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The goals of this research are to develop and validate the use of distributed fibre optic sensors for use in strain monitoring of buried culverts, and to use full-scale experiments to evaluate the performance of both deteriorated steel and reinforced concrete culverts rehabilitated with grouted slipliners subjected to surface loading. Bench scale experiments were conducted to evaluate the use of fibre optic sensors against conventional strain sensors. Then, fibre optic sensors were attached to a full-scale culvert that was tested in a buried state as a proof of concept. Finally, fibre optic sensors were used in two large scale buried pipe tests to explore the performance of rehabilitated flexible and rigid culverts. A deteriorated steel culvert was tested in a buried state under surface loading, then rehabilitated with a grouted high density polyethylene (HDPE) slipliner while still in a buried state and tested under surface loading at 0.9 m and 0.6 m burial depths. The rehabilitated steel pipe was tested under service loading, and up to 1250 kN of applied load. The results suggested that the grouted annulus stiffened the overall structure, and increased the capacity of the system to over 3 times the fully factored design load. A deteriorated reinforced concrete culvert was tested and rehabilitated in a similar fashion. The grout in the annulus penetrated the cracks at the crown, invert and joint of the concrete pipeline. The lined concrete pipe was tested to 1200 kN under single axle loading, and to 800 kN under single wheel loading. The results suggested that while the concrete pipe was stiffened by the grout, it remained the primary contributor to structural capacity, with the liner contributing little to the capacity. Repair reduced the diameter change by an average of 90%, with the capacity reaching approximately 3.3 and 4.2 times the design loads for single axle and single wheel pair loading, respectively. The maximum response was under single axle loading over the barrels of the concrete pipe. In no instance did the structures reach an ultimate limit state, and the tests were stopped after bearing failure of the soil occurred. / Thesis (Master, Civil Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2013-11-28 17:24:50.815

The joint may be considered a weak point along the pipe and can have a major impact on pipe performance. However, little research has been conducted in regard to joint design. To improve current structural design criteria, this thesis presents the findings and conclusions of experimental and computational studies of the effects of longitudinal bending on joints in rigid (reinforced concrete) and flexible (corrugated steel and thermoplastic) pipes. Solutions for expected shear force, longitudinal bending moment and rotation across the joint for rigid and flexible pipes are formulated for use in structural design of pipe joints. Exact algebraic solutions for rigid pipes are derived using the beam-on-elastic-spring approximation. The formulations for flexible pipes are developed assuming that the two pipes are very long, and that the response is not affected by either the location or characteristics of those other joints. The flexible pipe design equations are developed using various closed form solutions for beams on elastic foundations developed by Hetényi (1948). Parametric studies are then presented where the key factors controlling the behaviour are examined, and the comparisons to recent experimental measurements show that the joint rotation calculated using the equations and a value of soil stiffness proposed for use in design are generally reasonable and conservative compared with the laboratory tests. To measure the capacity of the joint to accommodate the demands, a pipe joint testing frame has been designed to facilitate joint characterization experiments. Shear tests and articulation (rotation) tests have been conducted using this testing frame to examine the shear force capacity, longitudinal bending moment capacity of moment-transfer joints, and rotational characteristics of joints. The shear test results show that the joints of PVC pipe and corrugated steel pipe have similar shear stiffness while the reinforced concrete pipe joint is significantly stiffer. The results of the articulation testing indicate that the rotational capacities of the three joint systems are similar in general. Design of rotational capacity of these joints is likely dominated by considerations of assembly in the field, rather than the rotational capacity that is needed once the pipes are installed. / Thesis (Master, Civil Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2013-01-31 15:33:41.058

Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Este trabalho descreve a metodologia desenvolvida para fabricação e comissionamento de um novo conceito de máquina para realização de testes de fadiga por ressonância de tubos rígidos em escala real, visando oferecer soluções técnicas para determinados pontos de melhoria encontrados em equipamentos já existentes. O equipamento foi desenvolvido sob os conceitos de análise vibratória, com o auxílio de ferramentas de CAD e método de elementos finitos. A metodologia de projeto do equipamento foi desenvolvida através de projeto conceitual e seleção de conceito, atingindo evolução gradual através de testes experimentais e aplicação contínua de melhorias. Uma vez fabricada a máquina, foi realizado um teste em trecho de duto íntegro, sem costura, com elevado nível de corrosão superficial externa, visando a validação do projeto e o comissionamento da bancada de testes. Este trecho de duto é de aço API 5L X65 com seis metros de comprimento, 219,1 mm de diâmetro externo e 22,2 mm de espessura, com pressão interna de 200 bar, acrescida de deformação com amplitude constante média de ± 750 μm/m no centro do tubo. O critério de falha adotado foi o surgimento de uma trinca na direção circunferencial, passante ao longo da espessura. Durante o teste, foram adquiridos os dados de deformação, aceleração, frequência, pressão interna, temperatura interna e temperatura ambiente. A análise de falha foi realizada na região da fratura para confirmar a ocorrência de fadiga no tubo. O desenvolvimento da bancada e a posterior realização dos ensaios permitiram avaliar a eficiência e a produtividade do equipamento, o qual se mostrou vantajoso frente aos conceitos existentes e apto para a execução de testes em tubos rígidos de forma rápida e satisfatória. / Este trabalho descreve a metodologia desenvolvida para fabricação e comissionamento de um novo conceito de máquina para realização de testes de fadiga por ressonância de tubos rígidos em escala real, visando oferecer soluções técnicas para determinados pontos de melhoria encontrados em equipamentos já existentes. O equipamento foi desenvolvido sob os conceitos de análise vibratória, com o auxílio de ferramentas de CAD e método de elementos finitos. A metodologia de projeto do equipamento foi desenvolvida através de projeto conceitual e seleção de conceito, atingindo evolução gradual através de testes experimentais e aplicação contínua de melhorias. Uma vez fabricada a máquina, foi realizado um teste em trecho de duto íntegro, sem costura, com elevado nível de corrosão superficial externa, visando a validação do projeto e o comissionamento da bancada de testes. Este trecho de duto é de aço API 5L X65 com seis metros de comprimento, 219,1 mm de diâmetro externo e 22,2 mm de espessura, com pressão interna de 200 bar, acrescida de deformação com amplitude constante média de ± 750 μm/m no centro do tubo. O critério de falha adotado foi o surgimento de uma trinca na direção circunferencial, passante ao longo da espessura. Durante o teste, foram adquiridos os dados de deformação, aceleração, frequência, pressão interna, temperatura interna e temperatura ambiente. A análise de falha foi realizada na região da fratura para confirmar a ocorrência de fadiga no tubo. O desenvolvimento da bancada e a posterior realização dos ensaios permitiram avaliar a eficiência e a produtividade do equipamento, o qual se mostrou vantajoso frente aos conceitos existentes e apto para a execução de testes em tubos rígidos de forma rápida e satisfatória.

This research developed the Optical Light Pipe (OLP) as a feasible solution to solve the problem of insufficient daylighting in deep plan office spaces for predominantly sunny climates. It further combined the OLP with a Specular Light Shelf (SLS) to achieve uniform daylighting. This research was performed with an experimental setup of two 1:4 scale models of deep plan office spaces, modified from an earlier research on optical light pipe at College Station, TX. Blinds and shading devices were installed on the south façade to provide daylight to the front zone of a 20 feet by 30 feet office module. The back zone was daylit by the OLP hidden in the plenum. The existing OLP design was optimized through computer aided ray-tracing. The SLS design was based on an earlier prototype designed at Lawrence Berkeley National Labs (LBNL). Results were based on observations made on clear and cloudy sky days between February 3rd and March 17th. The OLP achieved more than 300 lux of average workplane illuminance for 7.4 hours, when global horizontal illuminance was greater than 40,000 lux. It also achieved 200 lux of illuminance higher than an earlier prototype (Martins-Mogo, 2005) on workplane between 1000hrs and 1630hrs. It exhibited a glare free daylight distribution with luminance ratios well within prescribed limits on most of the vertical surfaces, with a relatively uniform illuminance distribution on back taskplane. OLP was better than windows with blinds and shading at providing diffuse daylight in backzone on a cloudy day, when global horizontal illuminance was greater than 20,000 lux. The OLP used in combination with SLS achieved more than 500 lux of average workplane illuminance for 6 hours, when global horizontal illuminance was greater than 40,000 lux. SLS also produced more uniform illuminance levels on the workplane at all times and on the leftwall at most times. However, it produced non-uniform luminance distribution on walls and ceiling and luminance ratios higher than allowable limits on the sidewall for some morning hours, and hence needed further refinement in design.