The aim of this study was firstly, to investigate the percentage increase in the body size of the Springbok rugby players over a period of 108 years and to compare this increase with that of the general population. Secondly, it aimed at comparing the data of this study with existing data of international rugby players in other countries. Data concerning 1349 rugby players that formed part of the Springboks between 1896 and 2004 was collected in order to study the changes in body size of these players. Of the 1349 players, 664 were forwards and 685 backs. To be able to compare the data of the other international rugby players, the entire period was divided into two groups, namely 1896-1970 and 1971-2004. The anthropometric variables only included body length, body mass and body mass index (BMI) because in most cases, these were the only variables that had been measured. The results were as follows: the total group registered a mass increase of 2.03 (1.8-2.2)kg per decade and the increase in length per decade for the total group was 0.84 (0.75-0.92)cm . As expected, the BMI had increased by 0.31 (0.27-0.34)kg/m-2 per decade. The mass increase of the forwards and backs was 2.47 (2.32-2.61)kg per decade and 1.45 (1.32-1.57)kg per decade respectively. The length of the forwards and backs had increased as follows: 0.94 (0.83-1.04)cm per decade and 0.69 (0.59-0.78)cm per decade respectively with the BMI of the forwards and backs that had increased by 0.38 (0.33-1.43)kg/m-2 and 0.21 (0.18 - 0.26) kg/m-2 per decade respectively. The 95% confidence intervals for the increases with the total group for body mass, body length and BMI all indicate that the increases for the period 1976- 2004 are statistically larger than the increases for the period 1896-2004 (r>0.25)The increases with the forwards and back for the period 1976-2004 were also significantly larger (r>0.25)than those of the general population. Compared to the other studies done on international rugby players, it was found that the increase in length with the All Blacks and the Wallabies, namely 1.1- 2.1 cm per decade was larger than in the case of the Springboks, namely 0.84 cm per decade. The mass increase of (2.1-3.1)kg per decade and BMI increase of (0.3-0.4)kg/m-2 was comparable to the increases in mass (1.8-2.2)kg per decade and BMI (0.3-0.4)kg/m-2 that was found with the Springbok rugby players. For team selection and game development, knowledge regarding the change in body size and -form is becoming increasingly important to the trainers, managers and selectors of the teams. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Human Movement Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

The aim of this study was firstly, to investigate the percentage increase in the body size of the Springbok rugby players over a period of 108 years and to compare this increase with that of the general population. Secondly, it aimed at comparing the data of this study with existing data of international rugby players in other countries. Data concerning 1349 rugby players that formed part of the Springboks between 1896 and 2004 was collected in order to study the changes in body size of these players. Of the 1349 players, 664 were forwards and 685 backs. To be able to compare the data of the other international rugby players, the entire period was divided into two groups, namely 1896-1970 and 1971-2004. The anthropometric variables only included body length, body mass and body mass index (BMI) because in most cases, these were the only variables that had been measured. The results were as follows: the total group registered a mass increase of 2.03 (1.8-2.2)kg per decade and the increase in length per decade for the total group was 0.84 (0.75-0.92)cm . As expected, the BMI had increased by 0.31 (0.27-0.34)kg/m-2 per decade. The mass increase of the forwards and backs was 2.47 (2.32-2.61)kg per decade and 1.45 (1.32-1.57)kg per decade respectively. The length of the forwards and backs had increased as follows: 0.94 (0.83-1.04)cm per decade and 0.69 (0.59-0.78)cm per decade respectively with the BMI of the forwards and backs that had increased by 0.38 (0.33-1.43)kg/m-2 and 0.21 (0.18 - 0.26) kg/m-2 per decade respectively. The 95% confidence intervals for the increases with the total group for body mass, body length and BMI all indicate that the increases for the period 1976- 2004 are statistically larger than the increases for the period 1896-2004 (r>0.25)The increases with the forwards and back for the period 1976-2004 were also significantly larger (r>0.25)than those of the general population. Compared to the other studies done on international rugby players, it was found that the increase in length with the All Blacks and the Wallabies, namely 1.1- 2.1 cm per decade was larger than in the case of the Springboks, namely 0.84 cm per decade. The mass increase of (2.1-3.1)kg per decade and BMI increase of (0.3-0.4)kg/m-2 was comparable to the increases in mass (1.8-2.2)kg per decade and BMI (0.3-0.4)kg/m-2 that was found with the Springbok rugby players. For team selection and game development, knowledge regarding the change in body size and -form is becoming increasingly important to the trainers, managers and selectors of the teams. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Human Movement Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

Orientador: Kamal Abdel Radi Ismail / Dissertação (mestrado profissional ) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T06:53:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marques_LilianLeite_M.pdf: 1037648 bytes, checksum: 649c3c4eb1f45eee83a53801fda37a1d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Neste trabalho procurou-se desenvolver propostas que maximizem o conforto térmico natural das habitações situadas em São Luís-MA, próximo à linha do Equador, com um clima quente e úmido. Assim alterou-se a geometria do telhado para ser analisada, conforme a inclinação trabalhada, a temperatura mais confortável no interior de um protótipo de 3,00m x 3,00m. Para tanto, monitoraram-se também as temperaturas das paredes, tanto internas como externas e do telhado, do protótipo, tendo-se verificado que quanto maiores as inclinações do telhado, tanto menor a temperatura, ou seja, mais confortável termicamente. / Abstract: In this work has tried to develop proposals that improvise the natural thermal comfort of the habitations situated in São Luís - MA, next to the equator line, with a hot and humid weather, thus, have been done the alteration of the roof's geometry for analysis, in agreement the worked inclination, was looked to show the most comfortable temperature inside a 3,00 x 3,00 meters prototype. For such, has been monitored the internal and externals temperatures of the walls and roofs. Was verified that how much the inclination of the roof is increased, the temperature decrease, so more thermal confort. / Mestrado / Refrigeração e Condicionamento Ambiental / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

The debate around the issue of homosexuals in Isl m has recently gained momentum globally. New arguments surfaced which were not discussed previously by the jurists. Some have argued that homosexuality is genetic and others believe it is caused by a hormonal imbalance. Isl m has given Muslims a comprehensive social system in which to operate. It has reserved explicit judgment on many pertinent issues and allowed research to address contemporary challenges by means of Ijtih d (personal reasoning). The Islamic judicial system states unequivocally and unambiguously that it expects from its followers to respect the judicial process. This thesis aims to address the most recent arguments by Muslim homosexuals. I will employ Qiy s (analogical deduction) to assess these latest claims and formulate an Islamic judgment regarding them. The formulation of this judgment, though, will take place sketching a legal and historical background of homosexuality in Isl m.

Cette thèse a pour objectif la caractérisation de la vitesse de ventilation critique dans un tunnel ventilé longitudinalement lorsque survient un incendie. La vitesse critique est définie comme la vitesse de ventilation minimale pour laquelle l’ensemble des fumées nocives est repoussé à l’aval de l’incendie. Les méthodes utilisées sont théoriques, expérimentales et numériques. Dans une première approche, l’incendie est modélisé par un rejet de fluide plus léger que l’air ambiant. Dans les expériences, il s’agit soit de l’air chaud, soit d’un mélange d’air et d’hélium ce qui permet d’étudier les effets dits non-Boussinesq, c’est à dire induits par une large différence de densité entre le rejet flottant et l’air ambiant. Une modélisation théorique simple est également donnée afin d’expliquer les variations de la vitesse de ventilation critique en fonction des conditions à la source du rejet (flux de flottabilité et géométrie). Un bon accord est observé entre les résultats expérimentaux et le modèle théorique aussi bien pour les rejets dits forces (jets) que pour les rejets dits flottants (panaches). Des simulations numériques ont été également menées afin de fournir une comparaison quantitative des vitesses critiques obtenues dans le cas d’un incendie modélisé par un panache et le cas d’un feu. L’apparition d’une vitesse dite ’super-critique’ observée dans la littérature dans le cas de feux a été étudiée. L’effet sur la vitesse critique d’un feu de puissance faible peut très largement être modélisé par l’effet d’un rejet de fluide léger au sol. En revanche, un feu de forte puissance nécessite une modélisation des flammes et donc de puissance thermique produite en volume dans une partie non négligeable du tunnel. La présence de flammes représente donc une source distribuée de flux de flottabilité au-dessus et en aval du lieu d’injection des gaz de combustion. En conséquence, dans cette situation, le foyer ne peut être modélisé par une simple condition aux limites au sol du tunnel. L’effet sur la vitesse critique d’une éventuelle inclinaison ou pente du tunnel a été également étudié. Une inclinaison du tunnel dans le sens de la ventilation induit une diminution de la vitesse critique par rapport à un tunnel horizontal alors que pour une inclinaison en sens contraire la vitesse critique est augmentée. Cependant, cet effet dépend des conditions à la source du rejet. Pour les rejets flottants, l’effet de la pente du tunnel est important tandis que la vitesse critique devient de moins en moins dépendante de la pente au fur et à mesure que le rejet devient force. Le modèle théorique développé pour un rejet dans un tunnel horizontal a été adapté au cas avec pente et un bon accord a de nouveau été établi entre les résultats expérimentaux et le modèle théorique. Enfin, pour un feu, les simulations numériques ont montré que la pente influence très peu la vitesse critique. Dans une dernière partie, l’effet de la présence de véhicules dans le tunnel a été investigue aussi bien expérimentalement qu’avec l’outil numérique. Les véhicules sont modélisés par des blocs parallélépipédiques de différentes tailles places en amont de la source de flottabilité ou le feu. Il a été montré que seul le bloc proche de la source modifiait la valeur de la vitesse de ventilation critique alors que les blocs plus éloignés avaient une influence négligeable. De même, la vitesse critique obtenue en présence de blocs se rapproche très rapidement de celle obtenue pour un tunnel sans véhicule lorsque la distance entre la source et le bloc le plus proche augmente. Le paramètre qui influence le plus la vitesse critique est la position relative du bloc et de la source. Lorsque le bloc protège directement la source en étant placé à son côté aussi bien longitudinalement que latéralement, l’air frais de la ventilation n’impacte pas directement le rejet et la vitesse critique est augmentée par rapport à la situation sans bloc. [...] / This thesis investigates experimentally, theoretically and numerically the critical ventilation velocity in longitudinal ventilated tunnels in case of a fire. The critical velocity is defined as the minimum ventilation velocity that confines the front of the backlayer of harmful buoyant gases downwind of the source of emission. The fire is first modeled by a release of light gas in ambient air. In the experiments, the light fluid is an air/helium mixture. A simple mathematical model, based on the classical plume study, is formulated to interpret the variations of the critical velocity as a function of the source conditions (momentum and buoyancy fluxes and geometry). A good agreement is observed between the experimental results and the theoretical predictions for both the momentum-driven and buoyancy-driven releases. In addition, the non-Boussinesq effects, i.e. related to large differences between the densities of the buoyant plume and the ambient fluid, could be suitably modeled. Subsequently, the difference between a buoyant plume and a fire is studied, by combining experiments and numerical simulations. The reason for the appearance of the so-called ‘super-critical’ velocity, a ventilation velocity that becomes independent of the heat release rate when it becomes large, is discussed. It is shown that small fires can be reliably modeled as buoyant densimetric plumes released at ground level. The dynamics induced by larger fires require instead the modeling of large flames and hence a volumetric source of heat and buoyancy within the tunnel. In the simulation of fires, when the heat release rate is increased, the volume of combustion also increases, but the critical velocity remains nearly constant, which validates the appearance of the ‘super-critical’ velocity. The effect of tunnel inclination on the critical velocity is then studied. The influence of slope (defined as negative when the entrance of fresh air is at a lower elevation than the source) on the movement of smoke is mainly related to the role of the component of buoyancy along the tunnel axis. A positive slope helps the formation of the backlayer, while a negative slope helps reaching the critical condition. However, this effect depends on the source condition. Our experiments and numerical simulations on densimetric plumes suggest that the dynamical condition at the source affects the critical velocity of a buoyant plume: when the buoyant plume is momentum-driven, the influence of slope is small; when the buoyant plume is buoyancy-driven, the influence of slope is large. This behavior can be well described by a theoretical model based on the previous model of the critical velocity in a horizontal tunnel. These results have been extended to the case of fires by conducting numerical simulations and there is again a good agreement between the observed results and the theoretical model. In particular, the ratio of the critical velocities obtained for an inclined and an horizontal tunnel is independent of the power of the fire. Finally, the effect of vehicular blockage on the critical velocity is studied experimentally and numerically. The vehicles are modeled by blocks of different sizes placed upstream of the buoyancy or fire source. It is shown that only the block close to the source affects the critical velocity, whereas the effect of other blocks of the same size located further upstream is negligible. As the fire-blockage distance becomes larger, the critical velocity changes and becomes close to the value in an empty tunnel. The relative position between the blocks and the fire source has large influence on the critical velocity. When the blocks are placed at the center laterally, the ventilation flow cannot reach the fire plume directly, a larger critical velocity is needed compared with that in a corresponding empty tunnel. [...]

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar, por meio das radiografias panorâmicas, o comportamento longitudinal da inclinação axial mesiodistal dos molares superiores decorridos cinco anos após o tratamento realizado com o aparelho Pendulum seguido de aparelhagem ortodôntica fixa e comparar os resultados com os valores médios normais. A amostra consistiu de 20 pacientes (14 do gênero feminino e 6, do masculino) com má oclusão de Classe II tratada por meio da distalização dos molares superiores. A média da idade, ao início do tratamento (T1), foi de 14,27 ± 1,62 anos, ao final do tratamento (T2), 18,59 ± 1,82 anos, e, cinco anos pós-tratamento (T3), 23,77 ± 2,04 anos. A média do tempo de tratamento foi de 4,36 ± 0,79 anos e de avaliação pós-tratamento foi de 5,18 ± 1,14 anos. Como grupo controle, utilizou-se os valores angulares médios normais de molares superiores obtidos por Ursi (1989), sendo que essa obtenção partiu de radiografias panorâmicas de indivíduos com oclusão normal apresentando idades entre 12 e 17 anos. Para a análise estatística, utilizaram-se os traçados das radiografias panorâmicas nas 3 fases (T1, T2 e T3). Os dados obtidos foram analisados estatisticamente pelo teste ANOVA dependente seguido do teste de Tukey. As médias das inclinações axiais mesiodistais nas fases T1, T2 e T3 foram comparadas com os valores médios normais pelo teste t independente. Os resultados apontaram que os primeiros molares superiores, ao término do tratamento ortodôntico, estavam mais inclinados para a distal, porém, cinco anos após, tenderam a verticalizarem-se naturalmente, voltando a ocupar uma posição próxima ao inicial. Quando comparados com os valores normais, somente o primeiro molar superior esquerdo apresentou, no período T2, valor estatisticamente significante diferente do normal. Os valores correspondentes para os segundos molares superiores não apresentaram estatisticamente significantes quando comparados entre si, nem quando comparados com os valores normais. O tratamento com o Pendulum seguido de aparelhagem ortodôntica fixa promove uma inclinação das coroas dos molares para a distal, tendendo esses dentes, entretanto, no longo tempo pós-tratamento, a verticalizarem-se. / The objective of this study was to evaluate, through panoramic radiographs, the longitudinal conduct of mesiodistal inclination in maxillary molars five years after the treatment performed with the Pendulum device followed by fixed appliance and compare the results with normal mean values. The sample consisted of 20 patients (14 female and 6 male) with Class II malocclusion treated with molar distalization. The average age at pretreatment (T1) was 14.27 ± 1.62 years, at posttreatment (T2), 18.59 ± 1.82 years and at the long-term posttreatment (T3) 23.77 ± 2.04 years. The average length of time of the treatment was 4.36 ± 0.79 years and the evaluation of the long-term posttreatment was 5.18 ± 1.14 years. As a control, it was used the normal mean angular values of molar obtained by Ursi (1989), and this achievement came from panoramic radiographs of subjects with normal occlusion ranging in age from 12 to 17 years. Panoramic radiographs were taken for statistic analysis in all 3 stages (T1, T2, T3). The obtained data were statistically analysed through ANOVA Test dependent followed by Tukey test. The mean mesiodistal axial inclinations stages T1, T2, T3 were compared with normal mean values by the independent t test. The results showed that the first molars were more inclined to distal at posttreatment but five years later they tended to upright naturally, occupying the previous position, close to the original. When compared with normal values, only the left first maxillary molar showed in T2 a statistically different value to the normal. The correspondent values for the second maxillary molars did not show to be statistically significant when compared with each other, nor when compared with normal values. The treatment with the Pendulum, together with the orthodontic appliance, fosters an inclination of the molars to the distal, but tends to upright in the long-term posttreatment.

Les écoulements diphasiques liquide-gaz et liquide-vapeur sont présents dans de nombreuses problématiques industrielles. De fait, ils sont rencontrés dans des configurations diverses, tant en termes de dimensions que d’orientation et présentent des caractéristiques variées. Pour autant, il peut être distingué dans la littérature deux cas limites de modélisation de l’écoulement diphasique liées à son confinement : l’échelle micro et l’échelle macro. Cependant, la caractérisation de la transition entre ces deux échelles reste un enjeu majeur de compréhension de l’écoulement diphasique. De plus, les comportements thermiques en ébullition convective sont impactés par le phénomène de nucléation, fortement influencé par la géométrie de l’application et les conditions de saturations. De ce fait, l’objectif principal de la thèse est de contribuer à la compréhension des écoulements diphasiques adiabatiques et non adiabatiques à une échelle intermédiaire entre les échelles micro et macro, où les comportements tant dynamiques que thermiques sont mal définis. Pour ce faire, dans le travail présent, les effets du confinement et de l’inclinaison de l’écoulement diphasique sur les régimes d’écoulement, les chutes de pression et les échanges thermiques sont étudiés et comparés avec les observations et modèles de la littérature. Une section test inclinable de 1,6 mm de diamètre intérieur a été installée sur le banc d’essais de Charnay (2014), permettant l’étude de l’ébullition convective du R-245fa. Celle-ci permet de visualiser l’écoulement à l’intérieur de l’évaporateur ainsi que d’acquérir simultanément les chutes de pression et le champ de température de paroi extérieure. Pour ce faire, un tube en saphir chauffé par un dépôt d’ITO a été employé. Le champ de température a été obtenu par une procédure d’acquisition et de post-traitement infrarouge. Au préalable, une campagne d’essais a été menée en conditions adiabatiques sur la section de Charnay (2014). La section test présente, quant à elle, a permis deux campagnes d’essais en conditions adiabatiques et en ébullition convective. Des études menées en conditions adiabatiques est apparu un fort effet de l’inclinaison et du confinement sur les régimes d’écoulement ainsi que sur les chutes de pression. L’effet de l’inclinaison s’apparente à ce qui a pu être observé en macro-canal dans la littérature. De plus, l’inclinaison n’affecte que peu les échanges thermiques au regard des incertitudes inhérentes au dispositif infrarouge. Enfin, il est observé un effet de l’inclinaison sur le régime d’assèchement. Dans cette configuration, l’évolution temporelle du champ de température de paroi extérieure apparaît synchrone avec l’évolution dynamique de l’écoulement diphasique. / Liquid-gas and liquid-vapour two-phase flows are encountered in a large range of industrial applications. They are observed in multiple configurations, in terms of dimension and orientation and then have various characteristics. In the literature, it can be distinguished two limit cases of the two-phase flow linked to its confinement: micro and macro-scale. Nonetheless, characterisation of the micro-to-macro scale transition is still a main issue for the comprehension of two-phase flow. In addition, thermal behaviours of flow boiling are affected by the nucleation phenomenon, which is strongly influenced by the geometry of the application and the saturation conditions. The main objective of the thesis is to contribute to the comprehension of adiabatic and diabatic two-phase flows in mini-scale, where the general behaviours are not well definite. In the present study, the effects of confinement and orientation of two-phase flows on flow patterns, pressure drops and heat exchanges are studied and compared with observations and models of the literature. An 1.6 mm inner diameter inclinable test section was installed on the test bench of Charnay (2014), which enabled to study R-245fa flow boiling. This test section enables to visualize the flow directly in the evaporator and the simultaneous acquisition of the pressure drops and the outside wall temperature field. A sapphire tube, heated by a transparent ITO coating, is unemployed to insure the transparency. The temperature field is obtained by an IR image processing. Previously, tests were led on the section of Charnay (2014) in adiabatic conditions. The present test section was used for two series of tests, led in both adiabatic and diabatic conditions. It appeared a strong effect of confinement and orientation on the flow patterns and pressure drops. The effect of the orientation is likely the same that one observed in macro-scale. In addition, the orientation slightly affects heat exchanges in comparison with the uncertainties of the IR dispositive. Finally, it is observed an effect of orientation on dryout flow pattern. In this configuration, the temperature field evolution with time is synchronized with the dynamic evolution of the two-phase flow.

The objective of this research is to help better understand the effects of exit face inclinations on critical gradients. This will lead to more practical ways to predict critical hydraulic gradients and slope stability using soil properties and exit face conditions. Current geotechnical engineering does not consider these factors because they are not thoroughly understood. Despite the attempts to better predict critical gradients, methods developed over 70 years ago to model the heave mechanism are used to model failure mechanisms such as backward erosion (or piping). This critical hydraulic gradient is only calculated by means of the buoyant unit weight of the soil. While modern engineering estimates critical piping gradients near unity, research has shown that calculated critical gradients can largely under-predict actual piping gradients. The results of this thesis research will help provide an empirical, but mechanism-based, grain-scale model that takes into account the effect of non-horizontal exit faces, and soil properties while assessing the potential for piping initiation to occur. This research is expected to help the understanding of the internal erosion mechanism known as piping, and eventually help to develop more practical ways of predicting and preventing conditions which are susceptible to this type of erosion. This research should be used to initiate more research, develop better methods, and eventually increase public safety with regards to designing and improving earth structures such as dams and levees.

Axial rotation is regarded as an essential movement of the trunk that allows many individuals to participate in vocations, sports and activities of daily living. Unfortunately when the destabilising nature of rotation is combined with that of spinal flexion, the risk of injuring the spine can increase significantly. Few studies have investigated the potential benefits that maximizing trunk rotation has in certain vocation and sport-related arenas and none have looked at whether adopting certain spinal postures in the sagittal plane can maximise trunk rotation more than others. The aim of the study was to determine the effects of alterations of trunk inclination, spinal posture, pelvic fixation and turning direction on the active range of motion (ROM) of trunk rotation. Twenty healthy individuals participated in the main study. Retro-reflective markers were placed on key anatomical locations and used to track the movement of the thorax and pelvis during a series of repeated maximal trunk rotations in ten different spinal positions within the sagittal plane. Trunk kinematics and kinetics were recorded simultaneously using an optoelectronic motion analysis and force platform measuring system. A repeated-measures multiple analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used to test for the main effects of trunk inclination, spinal posture, fixation of pelvis and direction of turn on maximum active ROM of trunk rotation, maximum pelvic rotation and the anterior-posterior and lateral displacement of the centre of pressure (COP). To investigate test-retest reliability, ten participants were tested on two separate days. Repeatability for each outcome measure was investigated using interclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and Bland Altman graphs. The majority of subjects showed reasonable test-retest reliability for trunk rotation measures in each of the test positions, with ICC’s ranging between 0.562 – 0.731. Overall, trunk inclination (0°, 22.5°, 45°) forward in the sagittal plane had a significant effect on trunk and pelvic rotation (p<0.001) and lateral displacement of the COP (p<0.005) during trunk rotation. As trunk inclination increased from 0° to 45° there was an average increase in trunk rotation ROM of approximately 10 % (approximately 3.4°). Furthermore, increasing trunk inclination led to an increase in lateral displacement of the COP and a decrease in pelvic rotation. Spinal posture (neutral, flexed, extended) at a forward inclination of 45° had a significant effect on trunk rotation (p<0.01) and pelvic rotation (p<0.05), with a neutral spine averaging approximately 3 % (approximately 1.1°) more trunk rotation than a flexed or extended posture. The position and posture of the spine in the sagittal plane appears to have a significant influence on ranges of trunk rotation. The study suggests that rotating the trunk when adopting a neutral spine inclined to 45° will maximise range of trunk rotation and encourage a natural stabilisation of the lower body. This posture meets the unique set of biomechanical requirements for the sport of golf and may help to reduce the risk of injury in manual material handling tasks. Conversely, rotating the trunk whilst the thoracolumbar spine is flexed leads to a reduction in trunk rotation ROM, encourages greater pelvic and lower body rotation, reduces torque production of the trunk and may increase the risk of lower back injury. These findings have important implications in relation to the teaching of spinal position during vocations, sports and activities of daily living that seek to maximise trunk rotation.

<p>Problemdiskussion: Entreprenörskap slår kraftigt in i det svenska utbildningssystemet. Merparten av svenska universitet och högskolor har sedan flera år tillbaka både kurser och program inom inriktningen entreprenörskap. En rapport från Global Entrepreneurship Monitor visar att under 2005 var den entreprenöriella aktiviteten låg i Sverige. Däremot har det visat sig att ungas intresse för företagande har ökat under 2005. Denna ökning avser dock inte högutbildade studenter, däribland entreprenörskapsstudenter. En undersökning av högutbildade studenter visar att studenten efter avslutade studier helst vill ha en anställning framför företagandet.</p><p>Problemformulering: Vilka är de bakomliggande faktorerna till att entreprenörskapsstudenter inte väljer att starta eget företag efter sin examen?</p><p>Syfte: att analysera entreprenörskapsstudenters entreprenöriella benägenhet.</p><p>Teori: Det finns olika förklaringar till varför vissa individer tenderar att bli entreprenörer. Däremot har ingen enhetlig entreprenörskapsprofil kunnat fastställas. Vad forskare är eniga om är att den entreprenöriella benägenheten påverkas av etnisk bakgrund, ålder, uppväxt/familjebakgrund, utbildning och erfarenhet samt riskbenägenhet vilket är uppsatsens teoretiska referensram.</p><p>Metod: Datainsamlingsmetoden som använts är postenkäter via e-mail där två enkäter har skickats ut till studenter som studerat på Entreprenörskapsprogrammet på Södertörns högskola. Den första enkäten skickades ut till de 56 studenter som tillhör den första urvalsgruppen. Den andra enkäten skickades ut till de 16 respondenter som valts ut subjektivt från den första urvalsgruppen. Syftet med Enkät 1 var att få kvantitativ kunskap om respondenternas sysselsättning för att vidare kunna särskilja de med eget företag och de med anställning och på så vis genomföra Enkät 2. Enkät 2 genomfördes med syfte att erhålla kvalitativ data om variablerna som återfinns i den teoretiska referensramen: etnicitet, ålder, uppväxt och familjebakgrund, utbildning och erfarenhet samt riskbenägenhet.</p><p>Resultat: Ett mönster kan urskiljas gällande den entreprenöriella benägenheten beroende på om respondenten har en anställning eller är egenföretagare. Den entreprenöriella benägenheten hos egenföretagarna är stor medan det varierar för de med anställning. Dessa kan delas upp i två olika grupper, där den ena gruppen och som i framtiden vill starta eget företag har högre entreprenöriell benägenhet än de som har en anställning och som inte vill starta eget företag.</p><p>Slutsatser: Uppsatsen talar för att entreprenörskapsstudenter inte väljer att starta eget företag efter avslutade studier i den utsträckning som önskas på grund av viss avsaknad av den entreprenöriella benägenheten. Dock har det visat sig att endast vissa delar av teorin om entreprenöriell benägenhet är bakomliggande faktorer till varför entreprenörskapsstudenter inte väljer att starta eget företag efter avslutade studier. Det tyder på att de bakomliggande faktorerna till varför entreprenörskapsstudenter inte väljer att starta eget företag efter avslutade studier är åldern, utbildning och erfarenhet samt riskbenägenhet. Åldern, utbildning och erfarenhet samt riskbenägenhet är relaterade till varandra. Utbildningen är inte tillräcklig vilket förklarar varför entreprenörskapsstudenter vill få större erfarenhet innan företagsetablering vilket förklarar varför riskbenägenheten är liten. Detta kan även relateras till åldern där större erfarenhet ökar chanserna till företagsetablering vilket ökar riskbenägenheten.</p> / <p>Problem description: Entrepreneurship is an important factor in the Swedish education system. Most of the Swedish universities and other high school educations have, since a number of years, courses and programs within the area of entrepreneurship. A report from Global Entrepreneurship Monitor shows a low activity of entrepreneurship in Sweden during 2005. In spite of that, there is a study showing an increasing interest for free enterprising during 2005 among younger persons. However, this case is not referring to high educated students including Entrepreneurship students. A study of high educated students shows a preference for employment rather than free enterprising after graduation.</p><p>Problem formulation: What are the underlying factors that makes the students of Entrepreneurship deicide not to start private enterprises after graduation?</p><p>Purpose: To analyse the inclination of Entrepreneurship students to start free enterprises.</p><p>Theory: There are different explanations to why certain individuals become entrepreneurs, but no general profile has yet been established. What Scientists do agree on is that the capability of entrepreneurship depends on: ethnical background, age, upbringing/family background, education, experiences and the tendency for risk taking, this is the theoretical reference for this report.</p><p>Method: The collection of data has been performed through questionnaires sent by e-mail. Two types of questionnaires have been sent to previous students from the Entrepreneurship Program at Södertörns Högskola. Questionnarie number one was sent to 56 former students selected for the original group. The second questionnaire was sent to 16 of the respondents randomly selected from the first group. The purpose of questionnaire number one was to receive a quantitative knowledge about the professional occupation of the respondents, to be able to separate those running a company of their own from those employed. The result of the first questionnaire was the base of the second questionnaire. The purpose of questionnaire number two was to collect qualitative data about the variables in the theory references above: ethnical background, age, upbringing/family background, education, experiences and the tendency for risk taking.</p><p>Result: There is a pattern showing the capability of entrepreneurship depending if the respondents are employed or running a company of their own. Those running a company are usually very competent in entrepreneurship while the compentence varies amongst those employed. These respondents can be devided into two groups where the group who wants to start a company in the future have a higher capability of entrepreneurship that those employed with no wish to start a company of their own.</p><p>Conclusions: The conclusion of this report is that fewer of the Entrepreneurship students than expected choose to start a company of their own after graduation. The reason for this is lack of capability in entrepreneurship. The study shows that only some of the references of the theory about entrepreneur capability are the reason why students from entrepreneurship studies don’t start their own companies after graduation. The reasons why entrepreneurship students don’t choose to start their own businesses after graduation seems to be related to age, education, experience and tendencies of risk taking. All these criterias are related. The education is not relevant enough and that is an explanation why the entrepreneurship students wants to get more experience before they start a company and this is also an explanation why the tendency of risk taking is low. There is also a relation to age since a longer experience will increase the chance for a successful free enterprise and also increases the tendency to take risks.</p>