To date, research concerning children affected by parental incarceration has focused primarily on children that are eighteen years of age and younger. The effects of parental incarceration on adults that are eighteen years of age and older has remained unexamined. The purpose of this exploratory study is to explore the outcomes of young adult college students that have been affected by parental incarceration. A sample of 345 undergraduate college students was surveyed at a sizeable University in the southeastern region of the United States to create a demographic and behavioral profile of college students affected by parental incarceration. It was hypothesized that college students affected by parental incarceration will have lower institutional grade point averages (GPA), higher accounts of criminal involvement, higher likelihoods of substance abuse, and lower levels of self-control than college students that have not been affected by parental incarceration. Results indicated that, the outcomes of college students affected by parental incarceration were comparable to college students not affected by parental incarceration.

To date, research concerning children affected by parental incarceration has focused primarily on children that are eighteen years of age and younger. The effects of parental incarceration on adults that are eighteen years of age and older has remained unexamined. The purpose of this exploratory study is to explore the outcomes of young adult college students that have been affected by parental incarceration. A sample of 345 undergraduate college students was surveyed at a sizeable University in the southeastern region of the United States to create a demographic and behavioral profile of college students affected by parental incarceration. It was hypothesized that college students affected by parental incarceration will have lower institutional grade point averages (GPA), higher accounts of criminal involvement, higher likelihoods of substance abuse, and lower levels of self-control than college students that have not been affected by parental incarceration. Results indicated that, the outcomes of college students affected by parental incarceration were comparable to college students not affected by parental incarceration.

Many intra-firm transactions are non-market transactions and therefore lack a market determined price. A transfer price is the price assigned to such nonmarket intra-firm transfers. Transfer prices are especially important for multinational corporations, since a parent company typically has subsidiaries or branches in other countries and transfers are often made between the component parts of the multinational. As the world has become more internationally dependent, these transactions and the associated transfer prices have come under increased scrutiny. The fear often expressed by governments is that a multinational corporation may manipulate transfer prices in order to transfer profits from one country to another, and thereby affect various government policies. Most notably, transfer prices can affect the tax revenues of both the home and host country. A general international consensus is that the appropriate transfer price is the 'arm's length' price. This is the price that would be charged by two unrelated parties. However, it is often difficult to find such a comparable transaction. / Thesis (M.Com.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2004.

Civil aviation has matured to become a vital piece of the global economy, providing the rapid movement of goods and people to all regions. This has already led to significant growth and expectations of further growth are on the rate of 5% per year. Given the high projected rate of growth, environmental consequences of commercial aviation are expected to rise. To mitigate the increase of noise and emissions, governing bodies such as ICAO and the FAA have established and are considering additional regulation of noise, NOₓ, and CO₂ while the European Union has integrated aviation into their Environmental Trading Scheme. The traditional response to new regulation is to integrate technologies into the aircraft to reduce environmental footprint. While these benefits are positive on the aircraft level, fleet growth is projected to outpace benefits provided by technology alone. To further reduce environmental footprint, a number of mitigation strategies are being explored to determine the impact. One of those strategies involves changing the mission specifications of today's aircraft by reducing range, speed, or payload in an effort to reduce fuel consumption and has been predominantly focused at the vehicle level. This research proposes an approach that evaluates mission specification changes from the aircraft design level up to the fleet level, forecasted into the future, to assess the impact over a number of metrics to fully understand the implications of mission specification changes. The methodology Mission Specifications and Fleet Implications Technique (MS-FIT) identifies stakeholder requirements that will be tracked at either the vehicle or fleet level and leverages them to build an environment that will allow joint evaluation to facilitate increased knowledge about the full implications of mission specification adoption. Additionally laid out is an approach on how to select prospective routes for intermediate stops based on fuel burn and operating cost considerations. Guidance is provided on how to filter down a list of candidate airports to those most viable as well as regions of the world most likely to benefit from intermediate stops. Three sample problems were used to demonstrate the viability of MS-FIT: cruise speed reduction, design mission range reduction, and the combination of speed and range reduction. Each problem was able to demonstrate different implications from the implementation of the different specification changes. Speed reduction can negatively impacts cost while range reduction has consequences to noise at the intermediate airports. The combination of the two draws in negative implications from both even though the environmental benefits are better. Finally, an analysis of some of the assumptions was conducted to examine the sensitivity to the results of speed and range reduction. These include variation in costs, reductions in annual utilization of aircraft, and variation in intermediate stop adoption. Speed reduction is strongly sensitive to increases in crew and maintenance rates while landing fees significantly eat into the benefits of range reduction and intermediate stops. Minor utilization reductions can significantly reduce the viability of speed reduction as the increase in capital costs offset all the savings from fuel reduction while range reduction is a little less sensitive. Intermediate stop variation does not eliminate the benefits of range reduction and even can provide cost savings depending on the design range of the reduced variant but it can have consequences to airport noise to higher traffic airports. With the proposed framework, additional information is available to fully understand the implications with respect to fuel burn, NOₓ emissions, operating cost, capital cost, noise, and safety. This can then inform decision makers on whether pursuing a particular mission specification strategy is advantageous or not.

<p.Using a Computable General Equilibrium model, this study analyses the effects of globalisation on gender and the South African economy, disaggregated into 49 sectors. The analysis assesses the effects of three policies: full trade liberalisation, increased productivity, and liberalisation under Doha Round commitments. Trade liberalisation results in contraction of import-competing, labour-intensive sectors, resulting in job losses. Some losses are offset by increased employment demand in expanding export-oriented and service sectors. All skill types, particularly unskilled women, witness growth of employment, hence improved earnings. Skilled men gain the most and unskilled women the least due to their initial lower wages, greater job losses in women-intensive sectors and relocation to low-paying positions. Economy-wide productivity is expansionary, resulting in increased employment demand and earnings of all skill types for men and women, with skilled men gaining the most. A productivity rise directed at only a few sectors contributes to job losses for all skill types, but as efficient sectors expand, inputs are demanded from linked and service sectors, leading to overall economic improvement hence economy-wide job creation which offset job losses. If world prices in agriculture increase under the Doha Round, production and exports of agricultural commodities such as maize increase, resulting in employment demand of all skill types for men and women, who relocate from mining and manufacturing to the profitable agricultural sector. The benefits however will follow the extent of price rise due to offsetting domestic policy of tariff reduction, coupled with the abolished policies of domestic support and subsidies. Doha results in a slight impact at the aggregate level. Globalisation improves household welfare, where high-income households gain from ownership of capital and skilled labour, while poor-households gain from employment growth of unskilled labour and reduced domestic prices enabled by cheap imports. Where globalisation results in increased employment for women, even unskilled women, who earn far less than their skilled counterparts, report greater autonomy and sense of an improved personal and household decision-making. Therefore, promoting greater job remuneration and equity between genders require appropriate education, training and collective-bargaining so as to reverse gender setbacks hence enabling full participation of all in a globalised economy. / Thesis (PhD (Economics))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Economics / PhD / unrestricted

It is hoped that this exposition of the Platonic and Pragmatic systems of philosophy will aid in the understanding and interpretation of the highest Good, and what the implications are in modern education. The author has attempted to point out the identical phases and contrasting features, and to summarize the data in which research has been plentiful.

This dissertation is mainly a study of the nature of trusts and their daily operational limitations, which are frequently misunderstood and/or misused. My research question was whether a trust could be sold, and if so, what the tax implications of such a ‘sale’ would be. The overall approach was to perform a literature review and a critical analysis of current information available on South African trust law and the Transfer Duty Act 40 of 1949. Many studies have been undertaken in the past on various aspects of my subject, but the subject has never been studied as a cohesive whole. These studies formed the basis of the literature review. To arrive at an answer, an analysis of the available literature and South African judgments was undertaken. My concluding chapter gives an indication of whether a trust can be ‘sold’, what the current transfer duty implications are and what it is submitted they should be. / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / hb2014 / Mercantile Law / unrestricted

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No abstract / Mini Dissertation (MPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2019. / Centre for Human Rights / MPhil / Unrestricted