Darbo tikslas: Išsiaiškinti „Blow-Fill-Seal” technologijos pritaikymo galimybes gaminant akių lašus, sukurti koncepcinį planą įtraukiant patalpų išplanavimą ir galimą sąmatą. Darbo uždaviniai: 1. Pateikti gamybinės linijos proceso pasiūlymą pritaikant technologiją; 2. Sudaryti patalpų planą pritaikant akių lašų gamybą, nurodyti medžiagų ir personalo judėjimą patalpose; 3. Pateikti siūlymus įrengiant švarias patalpas (architektūriniai, vandens tiekimo ir kt. sprendimai); 4. Pateikti technologinių įrengimų pasiūlymus, injekcinio vandens tiekimą; 5. Pateikti galimą projekto sąmatą. Tyrimo metodai apima aktualią literatūros apžvalgą, rekomendacijų, įvairių praktikų, nuostatų bei reglamentų analizę koncentruojantis ties akių lašų gamyba, aseptinių procesų ir su jais susijusių kitų sistemų ar procesų įrengimu, paruošimu bei valdymu, teorinio projektavimo pagrindais. Rezultatuose išskiriamas akivaizdus technologijos praktinio pritaikymo efektyvumas gaminant akių lašus aseptinėmis sąlygomis. Juose patvirtinama ir koncepcinio plano svarba, esmė - tai privalomas elementas, kuris nuo pat pradžių privalo būti teisingas. Išvadose išskiriamas technologijos našumas ir efektyvumas. Taip pat pažymimi planai, jų atlikimo svarba įrengiant patalpas. Naudojamos medžiagos įrengiant švarias patalpas turi būti aukščiausios kokybės, nesukelti papildomų rūpesčių užtikrinant švarą jose. Pasiūlyti įsigyti įrengimai. Projekto sąmata siekia 19,082,000Lt. / Scope: real time use of „Blow-Fill-Seal“ technology in producing ophthalmological preparations, create concept plan including detail room planning and estimated cost layout. Tasks: 1. Suggest a production line using this technology; 2. Create area plan with all rooms designed for making eye drops production, point raw materials and personnel movement; 3. Suggest materials used in creating clean rooms (architectural, water supply etc. solutions); 4. Suggest needed technological apparatus, water for injection supply; 5. Calculate possible estimate. Research methods include review on topical literature, recommendations, practices, statutes and regulations analysis based on liquid ophthalmological preparations‘ processing, aseptic processes‘ and related systems or other processes‘ installation, preparation and controlling, basic and theoretical projection. This technology has obvious practical effectiveness when using it for aseptic eye drops production. Also, the importance and essence of concept design is shown – it is a obligatory element, which has to be correct from the very beginning. Work concludes main technological productivity and effectiveness, notices of area planning importance when creating concept plan. All materials used in clean rooms should be high-end products ensuring safe and clean working space. Technological and other apparatus proposal. Project would approximately estimate 19,082,000Lt.

A resina bulk fill vem ampliando as indicações dos compósitos na qual permite a inserção em incrementos com espessura de até 5mm. A interface adesiva é a principal responsável pela durabilidade de restaurações estéticas. Objetivo: Avaliar a integridade da interface dente/restauração, e a resistência adesiva da dentina após a ciclagem mecânica de dentes restaurados com a resina bulk fill. Materiais e Métodos: Foram selecionados 40 prémolares superiores birradiculares que receberam um preparo MOD com término cervical mesial em esmalte e o término distal em dentina e foram divididos em 2 grupos: 1 incremento de resina e 2 incrementos de resina, e, dois subgrupos: com e sem ciclagem mecânica (n=10). Em seguida, os espécimes foram restaurados, analisados inicialmente em microscopia confocal a laser e posteriormente levados para ciclagem mecânica onde foram realizados 300.000 ciclos na frequência de 1Hz e carga de 80N. Após a ciclagem mecânica, os espécimes foram novamente avaliados em microscopia confocal a laser para avaliação da qualidade da interface, e foi realizado o teste de microtração na dentina das paredes proximais e pulpar dos dentes com ciclagem e sem ciclagem. Posteriormente, foi realizada a análise do padrão de fratura em microscopia confocal a laser. Os valores obtidos na mensuração de gaps foram analisados estatisticamente através da ANOVA seguido de Holm-Sidak; e os valores obtidos na microtração foram analisados estatisticamente através da ANOVA seguido de Tukey. Resultados: Observou-se que o fator incremento promoveu diferença estatística significante tanto em esmalte como em dentina antes e após a ciclagem (p<0,05). A ciclagem promoveu fendas tanto para esmalte como para dentina (p<0,05). Para resistência adesiva não foi observada diferença entre os grupos de 1 e 2 incrementos antes e após a ciclagem (p>0,05), nem na dentina em suas diferentes porções ao comparar os incrementos (p>0,05), mas foi possível observar diferença significante antes e após a ciclagem nas diferentes regiões de dentina (p<0,05). Conclusão: Previamente à ciclagem mecânica, o fator incremento não afetou a interface, a resistência adesiva e os términos cervicais proximais. Posteriormente à ciclagem, a qualidade da interface foi afetada negativamente, o término cervical em dentina apresentou fendas maiores, mas a resistência adesiva se manteve. A ciclagem mecânica influenciou o aumento da quantidade de gaps e trincas e prejudicou a adesão, principalmente na dentina da região distal. / The bulk fill resin extended the composites indications in which it allows the insertion in increments with thickness of up to 5mm. The adhesive interface is the main responsible for the durability of aesthetic restorations. Objective: To evaluate the integrity of the tooth/ restoration interface and dentin adhesive resistance after mechanical cycling of restored teeth with bulk fill resin. Materials and Methods: 40 upper biradicular premolars were selected for the study and received a MOD preparation with mesial cervical terminus in enamel and the distal cervical terminus in dentin and were divided into 2 groups: resin in 1 increment and resin in 2 increments, and 2 subgroups: with and without mechanical cycling (n = 10). Afterwards, the specimens were restored, initially analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy and submitted to mechanical cycling with 300,000 cycles, 1Hz frequency and 80N load. After the mechanical cycling, the specimens were evaluated again in confocal laser scanning microscopy to evaluate the interface quality, and microtensile test was performed on the dentin of the proximal walls and pulp of the teeth cycled or not. Later, the analysis of the fracture pattern was performed in confocal laser scanning microscopy. The values obtained in the measurement of gaps were analyzed by ANOVA following test Holm-Sidak and microtensile were analyzed by ANOVA following test Tukey. Results: The increment factor promoted a significant statistically difference for enamel (p <0.05) and dentin (p <0.05) after cycling. The cycling promoted significant cracks for enamel (p <0.05) and dentin (p <0.05). No difference in adhesive resistance was observed between the groups of resin in 1 and 2 increments, before and after cycling. There was no difference in dentin adhesive resistance in the different portions when the increments were compared, but it was possible to observe a significant difference (p <0.05) in the different regions of dentin (p <0.05). Conclusion: Previously to mechanical cycling, the increment factor did not affect the interface, the adhesive resistance and proximal cervical terminus. After the cycling, the interface quality was adversely affected, the cervical terminus in dentin presented higher cracks, but the adhesive resistance remained. Mechanical cycling influenced in the increase of gaps and cracks number and impaired the adhesion, mainly in the dentin of the distal region.

Submitted by Rosangela Silva (rosangela.silva3@unioeste.br) on 2018-06-25T18:13:37Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Lyvia Karla Cerci Ferreira Bertacchini.pdf: 1676300 bytes, checksum: a3dc364eb9c66a1393c6417ee5dfd749 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-25T18:13:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Lyvia Karla Cerci Ferreira Bertacchini.pdf: 1676300 bytes, checksum: a3dc364eb9c66a1393c6417ee5dfd749 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-10 / Fundação Araucária de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Estado do Paraná (FA) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The aim of this research was to compare the behavior of different thicknesses of bulk fill composite resins by analyzing the microhardness at the top and bottom of specimens (SP), the effect of aging with acid solution (ethanol / water) and fluorescence evaluation. 135 SP were fabricated with thicknesses of 2, 3 and 4 mm subdivided into 5 groups (n = 27): Z35; Aura; Tetric; SureFil; Filtek Bulk Fill (FBF). Each SP was photoactivated by LED light for 20 seconds. The microhardness test was performed after 24 hours and 30 days (ethanol / water solution) on both top and bottom surfaces. Fluorescence analysis was performed with the aid of a dark chamber by three calibrators: low, medium and high. The microhardness data were submitted to the factorial ANOVA test for Repeated Measures, followed by the LSD-Fisher follow-up test. Fluorescence by the LSD-Fisher Test. After 24h the microhardness was higher at the top in the thickness of 2mm: TETRIC and FBF, 3mm: Z350, TETRIC and FBF, 4mm: Z350, AURA, TETRIC and FBF. After aging the highest values in the bottom: 2mm: TETRIC and FBF, 3mm: AURA and TETRIC, in the 4mm: AURA was significantly higher than the first average. (p <0.05). It was possible to close that the larger the thickness, the greater the difference of the microhardness between the top and bottom surfaces. With regard to fluorescence, TETRIC (BF) was the only composite resin that did not have significantly altered values with increasing thickness. Aging in ethanol / water solution increased the microhardness values of some TETRIC, FBF and AURA composite resins. / O objetivo desta pesquisa foi de comparar o comportamento de diferentes espessuras de incrementos das resinas compostas tipo bulk fill, por meio da análise da microdureza no topo e na base de corpos-de-prova (CP), efeito do envelhecimento com solução ácida (etanol/água) e a avaliação da fluorescência Foram confeccionados 135 CP com espessuras de 2, 3, e 4mm subdivididos em 5 grupos (n=27): resina Z350;Aura bulk fill (AURA); Tetric bulk fill (TETRIC); SureFil bulk fill (SDR). ; Filtek bulk fill (FBF). Cada CP foi fotoativado por aparelho de luz Led durante 20 segundos. O teste de microdureza foi realizado após 24 horas e 30 dias (solução etanol/água) tanto na superfície do topo como na base. A análise da fluorescência foi realizada com auxílio de uma câmara escura por três avaliadores calibrados como: baixa, média e alta. Os dados de microdureza foram submetidos ao teste ANOVA fatorial para Medidas Repetidas, seguido pelo teste de acompanhamento de LSD-Fisher. A fluorescência pelo teste Teste LSD-Fisher. Após 24hs a microdureza foi maior no topo na espessura de 2mm: TBF e FBF, 3mm: Z350, TBF e FBF, 4mm: Z350, ABF, TBF e FBF. Após o envelhecimento os maiores valores na base: 2mm: TBF e FBF, 3mm: ABF e TBF, na de 4mm: ABF foi significativamente maior do que a média inicial. (p<0,05). Foi possível concluir que quanto maior a espessura, maior a diferença da microdureza entre a superfície de topo e base. Com relação a fluorescência a TBF foi a única resina composta que não teve os valores alterados de forma significativa com o aumento da espessura. O envelhecimento em solução etanol/água aumentou os valores de microdureza de algumas resinas compostas TBF, FBF e ABF.

Submitted by Rosangela Silva (rosangela.silva3@unioeste.br) on 2018-06-25T20:29:13Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Emerson Delazari Donini.pdf: 1027762 bytes, checksum: 9ec4a6537f9edea3f41fdaf4d3b4ce16 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-25T20:29:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Emerson Delazari Donini.pdf: 1027762 bytes, checksum: 9ec4a6537f9edea3f41fdaf4d3b4ce16 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-03 / Repairing on composite resin restorations can be a conservative alternative to remedy restoration failures as it preserves parts of the tooth that would normally be removed during a complete exchange. The objective of this work was to evaluate the bond strength of post-repair and aging composite resins in different solutions (distilled water, 75% water-alcohol and 0.02N nitric acid). Five composite resins were used, being a conventional resin (Z350) and four bulk fill Filtek Bulk fill (FBF), Filtek Bulk Fill Flow (FBFF), Surefill SDR Flow (SURE) and Opus Bulk Fill Flow (OPUS). Specimens 2x2x5 mm were prepared in prefabricated silicone molds and aged for 30 days, after which the resins were treated with a surface treatment and soon after the repair, becoming a CP with 2x2x10mm. The repairs were performed in the same silicone mold by combining all the resins in the sample, forming 75 groups (n = 10), and immersed again for 30 days in the evaluated solutions. After, the CPs were submitted to the tensile test with the machine DL-200 MF - Emic DL line. The mean values obtained for each CP were submitted to the Kruskall-Wallis test, followed by Dunn's post-test (p <0.05). According to the experimental methodology for Z350 aged in distilled water, the repairs made with the Z350 itself (5.82 + 2.10) and the FBFF (5.88+3.06) showed no statistical differences. For the repairs between FBF (7.44 + 1.68) and OPUS (7.25 + 2.85) there were no statistically significant differences, however, they were higher than SURE (3.59 + 1.57). In 75% water/alcohol solution, all repairs made on the Z350 base were statistically similar. For the 0.02N nitric acid solution and for the Z350 base, the repairs with FBFF (4.37+1.08) and SURE (4.44+1.29) showed no differences between themselves and with FBF (3,37+0.54) and OPUS (5.43+1.21), but were higher than those with Z350 (2.27 + 0.61). When the base was FBF and the solution to distilled water, repairs with FBF (4.90 + 1.98), FBFF (5.50 + 1.56) and SURE (6.08 + 2.01) did not show Differences. Repairs with OPUS were higher (7.32 + 1.74) compared to Z350 (3.82 + 1.85). FBF as a base in the 75% water / alcohol solution and 0.02N nitric acid the repairs showed no differences between them. For the FBFF base in the distilled water, the repair with the same FBFF (7.64 + 2.86) showed no differences with the other resins. (3,63 + 2,86), SURE (7,25 + 3,03), and OPUS (6,83 + 2,40) compared to the bulk fill flow resins, FBFF (7,64 + 2,86). Which did not show significant differences between them. For the 75% water / alcohol solution there were no significant differences between the repairs compared to each other. For the 0.02N nitric acid solution, there were no statistically significant differences when comparing the Z350, FBFF and OPUS resins with each other. The results were higher for SURE (9.93+3.91) when compared to FBF (5.67+1.83) both as repair. For the SURE base in the distilled water solution, there were no significant differences between all the repairs. In the 75% water / alcohol solution, for repairs with Z350 (1.55+067), FBF (2.24+1.09), SURE (2.37+0.85) and OPUS (2.13+0.75) were not different from each other, but were better than the FBFF (2.76+0.73), and the FBF (2.24+1.09) was not different when compared to the others. In the 0.02N nitric acid solution, all repairs were statistically similar to each other. For OPUS as a base, in the distilled water solution, repairs with SURE (3.20+0.67) and OPUS (4.09+1.12) were similar to each other. The Z350 (2.83+1.36) and FBF (2.73+0.94) showed no significant differences among themselves, but compared to the FBFF resin (5.04+1.27) had worse results than this. In 75% water/ethanol solution and nitric acid there were no statistically significant differences between the resins used in the repair. According to the results obtained, it was possible to verify that, in the majority of the comparisons made among the composite resins evaluated in this study, the nanoparticulate resin presented the worst values of bond strength when used as repair. On the other hand, the bulk fill composites presented the best behavior when used as repair. / Os reparos em restaurações em resina composta podem ser uma alternativa conservadora para solucionar falhas de adaptação das mesmas, pois preserva partes do dente que normalmente seriam removidas durante uma troca completa. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a resistência de união das resinas compostas pós-reparo e envelhecimento em diferentes soluções (água destilada, água/álcool 75% e ácido nítrico 0,02N). Foram utilizadas cinco resinas compostas, sendo uma resina nanoparticulada (Z350) e quatro resinas bulk fill (Filtek Bulk fill (FBF), Filtek Bulk Fill Flow (FBFF), Surefill SDR Flow (SURE) e Opus Bulk Fill Flow (OPUS)). Foram confeccionados corpos de prova (CP) de 2x2x5 mm em molde de silicone pré-fabricado e envelhecidas por 30 dias, após esse período as resinas receberam o tratamento de superfície e logo após o reparo, tornando-se um CP com 2x2x10mm. Os reparos foram realizados no mesmo molde de silicone através da combinação entre todas as resinas da amostra, formando 75 grupos (n=10), sendo imersas novamente por 30 dias nas soluções avaliadas. Após, os CP foram submetidos ao teste de tração com a máquina DL-200 MF – Emic linha DL. Os valores médios obtidos para cada CP foram submetidos ao teste de Kruskall Wallis, seguido do pós-teste de Dunn, (p < 0,05). De acordo com a metodologia experimental para a base de Z350 envelhecida em água destilada, os reparos feitos com a própria Z350 (5,82+2,10) e com a FBFF (5,88+3,06) não houve diferenças estatísticas significantes. Para os reparos entre a FBF (7,44+1,68) e OPUS (7,25+2,85) não houve diferenças estatísticas significantes, porém elas foram superiores à SURE (3,59+1,57). Na solução água/álcool 75%, todos os reparos feitos na base Z350 mostraram-se semelhantes estatisticamente. Para a solução de ácido nítrico 0,02N e para a base de Z350, os reparos com a FBFF (4,37 +1.08) e SURE (4,44+1,29) não mostraram diferenças entre si e com as FBF (3,37+0,54) e OPUS (5,43+1,21), mas foram superiores aos reparos com a Z350 (2,27+0,61). Quando a base foi a FBF e a solução a água destilada, os reparos com FBF (4,90+1,98), FBFF (5,50+1,56) e SURE (6,08+2,01) não mostraram diferenças às demais. Reparos com a OPUS (7,32+1,74) foram superiores, comparados à Z350 (3,82+1,85). FBF como base na solução de água/álcool 75% e ácido nítrico 0,02N os reparos não mostraram diferenças entre si. Para a base de FBFF na água destilada, o reparo com a mesma FBFF (7,64+2,86) não mostrou diferenças com as demais resinas. Z350 (3,53+1,55) quando comparada às resinas bulk fill flow, FBFF (7,64+2,86), SURE (7,25+3,03) e OPUS (6,83+2,40), não mostraram diferenças significantes entre si. Para a solução água/álcool 75% não houve diferenças significantes dos reparos comparados entre si. Para a solução de ácido nítrico 0,02N, não houve diferenças estatisticamente significantes quando se comparou as resinas Z350, FBFF e OPUS entre si e as demais. Os resultados foram superiores para a SURE (9,93+3,91) quando se comparou com a FBF (5,67+1,83) ambas como reparo. Para a base SURE na solução de água destilada, não houve diferenças significantes entre todas nos reparos. Na solução de água/álcool 75%, para os reparos com Z350 (1,55+067), FBF (2,24+1,09), SURE (2,37+0,85) e OPUS (2,13+0,75) não houve diferenças entre si, mas foram melhores que a FBFF (2,76+0,73), e a FBF (2,24+1,09) não foi diferente quando comparada às demais. Na solução de ácido nítrico 0,02N, todos os reparos foram estatisticamente semelhantes entre si. Para a OPUS como base, na solução de água destilada, os reparos com a SURE (3,20+0,67) e OPUS (4,09+1,12) foram semelhantes entre si e às demais. A Z350 (2,83+1,36) e FBF (2,73+0,94) não mostraram diferenças significantes entre si, mas comparadas à resina FBFF (5,04+1,27) tiveram piores resultados em relação a esta. Em solução de água/etanol 75% e ácido nítrico não houve diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre as resinas utilizadas no reparo. De acordo com os resultados obtidos foi possível verificar que, na maioria das comparações realizadas entre as resinas compostas avaliadas nesse estudo, a resina composta nanoparticulada apresentou os piores valores de resistência a união quando utilizada como reparo. Já as resinas compostas bulk fill apresentaram na maioria das comparações realizadas o melhor comportamento quando utilizada como reparo.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Recently, the concept of “bulk-fill” resin-based composites (RBCs) has been re-emphasized, with claimed improvements in depth of cure (DOC) with similar mechanical properties and comparable adaptation to walls and margins relative to conventional composite. More research is needed to carefully examine the properties of these new materials. The objective of this study was to measure the light energy, microhardness (VHN), and elastic modulus across the depth of one conventional and three bulk-fill RBCs. Materials and Methods: Three commercially available bulk-fill RBCs (Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill [TE], SonicFill [SF], X-tra fill[XF]) and one conventional RBC (Premise [PR]) were evaluated (n = 10). DOC (using Vickers’s microhardness), elastic modulus (using atomic force microscopy), and the mean irradiance and total light energy transmitted through different thicknesses of RBC were measured by a spectrometer. The effects of group, location, and curing depth on VHN were analyzed using mixed-model ANOVA. Elastic modulus and light energy comparisons were made using two-way ANOVA, with a significance level of 5 percent. Results: There was a significant difference in the depths for the mean irradiance and total energy between different depths in all materials. All materials achieved the manufacturers’ claimed DOC. XF had the highest DOC with 7 mm and a light energy of 0.56± 0.02 J/cm2 at 7 mm. PR had the lowest DOC with 3 mm and a light energy of 0.84 ±0.12 J/cm2 at 3 mm. The elastic modulus showed significant variation in depth profiles that were different than the DOC. Significance: The manufacturers’ claims for bulk-fill DOC were achieved using a microhardness method. However, this method failed to detect the quality of the polymerization. Assessment of the elastic modulus using AFM is a promising method for greater understanding of the polymerization.

Master of Science / Department of Geology / Matthew W. Totten / A 3D seismic survey was conducted on Beauchamp, Beauchamp North and Beauchamp Northwest fields, which are located in Stanton County, southwest Kansas, by Berexco, Inc. Stanton County is situated on the Hugoton embayment which is the shelf of the Anadarko basin. The producing formation in this area is the Morrow formation, which is the lower Pennsylvanian period. The Morrow formation is mostly a clastic unit and its base was transgressive marine. It is considered an unconformity lying on the Mississippian rocks. Wide geologists agreed with the name of Morrow as name in the rock stratigraphic sequence in the study area (Forgotson, et al., 1966). "The Morrowan series is defined as the interval between the base of the Atokan Thirteen finger limestones and the top of the pre-Pennsylvanian unconformity" (Puckette, et al., 1996). The depositional environment of upper Morrow Formation in western Kansas, according to Sonnenberg (1985), Krystinik et al (1990), was a valley-fill deposit. The purpose of this study is to focus on detecting valley-fill sandstone in the study area by using appropriate seismic attributes. Coherence and discontinuity along dip succeeded to map incised valley-fill sandstone width. On another hand, spectral decomposition displayed subtle changes in incised valley thickness. Positive curvature shows valley edges in moderate resolution, but the most negative curvature wasn't clear enough to display the valley-fill sand. The result of RMS amplitude and average energy attributes results were almost the same. They exhibited four areas of high amplitude and energy in the valley which may indicate the presence of hydrocarbon. Sweetness and envelope amplitude both detected the valley in the study area. A gamma ray cross section shows that there are sequences of incised valley-fill sandstone which are sandstone A, B, C and D of the upper Morrow formation. Johns 2-12 well is producing oil from lower Morrow and sandstone A, thus the valley in the study area may produce oil from Sandstone A or B as RMS amplitude and average energy showing high amplitude in four areas in the valley.

Cadmium Selenide is a binary compound. It has a band gap of 1.7 eV. This is one of the suitable materials for an absorber layer in the top cell of a tandem solar cell. CIGS with a low Gallium content has a band gap of 1 eV suits well as an absorber layer for the bottom cell. CIGS cells have already attained an efficiency of 15% [1,2]. Since years, research has been done in developing the bottom cell. The results of the bottom cell are promising. So the fabrication of an efficient top cell in a tandem solar cell is a challenge. To achieve a high tandem efficiency of above 25 %, the top cell has to contribute at least 2/3 of the total efficiency, which necessitates the top cell to have at least 16 to 18 % efficiency [3]. Development of a defect free absorber layer is a crucial step in this process to achieve the above goals besides optimizing other layers. Selenium vacancies in CdSe make the absorber layer n-type. CdSe is deposited by closed space sublimation. Deposition of CdSe at higher substrate temperatures in comparison to the standard conditions was studied. ZnSe acts as an insulating layer. It is thermally evaporated in an Evaporation system. Copper acts as a metal contact on top of the insulator resulting in a MIS structure. Copper is also deposited by Thermal Evaporation. Devices are fabricated on different substrates like SnO2: F, AZO etc. Fabricated cells are characterized by J-V and Spectral response measurements. Devices fabricated on SnO2: F substrates show typical open circuit voltages of around 220 mV, short circuit current densities of 10.02 mA/cm2 and fill factors around 33 %. N-type CdS when deposited on SnO2: F below the absorber layer further improved Voc's to around 330 mV. Annealing of these devices improved Voc's to about 350 mV but Jsc's remained 7.21 mA/cm2.

Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 1977. / Typescript (photocopy). Date thesis presented: June 3, 1976. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the World Wide Web.

In this thesis finite element analyses were performed to investigate the behavior of fill fences installed in underground mines to retain Cemented Paste Backfill (CPB) pressure. For this purpose, two fill fences installed and tested in the Cayeli mine in Turkey were modeled using a 2-D nonlinear finite element analysis program, Augustus-2, and a 3-D nonlinear finite element analysis program VecTor4, and the results were compared with measured field data. Different models were employed representing the material properties, boundary conditions, reinforcement ratio, and geometric properties, and it was found that boundary conditions (stiffness of surrounding rocks) has the highest influence on the pressure capacity of the fence among the other factors. The accuracy of the Augustus-2 program was investigated by modeling and comparing the analytical response with test results of 12 axially restrained beams tested by Su et al. (2009).

In this thesis finite element analyses were performed to investigate the behavior of fill fences installed in underground mines to retain Cemented Paste Backfill (CPB) pressure. For this purpose, two fill fences installed and tested in the Cayeli mine in Turkey were modeled using a 2-D nonlinear finite element analysis program, Augustus-2, and a 3-D nonlinear finite element analysis program VecTor4, and the results were compared with measured field data. Different models were employed representing the material properties, boundary conditions, reinforcement ratio, and geometric properties, and it was found that boundary conditions (stiffness of surrounding rocks) has the highest influence on the pressure capacity of the fence among the other factors. The accuracy of the Augustus-2 program was investigated by modeling and comparing the analytical response with test results of 12 axially restrained beams tested by Su et al. (2009).