher\'s test for Unpaired samples. For the multivariate analysis, a logistic regression model was constructed in which variables that exhibited p <0.2 were included in the univariate analysis. Values of \'p\' below 5% were considered significant. The results showed that 16.8% of the patients presented total anti-HBc marker reagent, 8.2% Anti-HBs alone and 75% were non-reactive for all hepatitis B markers. No case of HBsAg reagent was found in the sample studied. Regarding hepatitis C virus infection, 3.3% of the patients presented anti-HCV marker reagent. The prevalence of hepatitis B virus (Anti-HBc reagent) in patients with diabetes mellitus was 16.8% higher than the national level and was directly associated with the time of diabetes mellitus. The prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection (Anti-HCV reagent) was 3.3%, higher than the national level, but had no association with the demographic and clinical variables investigated. Hepatitis B vaccination coverage was shown to be low (15%) in patients with diabetes mellitus evidencing their vulnerability to this serious and potentially fatal disease. Higher schooling and work in the health area were associated with better vaccine coverage. These results provide important insights for the evaluation of nurses\' clinical practice in primary health care for care related to vaccination coverage for people with diabetes mellitus. Thus, efforts must be made by health professionals and services to meet the challenge of providing ample vaccination coverage to this population, ensuring the prevention of hepatitis B and C virus infection

Introdução: Nas últimas quatro décadas o Programa Nacional de Imunização (PNI) apresentou grande evolução, alcançando ótimas estimativas de cobertura vacinal calculadas por meio de dados administrativos. Este método, entretanto, não permite o cálculo da proporção de crianças com esquema completo e a avaliação da oportunidade (vacinação na idade preconizada). Sistemas informatizados de imunização (SII) permitem uma avaliação mais acurada da cobertura vacinal. Objetivos: Descrever e avaliar a cobertura vacinal, tanto de vacinas específicas quanto do esquema completo, assim como a oportunidade de vacinação, em crianças aos 12 e 24 meses de idade no Município de Araraquara nascidas entre 1998 e 2013. Métodos: Este estudo de série temporal usou dados de um SII, Sistema Juarez, do Município de Araraquara. Para cada coorte de nascimento, considerou-se o calendário vacinal do PNI vigente. Verificou-se a validade das doses e analisaram-se as coberturas vacinais oportunas e atualizadas para vacinas específicas e esquema completo. As tendências das coberturas vacinais foram analisadas por meio do método Prais-Winsten e a oportunidade do esquema completo foi apresentada por uma adaptação do método Kaplan-Meier. Resultados: Todas as coberturas de vacinas específicas apresentaram tendência crescente aos 12 meses de idade. Aos 24 meses, as coberturas atualizadas apresentaram tendência crescente e as oportunas, estacionárias. As coberturas oportunas e atualizadas do esquema completo no período foram de 62por cento e 84por cento aos 12 meses, respectivamente, e de 41por cento e 78por cento aos 24 meses, e apresentaram tendência estacionária, principalmente por conta da limitação de idade na aplicação da vacina Rotavírus. O método Kaplan-Meier permitiu visualizar que as vacinas aplicadas a partir dos seis meses de idade representam o momento de quedas mais acentuadas nas coberturas e que a introdução de novas vacinas não apresentou efeito negativo constante nas mesmas. As quedas nas coberturas foram mais relacionadas à idade de aplicação da dose do que ao número de doses de uma vacina. A porcentagem de crianças que receberam doses inválidas e com doses em atraso foi menor do que a encontrada na literatura. Conclusões: Este estudo mostrou as potencialidades de um SII numa cidade de médio porte, que permite análises mais complexas e acuradas das coberturas vacinais. / Introduction: The national immunization program (NIP) has improved in the last four decades, reaching high estimates of vaccination coverage calculated by administrative data. However, this method does not allow to assess timeliness, i.e. in the recommended age, and the proportion of children with complete vaccination schedules. Immunization information systems (IIS) enable a more accurate assessment of vaccination coverage. Objectives: To describe and assess vaccination coverage, both the specifics vaccines and the complete vaccination schedule, as well as timeliness of coverage, in children 12 and 24 months old in Araraquara city born between 1998 and 2013. Methods: This time series study used data from an IIS, Juarez System, in Araraquara city. For each birth cohort, it was considered respective NIP vaccination schedules. It was assessed the validity of doses and timely and up-to-date vaccination coverage for specific vaccines and complete schedule. Trends in vaccination coverage were analyzed using the Prais-Winsten method. Timeliness of complete schedule was presented by Kaplan- Meier method. Results: All specific vaccine coverages showed increasing trend at 12 months old. At 24 months, only up-to-date coverages increased. The average coverages of timely and up-to-date complete schedule over the studied period were 62per cent and 84per cent at 12 months old, respectively, and 41per cent and 78per cent at 24 months, and no trend was found, mainly due to strict age limits for receipt of rotavirus vaccine. The Kaplan-Meier method showed that vaccines administered from six months of age caused significant decrease in coverage and the introduction of new vaccines did not present a constant negative effect on the coverage. Recommended age appeared to affect vaccine delay more than number of doses. The proportion of children undervaccinated and who received invalid was lower than in other studies. Conclusions: This study showed the potential of an IIS in the assessment of vaccine coverage in a medium-sized city, presenting more accurate forms of analysis.

Estudo observacional transversal que teve como objetivos caracterizar os pacientes com diabetes mellitus segundo as variáveis demográficas e clínicas; estimar a prevalência de infecção pelo vírus da hepatite B e C e a cobertura vacinal contra hepatite B em pacientes com diabetes mellitus e identificar potenciais fatores de risco relacionados. A amostra de conveniência foi constituída de 255 pacientes com diabetes mellitus que compareceram à consulta médica nos ambulatórios de Endocrinologia e de Clínica Médica Integrado de Unidade Distrital de Saúde de Ribeirão Preto-SP, no período de julho a dezembro de 2014. As variáveis demográficas selecionadas foram sexo, idade e escolaridade e, as clínicas o uso de insulina, monitoramento da glicemia capilar, história de intervenções médicas, cirúrgicas, diagnósticas e terapêuticas e situações e comportamentos de risco para hepatite B e C. Os marcadores sorológicos investigados foram HBsAg, Anti-HBc IgG, Anti-HBc IgM, Anti-HBs e Anti-HCV. Considerou-se vacinação completa três ou mais doses da vacina contra hepatite B registrada. Para a coleta de dados utilizou-se um questionário, consulta ao registro de vacinação no Sistema Informatizado de Gestão em Saúde da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde e coleta de sangue venoso. Os dados foram apresentados por meio de estatística descritiva. A análise univariada das possíveis associações entre as variáveis demográficas e clínicas e os desfechos infecção pelo vírus da hepatite B e C e cobertura vacinal contra hepatite B, foi determinada pelos testes de Qui-quadrado corrigido por Pearson ou Teste exato de Fisher bicaudal e Wilcoxon para amostras não pareadas. Para a análise multivariada, foi construído um modelo de regressão logística onde foram incluídas as variáveis que exibiram p<0,2 na análise univariada. Valores de \'p\' inferiores a 5% foram considerados significativos. Os resultados mostraram que 16,8% dos pacientes apresentaram marcador Anti-HBc total reagente, 8,2% Anti-HBs isolado e 75% foram não reagentes para todos os marcadores de hepatite B. Nenhum caso de HBsAg reagente foi encontrado na amostra estudada. Quanto à infecção pelo vírus da hepatite C, 3,3% dos pacientes apresentaram marcador anti-HCV reagente. A prevalência de infecção pelo vírus da hepatite B (Anti-HBc reagente) em pacientes com diabetes mellitus foi de 16,8%, superior à nacional e mostrou-se diretamente associado ao tempo da doença. A prevalência de infecção pelo vírus da hepatite C (Anti-HCV reagente) foi de 3,3%, superior à nacional, mas não teve associação com as variáveis demográficas e clínicas investigadas. A cobertura vacinal contra hepatite B mostrou-se baixa (15%) em pacientes com diabetes mellitus evidenciando a sua vulnerabilidade a essa doença grave e potencialmente fatal. Maior escolaridade e o trabalho na área da saúde foram associados à melhor cobertura vacinal. Estes resultados fornecem subsídios importantes para a avaliação da prática clínica dos enfermeiros na atenção primaria à saúde para a prestação de cuidados relacionados à cobertura vacinal a pessoas com diabetes mellitus. Assim, esforços devem ser empenhados pelos profissionais e serviços de saúde para enfrentar o desafio de prover ampla cobertura vacinal a essa população, garantindo a prevenção da infecção pelo vírus da hepatite B e C / A cross-sectional observational study aimed at characterizing patients with diabetes mellitus according to demographic and clinical variables; to estimate the prevalence of hepatitis B and C virus infection and vaccine coverage in patients with diabetes mellitus and to identify potential related risk factors. The convenience sample consisted of 255 patients with diabetes mellitus who attended the medical consultation in the outpatient clinics of Endocrinology and Integrated Medical Clinic of the District Health Unit of Ribeirão Preto-SP, from July to December 2014. The selected demographic variables the use of insulin, capillary blood glucose monitoring, history of medical, surgical, diagnostic and therapeutic interventions and risky situations and behaviors for hepatitis B and C. The serological markers investigated were HBsAg, Anti -HBc IgG, Anti-HBc IgM, Anti-HBs and Anti-HCV. Three or more doses of the registered hepatitis B vaccine were considered complete vaccination. To collect data, a questionnaire was used, consulting the vaccination record of the Health Management Computerized System of Health of the Municipal Health Department and venous blood collection. The data were presented by means of descriptive statistics. Univariate analysis of possible associations between demographic and clinical variables and outcomes of hepatitis B and C virus infection and vaccine coverage against hepatitis B was determined by the Pearson-corrected chi-square test or Wilcoxon\'s exact Fisher\'s test for Unpaired samples. For the multivariate analysis, a logistic regression model was constructed in which variables that exhibited p <0.2 were included in the univariate analysis. Values of \'p\' below 5% were considered significant. The results showed that 16.8% of the patients presented total anti-HBc marker reagent, 8.2% Anti-HBs alone and 75% were non-reactive for all hepatitis B markers. No case of HBsAg reagent was found in the sample studied. Regarding hepatitis C virus infection, 3.3% of the patients presented anti-HCV marker reagent. The prevalence of hepatitis B virus (Anti-HBc reagent) in patients with diabetes mellitus was 16.8% higher than the national level and was directly associated with the time of diabetes mellitus. The prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection (Anti-HCV reagent) was 3.3%, higher than the national level, but had no association with the demographic and clinical variables investigated. Hepatitis B vaccination coverage was shown to be low (15%) in patients with diabetes mellitus evidencing their vulnerability to this serious and potentially fatal disease. Higher schooling and work in the health area were associated with better vaccine coverage. These results provide important insights for the evaluation of nurses\' clinical practice in primary health care for care related to vaccination coverage for people with diabetes mellitus. Thus, efforts must be made by health professionals and services to meet the challenge of providing ample vaccination coverage to this population, ensuring the prevention of hepatitis B and C virus infection

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-19T18:16:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 INQUERITO DE COBETURA VACINAL.pdf: 863654 bytes, checksum: b9703ce75fe6c140e760409b85f26a68 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-07 / FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA E AO DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTIFICO E TECNOLÓGICO DO MARANHÃO / Vaccination of children in the first year of life is essential for the prevention of various diseases and is one of the factors associated with reduced infant mortality rate. The identification of coverage and the factors responsible for delay or lack of immunization is critical for proper monitoring of vaccination programs and to identify and reach children who are not vaccinated properly. This study aimed to assess vaccination coverage in children 0-18 months of age living in São Luís - MA. The present study describes the results of a household survey to estimate vaccination coverage of the basic scheme until the second year of life in St. Louis - Ma, the cohort born in 2005.The study adopted the methodology recommended by the Pan American Health Organization to conduct surveys of vaccination coverage. Of the 630 planned interviews were conducted 561 (89%). The results show a higher proportion of girls, with a predominance of white children as they raise their levels of education and family income. The distribution of coverage by census tracts is heterogeneous, being the poorest coverage was generally lower socioeconomic strata. The BCG vaccine was the best coverage and there is a significant difference between the production data and data obtained by the inquiry, referring to all vaccines. Vaccination at 18 months (valid doses) are lower than desired, except for BCG (96% coverage). The vaccination coverage (valid doses), complete basic scheme for all the vaccine is only 51%. The survey data were a result far short when compared with administrative data. The data collected show that those recorded by official agencies overestimate the coverage of this population segment suggesting immunity in mass, a factor causing an erroneous false protection and demonstrates a failure in the evaluation of the service, and then other necessary strategies for monitoring actions of the National Immunization Program / A vacinação das crianças no primeiro ano de vida é fundamental para a prevenção de várias doenças transmissíveis e é um dos fatores associados à redução da taxa de mortalidade infantil. A identificação da cobertura vacinal e dos fatores responsáveis pelo retardo ou pela falta de imunização é fundamental para a adequada monitorização dos programas de vacinação e para se identificar e atingir as crianças que não são vacinadas corretamente. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a cobertura vacinal em crianças de 0 a 18 meses de idade residentes no município de São Luís - MA. O presente estudo descreve os resultados de um inquérito domiciliar para estimar a cobertura vacinal do esquema básico até o segundo ano de vida em São Luís - Ma, da coorte nascida em 2005. O estudo adotou a metodologia preconizada pela Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde para a realização de inquéritos de cobertura vacinal. Das 630 entrevistas previstas foram realizadas 561 (89%). Os resultados mostram maior proporção de meninas, havendo um predomínio de crianças brancas à medida que se elevam os níveis de escolaridade e renda da família. A distribuição da cobertura vacinal por setores censitários é heterogênea, encontrando-se as piores coberturas geralmente em estratos de menor nível socioeconômico. A BCG foi a vacina de melhor cobertura e observa-se uma diferença significativa entre os dados de produção e os dados obtidos através do inquérito, referentes a todas as vacinas. As coberturas vacinais aos 18 meses (doses válidas) encontram-se inferiores ao desejado, exceto para BCG (96% de cobertura). A Cobertura vacinal (doses válidas), esquema básico completo para o conjunto das vacinas é de apenas 51%. Os dados do inquérito tiveram um resultado muito aquém quando comparados com os dados administrativos. Os dados aqui coletados demonstram que aqueles registrados pelos órgãos oficiais, superestimam a cobertura desse segmento populacional sugerindo imunidade em massa, fator este errôneo gerando uma falsa proteção e que demonstra uma falha no sistema de avaliação do serviço, sendo então necessárias outras estratégias para monitorização das ações do Programa Nacional de Imunização.

<p>The aim of the study was to describe immunization coverage for DPT, Polio and Measles among children of ages between 12 to 18 months in Kawempe Division and to investigate factors associated with immunization coverage. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 239 households with children aged between 12-18 months in five villages that were selected through multi-stage cluster sampling. Information on demographic and socio-economic factors and immunization status was obtained from mothers and caretakers. Immunization coverage and analysis of associations between immunization coverage and demographic and socio-economic factors were done.</p>

<p>The aim of the study was to describe immunization coverage for DPT, Polio and Measles among children of ages between 12 to 18 months in Kawempe Division and to investigate factors associated with immunization coverage. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 239 households with children aged between 12-18 months in five villages that were selected through multi-stage cluster sampling. Information on demographic and socio-economic factors and immunization status was obtained from mothers and caretakers. Immunization coverage and analysis of associations between immunization coverage and demographic and socio-economic factors were done.</p>

Introdução: Nas últimas quatro décadas o Programa Nacional de Imunização (PNI) apresentou grande evolução, alcançando ótimas estimativas de cobertura vacinal calculadas por meio de dados administrativos. Este método, entretanto, não permite o cálculo da proporção de crianças com esquema completo e a avaliação da oportunidade (vacinação na idade preconizada). Sistemas informatizados de imunização (SII) permitem uma avaliação mais acurada da cobertura vacinal. Objetivos: Descrever e avaliar a cobertura vacinal, tanto de vacinas específicas quanto do esquema completo, assim como a oportunidade de vacinação, em crianças aos 12 e 24 meses de idade no Município de Araraquara nascidas entre 1998 e 2013. Métodos: Este estudo de série temporal usou dados de um SII, Sistema Juarez, do Município de Araraquara. Para cada coorte de nascimento, considerou-se o calendário vacinal do PNI vigente. Verificou-se a validade das doses e analisaram-se as coberturas vacinais oportunas e atualizadas para vacinas específicas e esquema completo. As tendências das coberturas vacinais foram analisadas por meio do método Prais-Winsten e a oportunidade do esquema completo foi apresentada por uma adaptação do método Kaplan-Meier. Resultados: Todas as coberturas de vacinas específicas apresentaram tendência crescente aos 12 meses de idade. Aos 24 meses, as coberturas atualizadas apresentaram tendência crescente e as oportunas, estacionárias. As coberturas oportunas e atualizadas do esquema completo no período foram de 62por cento e 84por cento aos 12 meses, respectivamente, e de 41por cento e 78por cento aos 24 meses, e apresentaram tendência estacionária, principalmente por conta da limitação de idade na aplicação da vacina Rotavírus. O método Kaplan-Meier permitiu visualizar que as vacinas aplicadas a partir dos seis meses de idade representam o momento de quedas mais acentuadas nas coberturas e que a introdução de novas vacinas não apresentou efeito negativo constante nas mesmas. As quedas nas coberturas foram mais relacionadas à idade de aplicação da dose do que ao número de doses de uma vacina. A porcentagem de crianças que receberam doses inválidas e com doses em atraso foi menor do que a encontrada na literatura. Conclusões: Este estudo mostrou as potencialidades de um SII numa cidade de médio porte, que permite análises mais complexas e acuradas das coberturas vacinais. / Introduction: The national immunization program (NIP) has improved in the last four decades, reaching high estimates of vaccination coverage calculated by administrative data. However, this method does not allow to assess timeliness, i.e. in the recommended age, and the proportion of children with complete vaccination schedules. Immunization information systems (IIS) enable a more accurate assessment of vaccination coverage. Objectives: To describe and assess vaccination coverage, both the specifics vaccines and the complete vaccination schedule, as well as timeliness of coverage, in children 12 and 24 months old in Araraquara city born between 1998 and 2013. Methods: This time series study used data from an IIS, Juarez System, in Araraquara city. For each birth cohort, it was considered respective NIP vaccination schedules. It was assessed the validity of doses and timely and up-to-date vaccination coverage for specific vaccines and complete schedule. Trends in vaccination coverage were analyzed using the Prais-Winsten method. Timeliness of complete schedule was presented by Kaplan- Meier method. Results: All specific vaccine coverages showed increasing trend at 12 months old. At 24 months, only up-to-date coverages increased. The average coverages of timely and up-to-date complete schedule over the studied period were 62per cent and 84per cent at 12 months old, respectively, and 41per cent and 78per cent at 24 months, and no trend was found, mainly due to strict age limits for receipt of rotavirus vaccine. The Kaplan-Meier method showed that vaccines administered from six months of age caused significant decrease in coverage and the introduction of new vaccines did not present a constant negative effect on the coverage. Recommended age appeared to affect vaccine delay more than number of doses. The proportion of children undervaccinated and who received invalid was lower than in other studies. Conclusions: This study showed the potential of an IIS in the assessment of vaccine coverage in a medium-sized city, presenting more accurate forms of analysis.

Magister Public Health - MPH / The aim of the study was to describe immunization coverage for DPT, Polio and Measles among children of ages between 12 to 18 months in Kawempe Division and to investigate factors associated with immunization coverage. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 239 households with children aged between 12-18 months in five villages that were selected through multi-stage cluster sampling. Information on demographic and socio-economic factors and immunization status was obtained from mothers and caretakers. Immunization coverage and analysis of associations between immunization coverage and demographic and socio-economic factors were done. / South Africa