This study tested dual-process decision-making models as predictors of between-person and within-person variation in risk-taking behavior. Additionally, the study integrated trait perspectives on self-control and impulsivity with decision-making processes to explain risk-taking. Participants were 580 college students ages 18 and older (M age = 20.45, range = 18 to 52 years). This study involved three parts. First, participants completed a survey assessing decision-making processes, self-control, impulsivity and risk-taking behavior. Second, a sub-set of participants completed laboratory-based measures of self-control and impulsivity. Third, participants completed a longitudinal online assessment of their risk-taking behavior. Dual-process models explained concurrent risk-taking, but only the reasoned decision-making process explained longitudinal risk-taking. The dual decision-making processes appear to operate through similar pathways, with components from each pathway exhibiting indirect effects through the other pathway. Impulsivity was linked to higher levels of risk-taking because of higher levels of behavioral intentions and willingness, whereas self-control was linked to lower levels of risk-taking because of lower levels of behavioral intentions. Between-person effects were as common as within-person effects, so future researchers are urged to consider decision-making processes averaged across forms of risk-taking and within each form of risk-taking. Altering decision-making pathways may be an effective way to intervene with individuals at high risk for engaging in risk-taking behavior.

O Renascimento deu início a Era Moderna, trazendo grandes inovações econômicas, sociais e culturais. Houve o surgimento do capitalismo mercantilista, decorrente da passagem do artesanato à manufatura. Culturalmente, o homem passou a ser o centro dos interesses, superando a religiosidade anterior, rumando se ao individualismo hoje imperante. O fato mais importante, para o nosso tema, foi o aparecimento do direito subjetivo, centrado no sujeito de direito, resultante da universalização da idéia de propriedade. Todos os homens tornaram-se pessoas. Com as revoluções do século XVIII e as conseqüentes alterações no modo de produção resultaram em mudanças sociais. A revolução industrial trouxe a divisão do trabalho a divisão da propriedade (proprietários de bens de produção e trabalhadores). Aqui começa a perda de substância do direito subjetivo pelo enfraquecimento do sujeito de direito. O direito subjetivo deixa de ser um poder e passa a ser uma função social. Relativamente às pessoas surgem as situações subjetivas. No século XX houve a crise do positivismo com as guerras mundiais. A revolução informática, a globalização e mercado financeiro, concorreram para a mudança de paradigma. Concomitante com a chamada pós-industrialização surgiu o pós-modernismo. A Expressão: direito subjetivo persiste como ferramenta de operar relações jurídicas. Não se levam em conta as relações pessoais que sustentam a sociedade. / Renaissance has its beggining in Modern Age. It brought great economical, social and cultural innovations. The economical changes of the production methods caused big social changes and merchant capitalism could arise due to the passage of the handicraft to manufacture. Culturally, man became the centre of interests, bigger than religion, pointing to the individualism that rules nowadays. For this work, the most important fact was the appearing of right, centralized in the subject of law, as a result of universalization of the idea of property. All man became persons. The revolutions of XVIII century and its changes of production ways brought social changes. The industrial revolution created the division of work, and the division of properties (the owners of productions resources and those who didn\'t owned them). At these point starts the lost of the substance of right by weakening of the person. The right is not a power any more and starts working as a social function. It appeared subjective situations related to the people. The juridical positivism began. In the 20 th century happened the positivism crises due to the world war. The informatics revolutions brought new social changes such as globalizations, ecology, financial market etc. At the same time of the called post modernism. The expression right now means a tool for the operation of juridical relationships. The person relationships that sustain society are not considered.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T14:23:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos Augusto Pinheiro de Sousa.pdf: 807423 bytes, checksum: acb6baf5371f4d9b5d445fff6a41e41b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-25 / This research aims to investigate immersion and presence in FPS as qualitative approach. This investigation is done by taking in account the two decades of successes on the FPS genre in the games industry in which has been observed paradigm transformations that include control mappings, depth of interaction, graphic realism, considerable expansion in multi-user environments etc. The methodology has been an heuristic one with such an ontological focus situated between the relations of the specific FPS genre and virtual reality done by an organization of bibliographic references and a discussion with professionals from the international industry. From the selected survey which has been organized and selected as a qualitative approach withing the academic literature in both virtual reality and digital games to establish a synthesis of factors to be observed in case studies and evaluated by invited developers from the FPS games industry. This way, it relates the concepts, situating immersion in the field of the convincing experience of the game and that of being in the game . In parallel, the term virtual reality (as a support), by which multi-form definitions emplaces it between device configurations or setups related to sensorial perception and of psychological experiences provided by this medium, the extra-sensorial reach, reflects the development of a projected immersive reproduction by which users of this medium describe the sense of presence, of being in another place or another world. It is believed that the result of this work should contribute to fulfill of studies in the specific FPS genre field, within the own virtual reality studies and possibly in the aiding of design for the development of the FPS games / A pesquisa investiga os conceitos de imersão e presença nos jogos FPS (First-Person Shooters, Jogos de Tiro em Primeira Pessoa) a partir de uma perspectiva qualitativa. Realiza uma investigação tomando o fenômeno dos jogos FPS em duas décadas de sucesso na indústria dos jogos, dentro da qual observou-se transformações paradigmáticas que incluem mapeamentos de controle, à profundidade de interação, realismo gráfico, expansão considerável de ambientes multi-usuário (multijogador), etc. A metodologia foi heurística com enfoque ontológico, situando-se nas relações entre o específico gênero de jogo FPS e realidade virtual, a partir de uma organização da bibliografia e discussão com profissionais da indústria internacional. A partir dos levantamentos realizados organiza e apresenta uma análise qualitativa através da literatura acadêmica tanto em realidade virtual quanto em jogos digitais para estabelecer uma síntese de fatores a serem observados em estudos de caso e avaliados por desenvolvedores convidados da indústria de jogos FPS. Deste modo, relaciona os conceitos, situando a imersão no campo experiência convincente de jogo e de se estar no jogo . Paralelamente, o termo realidade virtual (como suporte), cuja descrição multiforme situa-o entre configurações de dispositivos relacionados à percepção sensorial e de experiências psicológicas providas por este meio, do alcance extra-sensorial, reflete o desenvolvimento projetado para a reprodução imersiva no qual participantes relatam a sensação de presença, de estarem em outro ambiente ou outro mundo. Acredita-se que o resultado deste trabalho poderá contribuir para suprir uma carência de estudos no campo do genêro FPS, dentro dos atuais estudos sobre realidade virtual e possivelmente no auxílio para design e desenvolvimento de jogos FPS

Person-Group (PG) fit is defined as the perceived compatibility between an individual and his or her workgroup, reflecting various social- and task-related elements of group work (Li, Kristof-Brown, & Nielsen, 2019). Although Yu’s (2013) theoretical motivation model of fit suggests that individuals are motivated and capable of changing and managing their PG fit perceptions, there is limited research on the specific actions that individuals take to manage their fit perceptions. Rather, most of the research in fit is concentrated on the positive outcomes (e.g., job satisfaction, commitment, performance) associated with fit (Kristof-Brown, Zimmerman, & Johnson, 2005) and portrays individuals as passive recipients of their fit perceptions. The purpose of this study is to extend Yu’s (2013) model to demonstrate that individuals are active agents who seek to maintain high levels of PG fit and alter low levels of PG fit. To understand how individuals manage PG fit, I adopt the perspective that fit perceptions are, in part, socially constructed, such that groupmates’ actions can make individuals believe that they are more/less of a fit (Follmer, Talbot, Kristof-Brown, Astrove, & Billsberry, 2018). Thus, individuals are triggered to use impression management (IM) tactics to create, maintain, alter, control, and protect the images that others form of them (Leary & Kowalski, 1990). However, with the myriad of IM tactics, it is unclear what type of PG fit perceptions will trigger which specific IM tactics. This dissertation develops and tests a model that situates IM tactic usage based on what type of PG fit (e.g., social vs. task-based PG fit) is being pursued and what level of PG fit (higher vs. lower) the individual is currently perceiving. To facilitate the connection between PG fit and IM tactics, I also develop a typology that classifies commonly used IM tactics for explaining the situations that will influence the selection of specific tactics. Finally, I explore the psychological and emotional aftermath of engaging in IM tactics by examining which specific IM tactics are more likely to promote or harm: 1-individuals’ perception of PG fit, 2-individuals’ perception how groupmates perceive their PG fit, and 3-groupmates’ perception of the focal individuals’ PG fit. I tested this model with a multisource, three waved time-lagged field survey study across a two-month period. I collected data in two samples: university staff employees who work in group settings and student groups in a business consulting class. Using structural equation modeling and latent change scores, I found that individuals are not passive respondents of their PG fit perceptions. Rather, they are active agents who seek to maintain higher levels of fit and alter lower levels of fit using IM tactics. Yet, the likelihood of using certain tactics for individuals with higher levels of fit differed from the tactics used by individuals with lower levels of fit. Some tactics were associated with improvements in fit, others were not, and a few were associated with reductions in fit. Generally, individuals who began with higher levels of perceived PG fit engaged in IM tactics that were later associated with improved fit. In contrast, individuals who had lower levels of perceived PG fit (namely social-based PG fit) engaged in IM tactics that were later shown to be associated with reductions in fit. These results suggest that individuals with high levels of fit tend to choose the “correct” IM tactics to maintain and improve their fit to an even higher degree, but the misfits tend to choose tactics that damage their fit even further. This highlights the importance of understanding that even though individuals are active agents who seek to manage their perceived fit, the specific actions they engage in to do so are complex and not always appropriate. Theoretical and practical implications, as well as future research directions, are discussed.

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is an expanding trend as more organizations have adopted various CSR policies. Due to this, CSR has been a growing topic in Business and Psychology research, especially on the micro-level of CSR’s effects on individual employee outcomes. In this study, we proposed a new sub-dimension of Person-Organization (P-O) fit, such that there’s a Person-CSR (P-CSR) fit: the perceived congruence between an individuals’ values with an organization’s CSR initiatives. We predicted that P-CSR fit would explain additional variance over and beyond P-O fit for organizational outcomes: organizational commitment, organizational identity, job satisfaction, and organizational citizenship behaviors. Further, we predicted the relationship between P-CSR fit and these organizational outcomes would be moderated by the individual’s social responsibility values. Using a sample of 230 participants, who worked for their current organization for an average of 2.92 years and an average of 35.10 hours per week, results of this study consistently found P-CSR fit to capture additional variance over and beyond P-O fit. However, this study did not find the predicted moderating relationships. This study provides important implications for organizations that do not have CSR established, organizations that have CSR but do not make it known, and organizations that have CSR that are not proactive nor reflective of their industry.

The patient centered care (PCC) model is recommended by the Institute of Medicine for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities. The problem identified in this quality improvement (QI) project was that PCC practices had not been included in the training curriculum within the organization. Framed within the plan-do-study-act model of QI, the purpose of this project was to develop an educational initiative on PCC that included a curriculum plan, a pretest/posttest, a protocol, a revision of the training policy, and an implementation and evaluation plan. Drawing upon the evidence-based literature and using a team approach, a curriculum plan on PCC practices was developed which included a pretest/posttest to evaluate staff knowledge on the curriculum before and after the training. Three content experts from the committee approved the curriculum and validated the pretest/posttest items. The content validation index was 0.99 showing that each item reflected the content and objectives of the curriculum. As well, a training protocol was developed which identified the steps for provision of the curriculum to maintain consistency for all users. The training policy was revised to set expectations for all staff for the incorporation of the PCC practices into the organization. This initiative will be implemented into the organization using Kurt Lewin’s model of change to guide PCC practices. A recommendation was made to add a small section on “people’s first language” to the training to preserve patients’ dignity and respect during communication. This project contributes to social change by promoting PCC practices among healthcare workers thus limiting healthcare disparities and improving access for persons with intellectual developmental disabilities.

Bakgrund: Idag beräknas minst 40 miljoner människor leva med den kroniska sjukdomen HIV. När HIV blev känt under 80-talet ansåg många att det endast var homosexuella eller personer som levde ett promiskuöst liv som smittades vilket gjorde att de smittade behandlades illa och frystes ut från samhället. Kunskapen inom området har ökat sedan dess, dock lever stigmatiseringen i samhället och inom vården kvar. Syfte: Att belysa hur personer med HIV upplever stigmatisering. Metod: Studien som gjorts är en allmän litteraturstudie baserad på 15 vetenskapliga artiklar. Resultat: Artiklarna analyserades och det framkom att personer med HIV upplever stigmatisering på flera sätt. Resultatet delades in i tre kategorier: Oro och rädsla inför att bli utsatt för stigmatisering, Diskriminering, utanförskap och befrielse samt Strategier för att kunna hantera stigmatiseringen. Diskussion: Stigmatisering i vårdrelaterade situationer leder till lidande hos personer som är HIV-smittade. Stigman bidrar även till att personerna med HIV får en djupare insikt i vad som är betydelsefullt i livet. Som sjuksköterska är det viktigt att känna till hur stigman inom vården upplevs samt vilka positiva effekter den kan ge, för att kunna utföra optimal omvårdnad. / Background: Today an estimated 40 million people are living with the chronic disease HIV. When HIV became known in the 80’s people thought that it was only homosexuals or people who lived a promiscuous lifestyle that were at risk of infection. As a result the infected were treated badly and became outcasts of society. Knowledge in this area has increased since then, however stigma in the community and in health care still remains. Aim: To illuminate how persons with HIV experience stigma. Method: The study is based on 15 qualitative, scientific articles. Results: The articles were analyzed and it was found that persons with HIV experience stigma in many ways. The findings resulted in three categories: Fear and anxiety about being exposed to stigma, Discrimination, exclusion and exemption and Strategies for managing stigma. Discussion: Stigma in health-related situations leads to suffering among persons with HIV infection. Stigma also makes them get a deeper insight into what is important in life. As a nurse it is important to know how people perceive stigma in health care, and that there might be a beneficial effect, in order to perform optimal care.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka till vilken utsträckning människor upplever att de påverkas av media i sina attityder och åsikter kring politik, Och studera åldersskillnader mellan åldersgrupperna 18-25 och 65+. Vi ville även undersöka vilken inverkan medias politiska rapportering har på respondenterna. Det gjordes en kvantitativ undersökning i form av en enkätstudie. Enkäter delades ut till 104 respondenter, 52 i åldersgruppen 18-25 och 52 i åldersgruppen 65+. Resultatet visade att det finns vissa ålderskillnader i hur espondenterna upplever påverkan från media i sina politiska åsikter. De äldre upplever att de litar mer på TV och radio än internet medan yngre i större utsträckning litar på internet. Respondenterna visade tendenser till att uppleva att andra människor påverkas mer av media än vad de själva anser sig göra. / The purpose of the study is to investigate to what extent people experience influence from media and how that affects their attitudes and opinions towards politics, And explore age differences between the age groups 18-25 and 65+. We also wanted to study what influence political media coverage has on the respondents. A quantitative study was made in form of questionnaires that were handed out to 104 respondents, 52 to the age group 18-25 and 52 the age group 65+. The result showed that there are some significant age differences in the experiences of media influence on political views. The older people had a tendency to trust TV and radio more than internet while younger people trust internet to a greater extent. The respondents showed tendencies to believe that other people are more influenced by media than themselves.

In this study, it is defined to treat the sources of work passion as independent variables and to treat organizational commitments as dependent variables. Based on the test samples of high-tech research and development engineers, it is intended to figure out the relationship between all variables and how they affect eath other. Futhermore, using person-organization fit and person-job fit as interference variables to study the interference among all variables. Totally 1,035 questionnaires are issued and get 642 valid copies returned. By using reliability analysis, factor analysis, on-way ANOVA, correlation analysis, multiple linear regression and hierarchical regression to analyze questionnaire data, the result is summarized as follows, 1.A positive relationship between the sources of work passion and organizational commitments. 2.The sources of work passion and organizational commitments differ significantly depending on personal attributes. 3.Person-organization fit and person-job fit interfere the relationship between the sources of work passion and organizational commitments.

¡@¡@¡@This study aimed to examine the third-person effect of product placement in the television news, for clarifying the effect of persuasiveness of news with product placement and comparing the assessment of the impact on others and themselves. The study also concerned about the media literacy if it can help the audience to identify the messages of persuasive intention, to evaluate the impact of product placement in the television news is greater on others than on themselves, and to support the government to prohibit product placement in the television news. ¡@¡@¡@In this study, the main research method was questionnaire survey, and the research participants were junior high school students from three sections in Kaohsiung. There were 476 valid questionnaires totally. Data were analyzed by methods of independent t-test, paired t-test, correlation and hierarchical regression analysis. The results found that product placement of television news would cause the third-person effect: messages of product placement of different levels would result in different intensities of third-person perception. Compared to implicit-style placements in the television news, obvious ones triggered strong media impact on others, but did not trigger third-person perception differential. It meant people tend to view product placement in the television news had impact on others as well as on themselves. ¡@¡@¡@Another focus of this study was personal media literacy ability. Analytic results showed that literacy ability was a better predictor of the third-person effect perception. The result of the study was similar to the findings of the past research: media literacy could assist in identifying the purpose of product placement in the television news, and could avoid the perceived effect of media messages on themselves (Cohen, 1982; Rucinski & Salmon, 1990; Wei, Lo & Lu, 2008). ¡@¡@¡@Most importantly, this study contributed to the growing literature on behavioral component of the third-person effect by demonstrating that the third-person effect perception was a great predictor of support for restriction of product placement in the televiton news than the third-person perception differential. The reason was that the third-person perception differential could not distinguish perceived effects of product placement in the television news on others as well as themselves (Wen-Hui Luo, 2000b). As research result of Xu and Gonzenbach on the behavioral component of the third-person effect, third-person perception differential was the most significant predictor of support for media censorship. Therefore, this study suggests that future research could probe into the mechanisms through which the third-person effect of product placement in the television news occurs.