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In this study, we develop a method of life prediction of buried pipe using the concepts of a characteristic damage state and damage accumulation. A stress analysis corresponding to the different types of load during service with environmental effects, a moisture diffusion model, and a lifetime prediction analysis combining the above models has been constructed. The model uses an elasticity solution for axial-symmetric loading in the case of pressurized pipe, and an approximate non-linear solution for transverse loading due to soil pressure in the case of buried pipe. The axial-symmetric stress analysis has been constructed taking into account the moisture content and the temperature of each ply of the laminate. The moisture diffusion model takes into account the geometry of the laminate, the different diffusivity coefficients in each ply, and also the geometric changes due to ply failure. The failure mode and material behavior of the pipe has been investigated and identified according to Owens Corning data. Thus, the code that has been developed allows one to predict the time to failure of Owens Corning industrial pipes under any time-dependent profile of environmental and loading conditions. / Master of Science

The performance of joints in buried gravity flow pipelines are important since failure of these elements can affect the structural capacity of soil-pipe systems and reduce their longevity. Currently, there are no clear guidelines to design joints for gravity flow pipelines and therefore their design is based on semi-empirical methods. It is necessary to identify and quantify the demands that act across joints when subjected to service loading conditions to establish adequate design guidelines. Such demands will vary depending on the type of joint, type of pipe, burial and loading conditions. Therefore work is needed to investigate the influence of these conditions on the performance of joints. Full-scale laboratory tests have been performed on rigid (reinforced concrete) and flexible (corrugated steel and thermoplastic) pipelines to investigate the response of their joints when buried and subjected to surface loading. The joints investigated are either ‘moment-release’ joints (those that accommodate rotation and reduce the longitudinal bending moments close to zero), or ‘moment-transfer’ joints (those that limit rotation and transfer longitudinal bending moments from one pipe to the next). These experiments evaluate the influence of different cover depths, loading locations, and installation conditions on the response of the joints. Additionally, the performance of each joint when the pipeline was buried with shallow cover and subjected to surface loads up to and beyond fully factored loads were also investigated. Furthermore, three-dimensional finite element analyses of a gasketed bell and spigot joint in a buried reinforced concrete pipeline subjected to surface loading have been developed employing material properties and joint rotational characteristics experimentally obtained. The data obtained from the experimental and computational studies are used to evaluate joint performance and to identify key demands (shear force and rotation or moment) acting across them. In addition, the different patterns of vertical displacement along rigid and flexible pipes were established. It was found that the stiffness of the pipeline, the geometry of the joint, the loading and burial conditions influence the response (and therefore the demands) of the joints examined. Finally, recommendations are provided regarding development of structural design methods for these pipeline and joint systems. / Thesis (Ph.D, Civil Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2012-12-29 12:47:31.826

The purpose of this work was to investigate in which types of systems where use of differential pressure controllers is possible. And to analyze which success factors using of differential pressure controllers can provide. The work was done with the help of a literature review and discussions with energy consultants at the company FVB Sweden AB. This work does not assume any specific case, but treat scenarios that could occur in reality. There are three main scenarios created to demonstrate the function and importance of differential pressure controllers in a heating system. These scenarios treat cases where one pump is supplying both homes and businesses, when buildings will be built in stages and when the pump supplies a group of properties comprising both one-pipe and two-pipe systems. The study has shown that in all three scenarios imbalance in flow will occur in the heating system, this is reported under the chapter result in the report. In cases where the problem is imbalance of flows, the problem can be solved by installing only a static control valve on the outgoing return line from the property. Financial calculations carried out in this work. These calculations are showing what the additional cost will be for a differential pressure controller, compared to a static control valve. Calculations that show the cost savings that can be made when installing a differential pressure regulator has also been done. The conclusion of this work is that in all three scenarios presented in the results section, a differential pressure controller should be installed to provide the heating system with a balanced flow. Although it is a more expensive alternative, cost savings can be achieved, which justifies the installation of a differential pressure controller in the heating system. / Syftet med detta arbete var att undersöka i vilka typer av systemlösningar som användning av differenstrycksregulatorer är möjlig, samt att undersöka vilka framgångsfaktorer som användning av differenstryckregulatorer kan ge. Arbetet har genomförts med hjälp av en litteraturstudie och samtal med energikonsulter på företaget FVB Sverige AB. Detta arbete utgår inte från något specifikt fall, utan behandlar scenarion som skulle kunna uppstå i verkligheten. Det är främst tre scenarion som skapats för att kunna visa differenstryckregulatorers funktion och betydelse i ett värmesystem. Dessa scenarion är då en (1) pump försörjer både bostäder och verksamheter, när fastigheter skall byggas i etapper samt när en (1) pump försörjer en grupp byggnader som har både ett- och tvårörssystem. Studien har visat att det kommer i samtliga tre scenarion uppstå obalans i värmesystemet, detta redovisas under kapitlet resultat i rapporten. I de fall där obalans i flöden finns kan problemet lösas med att endast installera en statisk stamventil på utgående returledning från fastigheten. Ekonomiska beräkningar har även genomförts i detta arbete. Dessa beräkningar visar på vad merkostnaden blir för en differenstrycksregulator, jämfört med endast en stamventil. Det har även genomförts beräkningar som visar vilka kostnadsbesparningar som kan göras vid installation av en differenstryckregulator. Sammanfattningsvis blir slutsatsen av detta arbete att i samtliga tre scenarion som redovisas i resultatkapitlet, bör en differenstryckregulator installeras för att undvika obalans i systemen. Trots att det är ett dyrare alternativ kan kostnadsbesparingar åstadkommas, vilket motiverar en installation av en differenstryckregulator i värmesystemet.

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 1982. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Bibliography: leaf 42. / by Hung Viet Vu. / M.S.

The guided wave technique is commonly used for rapidly long-range pipeline inspection without removing the insulation of pipes. The torsional mode T(0,1) of the guided waves is usually generated to detect the defects in pipelines, since it has the advantage of being non-dispersive across the whole frequency range. However, a large number of pipelines are carrying fluid, wrapped with the coating material, and supported with clamp for the necessary manufacturing process in refinery and petro-chemical industrials. When these works are employed on the pipeline, the propagating guided waves may vary with the contents of material and how well the material compact on the pipe. Some energy of the incident guided wave in the pipe wall may leak into inside of contents or outside of wrapped materials and reduce the wave propagation distance. The effect of the fluid-filled pipe, the wrapped pipe, and the clamp support mounted on the pipe for guided wave propagation is investigated by both simulative and experimental methods. The wave structure of the T(0,1) mode in the pipes is analyzed by using the DISPERSE software for various cases to evaluate its influence to the guided wave propagation on the pipe. The amplitudes of the reflected signals from various features on the pipe are also measured using pipe screening system for calculating the attenuation of guided waves due to the features. The trend for the results is in good agreement between the experiments andpredictions for all cases of researches in this dissertation. It is found that the low viscosity liquid deposited in the pipe, such as water, diesel oil, and lubricant, has no effect on the torsional mode; while the high viscous of the fuel oil deposited in the pipe attenuates the reflection signal heavily for the pipe carrying fluid. In addition, both the full-filled and half-filled contents in the pipe are also studied in this case. The effects of the half-filled are the same as the full-filled results obtained. For the pipe wrapped with the coated material, the adhesive strength of the coated material is strong, such as bitumen and polyethylene; the attenuation of the guided waves is high; and there is almost no effect for mineral wool coating. Furthermore, the traveling distance of the guided waves in the pipe is also evaluated for various cases of the coated materials. The results indicate that the higher attenuation of the guided waves for the coated material, the shorter of the traveling distance in the pipe. For the clamp support mounted on pipe, the attenuation of the guided waves for the clamp support with a rubber gasket in between the pipe and the clamp is heavier than the case of clamp support without the rubber gasket is. Furthermore, the higher torque setting on the clamp (with or without the rubber gasket), the higher amplitude of the reflected signal is measured for the guided wave propagation. The effect of the frequency excitation is additionally demonstrated in this dissertation. It is noted that the higher amplitude of the reflected signal, the lower frequency excitation; moreover, theresonant effect is observed in the case of the clamp support with rubber gasket during the torque setting in the experiments. Good agreement has been obtained between the experiments and theoretical calculations of this effect.

The overall objectives of this thesis are to determine if Indirect and Direct Design methods currently used for reinforced concrete pipe are able to accurately predict the capacity of the pipe, to identify discrepancies between the two methods, and to provide potential modifications to the methods to reduce inconsistencies. As part of this investigation, two 0.6 m pipes (nominal strength classes 100-D and a 140-D) and two 1.2 m pipes (a 65-D with Wall B and a 65-D with Wall C) were tested under single wheel pair loading at burial depths of 1.2, 0.6 and 0.3 m. The test pipes did not crack at the applied service load of 110 kN and did not pass the crack width limit until between 2.5 and 4 times the service load. A 0.6 m 100-D pipe was also tested under simulated deep burial and it was found that the calculated test D-Load is 1.9 times greater than the designated D-Load of the test pipe. It was found that both methods were conservative and that the Direct Design method should be modified to more closely align with the Indirect Design. An investigation of the Direct Design parameters found that by considering thick ring theory and the Modified Compression Field Theory with two layers of reinforcement, the required amount of steel from Direct Design could be made to align very closely with the Indirect Design. An additional test was completed to further assess the Direct Design method on a 0.6 m 140-D pipe to measure the pressure around the circumference of the pipe and compare this measured pressure to the commonly used pressure distribution for Direct Design. The results show that at the minimum cover (0.3 m) the test pressure is higher than predicted at the crown, lower than predicted at the invert, and nearly zero at the shoulder, springline, and haunch, which is inconsistent with most of the predicted results at these locations. / Thesis (Master, Civil Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2014-06-20 16:29:39.037

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The development and implementation of technologies that improves Heating Ventilation & Air Conditioning (HVAC) system efficiency, including unique waste heat recovery methods, are sought while considering financial constraints and benefits. Recent studies have found that through the use of advanced waste heat recovery systems, it is possible to reduce building’s energy consumption by 30%. Oscillating heat pipes (OHP) exists as a serpentine-arranged capillary tube, possesses a desirable aerodynamic form factor, and provides for relatively high heat transfer rates via cyclic evaporation and condensation of an encapsulated working fluid with no internal wicking structure required. In last two decade, it has been extensively investigated for its potential application in thermal management of electronic devices. This dissertation focuses on the application of OHP in waste heat recovery systems. To achieve the goal, first a feasibility study is conducted by experimentally assessing a nine turn copper-made bare tube OHP in a typical HVAC ducting system with adjacent air streams at different temperatures. Second, for a prescribed temperature difference and volumetric flow rate of air, a multi-row finned OHP based Heat Recovery Ventilator (OHP-HRV) is designed and analyzed for the task of pre-conditioning the intake air. Additionally, the energy and cost savings analysis is performed specifically for the designed OHP-HRV system and potential cost benefits are demonstrated for various geographical regions within the United States. Finally, an atypically long finned OHP is experimentally investigated (F-OHP) under above prescribed operating condition. Helical fins are added to capillary size OHP tubes at a rate of 12 fins per inch (12 FPI), thereby increasing the heat transfer area by 433%. The coupled effect of fins and oscillation on the thermal performance of F-OHP is examined. Also, F-OHP’s thermal performance is compared with that of bare tube OHP of similar dimension and operating under similar condition. It was determined that OHP can be an effective waste heat recovery device in terms of operational cost, manufacturability, thermal and aerodynamic performance. Moreover, it was also determined that OHP-HRV can significantly reduce energy consumption of a commercial building, especially in the winter operation.

Passive and compact heat dissipation systems are and will remain vital for the successful operation of modern electronic systems. Oscillating heat pipes (OHPs) have been a part of this research area since their inception due to their ability to passively manage high heat fluxes. In the current investigation, different designs of tubular, flat plate, and multiple layer oscillating heat pipes are studied by using different operating parameters to investigate the operating limitations of each design. Furthermore, selective laser melting was demonstrated as a new OHP manufacturing technique and was used to create a compact multiple layer flat plate OHP. A 7-turn tubular oscillating heat pipe (T-OHP) was created and tested experimentally with three working fluids (water, acetone, and n-pentane) and different orientations (horizontal, vertical top heating, and vertical bottom heating). For vertical, T-OHP was tested with the condenser at 0°, 45° and 90° bend angle from the y-axis (achieved by bending the OHP in the adiabatic) in both bottom and top heating modes. The results show that T-OHP thermal performance depends on the bend angle, working fluid, and orientation. Another design of L-shape closed loop square microchannel (750 x 750 microns) copper heat pipe was fabricated from copper to create a thermal connector with thermal resistance < 0.09 ˚C/W for electronic boards. The TC-OHP was able to manage heat rates up to 250 W. A laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) additive manufacturing (AM) method was employed for fabricating a multi-layered, Ti-6Al-4V oscillating heat pipe (ML-OHP). The 50.8 x 38.1 x 15.75 mm3 ML-OHP consisted of four inter-connected layers of circular mini-channels, as well an integrated, hermetic-grade fill port. A series of experiments were conducted to characterize the ML-OHP thermal performance by varying power input (up to 50 W), working fluid (water, acetone, NovecTM 7200, and n-pentane), and operating orientation (vertical bottom-heating, horizontal, and vertical top-heating). The ML-OHP was found to operate effectively for all working fluids and orientations investigated, demonstrating that the OHP can function in a multi-layered form, and further indicating that one can ‘stack’ multiple, interconnected OHPs within flat media for increased thermal management.