CHARLES UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF PHARMACY IN HRADEC KRÁLOVÉ DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY Author: Tereza Pokorná Title of Diploma thesis Terbinafine-loaded biodegradable polymeric systems for topical administration Supervisor: PharmDr. Eva Šnejdrová, Ph.D. In the diploma thesis the released properties of solid dispersions with terbinafine, based on polyesters of D,L-lactic acid and glycol acid, branched with pentaerythritol and tripentaerythritol are studied. The theoretical part deals with solid dispersions, their classification and methods of preparation, methods of drug dissolution testing, properties, effect, use of terbinafine and preparations containing terbinafine. In the experimental part, solid dispersions were prepared by the melting method. The drug was incorporated into the polyester in the form of a hydrochloride or a base in a concentration of 10 % or 20 %. Some systems were plasticized with 30% triethyl citrate. Thin layers were formulated from solid dispersions, and drug dissolution tests were performed on phosphate buffer pH 7.4 at 37 řC. Assay of terbinafine released was performed spectrophotometrically at 223 nm and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography. Based on the results of this diploma thesis, it can be clearly stated that the suitable carrier of terbinafine...

This dissertation is an empirically responsive philosophical exploration into the incorporation of technological tools within a framework comprising the structures of experience laid out in the early phenomenological tradition and an analysis of agency drawing from the analytical tradition. Technological tools have become so deeply integrated in our lives that they function like a part of us, transforming what we feel we can do and even who we are. Although new spaces of autonomous agency have been opened up, since the inner workings of technological tools can remain invisible, we risk diminishing our own capacities. Since we are fundamentally embedded in the world, we cannot understand ourselves without reference to the world and we cannot understand the world without reference to the way we are. The uniqueness involved in our use of technological tools grows out of a more primordial uniqueness that makes technological tool use possible and sets us apart from our closest evolutionary relatives. Several animals extend their physical influence on the environment by means of tools. We humans, however, use tools to extend our cognitive abilities as well. And since the computer is the most universal human tool, which can be put to sensorimotor and cognitive purposes alike, we take the computer to be...

Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-04T12:36:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010 / Nas últimas décadas, os gastos crescentes no setor saúde vêm preocupando diversos países, em especial aqueles cuja atenção à saúde é garantida pelo setor público. A grande pressão pela incorporação de tecnologias cada vez mais caras, além de impactar no orçamento dos países, produz restrição ao acesso dos serviços de saúde, visto que não é possível garantir todas as intervenções a todos. Diante desta situação, técnicas para a racionalização dos gastos, tais como as análises econômicas em saúde, são utilizadas na tentativa de maximizar a saúde, mas resguardando a viabilidade financeira dos sistemas públicos de saúde. Países desenvolvidos com forte financiamento público, assim como Austrália, Canadá e Reino Unido têm empregado cada vez mais estas ferramentas para a tomada de decisão acerca da incorporação de novas tecnologias. O Brasil, na última década, também tem empreendido esforços para a adoção de critérios de custo-efetividade, tanto na entrada de medicamentos no mercado privado, com a alteração da lei de registro e com a criação da Câmara de Regulação do Mercado de Medicamentos (CMED), quanto com o estabelecimento de uma Comissão de Incorporação de Tecnologias do Ministério da Saúde (CITEC). As decisões da CITEC são subsidiadas por estudos desenvolvidos pela área de Avaliação de Tecnologias em Saúde (ATS) do Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia (DECIT) do Ministério da Saúde. Neste aspecto, as Agências Nacionais de Vigilância Sanitária e de Saúde Suplementar também instituíram áreas de ATS para responder as suas demandas. E, apesar do avanço na institucionalização de áreas que utilizam análises econômicas na incorporação de tecnologias, ainda há uma fragilidade institucional nas etapas seguintes do ciclo de vida destas. O País também carece de profissionais capacitados e padece de uma desorganização neste campo causa da principalmente pela sobreposição de atividades e atribuições das áreas que realizam a ATS no governo federal. Ademais, para que as análises econômicas em saúde sejam realmente úteis na tomada de decisão é imprescindível a definição de um limite custo-efetividade para o Brasil. / In recent decades, increasing spending in the health sector is worrying many countries, particularly those whose health care is guaranteed by the public sector. The big push for the incorporation of technologies increasingly expensive is impacting the budgets of countries and producing a restriction on access to health services, since we cannot guarantee all interventions for everybody. Facing this situation, techniques for the rationalization of expenditures, such as health economic analysis, are used in an attempt to maximize health, but protecting the financial viability of public health systems. Developed countries with strong public support, such as Australia, Canada and the UK have progressively more used this tool for decision making regarding the incorporation of new technologies. Brazil, more recently, has also made efforts to adopt criteria of cost-effectiveness, both at the entrance of drugs in the private market, with the adjustment of the law of register and the establishment of the Board of Market Regulation of Medicines (CMED) and the Commission of Technology Incorporation of the Ministry of Health (CITEC). The decisions of CITEC are subsidized by studies undertaken by the area of Health Technology Assessment (HTA) at Department of Science and Technology (DECIT) of the Ministry of Health. The Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency and Brazilian National Private Health Insurance Agency also established areas of HTA to answer to their demands. Despite advances in the institutionalization of areas that use economic analysis in the incorporation of technologies, there is fragility in the following stages of the life cycle of these. The country also lacks qualified professionals and suffers from a disruption in this field mainly caused by overlapping of activities and tasks of the areas that hold the HTA in the Federal Government. Moreover, for the health economic analyses are really useful in decision making is essential to define threshold costeffectiveness for Brazil.

Le développement des relations économiques internationales et la construction d’un espace européen intégré tant d’un point de vue économique que politique a relancé le débat sur la nationalité des sociétés. La question n’est pas tant de savoir si les sociétés commerciales disposent d’une nationalité au même titre que les personnes physiques – les solutions en la matière sont depuis longtemps acceptées par la doctrine et la jurisprudence internationales – mais plutôt de déterminer comment cette notion a évolué et s’adapte aux contraintes d’une part, d’une économie de marché mondialisée et d’autre part, du droit de l’Union européenne qui bouleverse les solutions traditionnellement admises en matière de nationalité des sociétés dans les droits internes des Etats membres. Ainsi, les critères de rattachement juridique d’une société à un Etat déterminés par les règles de droit international privé de chaque Etat s’orientent inéluctablement vers le critère anglo-saxon de l’incorporation. L’apparition de nouvelles personnes morales de droit de l’UE comme la Société européenne (SE) ou la future Société privée européenne (SPE) posent également la question de la nationalité et de la loi applicable à ce type de groupement européen. Il en est de même s’agissant des groupes de sociétés dont une réglementation de leurs activités pourrait être relancée dans le cadre du droit de l’UE. / The development of international economic relations and the construction of an integrated European area, both from an economic and a political point of view, has revived the debate on the nationality of trading companies. The question is not so much whether trading companies have a nationality on an equal footing with natural persons – solutions have long been accepted by international doctrine and jurisprudence – but rather to determine how this notion has evolved and adapted to the constraints on the one hand, of a globalized market economy and, on the other hand, of European Union law which overturns the traditionally accepted solutions of nationality of trading companies into the legal systems of Member States. Thus, the criteria for the legal connection of a company to a State determined by the rules of private international law of each Member State are inevitably directed towards the Anglo-Saxon criterion of incorporation. The emergence of new European Union legal entities such as the European Company or the future European Private Company also raises the issue of nationality and the law applicable to this type of European legal entities. The same applies to groups of companies whose regulation of their activities could be revived under European Union law.

Esse trabalho consiste na síntese, caracterização e potenciais aplicações de sílicas mesoporosas altamente ordenadas, estáveis térmica e hidrotermicamente. Esses materiais de estrutura cúbica do tipo FDU-1 foram sintetizados, em meio ácido, utilizando como fonte de sílica tetraetilortosilicato (TEOS) e como moldes os copolímeros tribloco B50-6600 (EO39BO47EO39) e Vorasurf 504®. Os géis de síntese foram submetidos a tratamento hidrotérmico em forno de microondas e em seguida as amostras foram calcinados em atmosfera de N2 e ar, ou submetidos à extração por solvente. Os materiais foram caracterizados por termogravimetria (TG), análise elementar, espectroscopia de absorção no infravermelho, difração de raios X a baixo ângulo (SAXRD), microscopia eletrônica de transmissão de alta resolução (HRTEM), isotermas de adsorção de N2 e espectrometria de retroespalhamento de Rutherford (RBS). Os materiais FDU-1 foram empregados para o desenvolvimento dos seguintes estudos: i) aplicação do planejamento fatorial para definir um novo copolímero tribloco como direcionador de estrutura, o Vorasurf® 504, a fim de substituir o B50-6600 não mais disponível no mercado. As respostas obtidas não foram significativas num nível de 95% de confiança para as variáveis escolhidas (tempo de agitação e tempo de microondas). O estudo demonstrou que é possível diminuir o tempo de síntese do FDU-1 e ainda assim obter materiais com boas propriedades estruturais e texturais. Para os planejamentos fatoriais 22 e 23 observou-se que a variável mais importante foi a temperatura do forno de microondas usada no tratamento hidrotérmico. Contudo, a concentração de HCl e a presença do etanol da mistura de síntese não apresentaram nenhum efeito significativo em um nível de 95% de confiança; ii) encapsulação de complexos luminescentes de európio [Eu(dbm)3.TPPO] e [Eu(pic)3.2.Leu.5H2O] nas sílicas pura e/ou modificadas com 3-aminopropiltrieto-xissilano (APTES). As amostras encapsuladas mantiveram as propriedades óticas e aumentaram a resistência térmica dos complexos, ambas propriedades foram medidas por espectroscocopia de emissão e excitação na região do visível e por TG; iii) incorporação nas sílicas FDU-1 de ácido húmico com diferentes concentrações (1.0; 1.5 e 2.0 mmols) empregando forno de microondas no tratamento hidrotérmico. As amostras foram testadas para remoção de Cd2+ em solução aquosa com pH = 6. Esses materiais apresentaram uma alta capacidade de adsorção dos íons cádmio; iv) síntese uma amostra de FDU-1 utilizando-se 1,3,4 trimetilbenzeno (TMB) como agente dilatador de poros. Esse material apresentou poro com diâmetro de 11,7 nm e foi utilizado para imobilização da enzima glicose oxidase (GOX) na presença de glutaraldeído. Sua atividade, medida por espectrofotometria e quimiluminescência, foi muito próxima para as soluções puras, 601 e 629 µmol g-1, respectivamente. Para a amostra de glicose oxidase imobilizada na sílica FDU-1 a atividade enzimática, medida diretamente por quimiluminescência, foi estimada em 233 µmol g-1; v) incorporação da zeólita TS-1 nas paredes da sílica mesoporosa FDU-1 empregando tratamento hidrotérmico em forno de microondas. As amostras foram tratadas termicamente visando à cristalização da zeólita. O teste para a catálise de fenol em presença de radiação UV e H2O2 indicou que houve cerca de 90% de redução do fenol num período de 120 minutos. / This work consists of the synthesis, characterization and potentials applications of highly ordered mesoporous silica, thermal and hydrothermally stable. These materials of cubic structure of type FDU-1 were synthesized, in acid media, using as silica source tetraetilortosilicate (TEOS) and as poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(butylene oxide)-poly-(ethylene oxide) triblock copolymer B50-6600 (EO39BO47EO39) and Vorasurf 504® templates. The synthesis gels were submitted the hydrothermal treatment in microwaves oven and after that the samples were calcined under N2 and air atmosphere or submitted to the solvent extration. The materials were characterized by thermogravimetry (TG), elementary analysis, infrared spectroscopy absorption, small-angle X ray diffraction (SAXRD), high-resolution transmission electronic microscopy (HRTEM), Nitrogen adsorption measurements and Rutherford Back-scattering spectrometry (RBS). FDU-1 materials were used for the development the following studies: i) application of the factorial design to define a new triblock copolymer as template, Vorasurf 504®, in order to substitute the triblock copolymer B50-6600, that is not more available in the market. The supplied answers were not significant in a reliable level of 95% for the selected variables (stirring time and microwave time). This study demonstrated that is possible to diminish the time of synthesis of the FDU-1 and still to get materials with good structural and texture properties. For the 22 and 23 factorial designs was observed that the most important variable was the microwave oven temperature used in the hydrothermal treatment. However, the concentration of HCl and the presence of etanol of the synthesis mixture did not show no significant effect in a reliable level of 95%; ii) encapsulation of luminescent europium complexes [Eu(DBM3.TPPO] e [Eu(pic)3.2Leu.5H2O] in the pure and/or modified silicas with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES). The encapsulated samples kept the optic properties and increased the thermal resistance of the complexes, both properties were measured for Excitation and emission spectra and TG; iii) incorporation of humic acid with different concentrations (1.0; 1.5 and 2.0 mmols) using microwave oven in the hydrothermal treatment. The samples were tested for removal of Cd2+ from aqueous solutions at pH=6. These materials presented high adsorption capacity for cadmium ions; iv) synthesis of the material using 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene (TMB) as pore expanding agent. This material with pore 11.7 nm was used for immobilization of the glucose oxidase (GOX) enzyme in the presence of glutaraldehyde. Its activity, measured by spectrofotometry and quimilumi-nescence, was very near close for the pure solutions, 601 and 629 µmol g-1, respectively. For immobilized glucose oxidase sample in silica FDU-1 the enzymatic activity, measured directly by quimiluminescence, was esteem in 233 µmol g-1; v) incorporation of TS-1 zeolite in the walls of mesoporous silica using hydrothermal treatment in microwave oven. The samples were submitted the thermal treatment for the zeolite crystallization. The test for the phenol catalysis in presence of UV radiation and H2O2 indicated that it had about 90% of phenol reduction after 120 minutes.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:13:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leticia Hayashi Higuchi.pdf: 582942 bytes, checksum: ca2772e3dba8283759f014b96b1057e9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-09 / The aim of this study was evaluate the inclusion of different vegetable oils obtained by mechanical extraction in the feeding of Nile tilapia (Orechromis niloticus). The first study evaluate the performance and hundredth composition of Nile tilapia were aimed. We conducted the experiment at the Laboratory Cultivation of Aquatic Organisms from Research Group GEMAq/Unioeste with 320 Nile tilapia with initial weight and initial medium total length of 2.55 ± 0.57 g and 5.59 ± 0.43 cm, respectively. The treatments included oils of (sunflower, canola, sesame, linseed, peanut, nut of Pará, soy and macadamia nuts) with an addition of 4%, with diets containing 32% crude protein and 3500 kcal/kg energy digestible. Was valued the weight gain (GP), total length (CT), feed conversion apparent (CAA), diet consumption (CR) and survival (SO). There was no significant difference (P> 0.05) between the performance variables. However, distinctions can be observed (P <0.05) on water content, crude protein and total lipid to the hundredth composition after 30 and 60 days of experiment. In the second study, the objective was to evaluate the quantification on fatty acids in lipids of tilapia fingerlings. The major fatty acids (mg/g total lipids (LT)) were oleic, palmitic, linoleic and linolenic. The sum of fatty acids polyunsaturated after 60 days of culture showed an increase in all treatments compared with 30 days of experiment. This is due to the addition of oils with high contents of fatty acids n-6 and n-3 in the diet. In conclusion it is recommended to use linseed oil as feed for tilapia fingerlings, due to the great improvement in the ratio of n-6/n-3. / O objetivo desse experimento foi avaliar a inclusão de diferentes óleos vegetais obtidos por extração mecânica na alimentação de tilápias do Nilo (Orechromis niloticus). O primeiro estudo objetivou avaliar o desempenho e a composição centesimal de tilápias do Nilo. Realizou-se o experimento no Laboratório de Cultivo de Organismos Aquáticos do Grupo de Pesquisa GEMAq/Unioeste com 320 tilápias do Nilo com peso inicial e comprimento total inicial médio de 2,55 ± 0,57 g e 5,59 ± 0,43 cm, respectivamente. Os tratamentos contaram com a inclusão dos óleos de (girassol, canola, gergelim, linhaça, amendoim, castanha do Pará, soja e macadâmia) com uma inclusão de 4%, com rações contendo 32% de proteína bruta e 3500 kcal/kg de energia digestível. Foram avaliadas as médias de ganho de peso (GP), comprimento total (CT), conversão alimentar aparente (CAA), consumo de ração (CR) e sobrevivência (SO). Não houve diferença significativa (P>0,05) entre as variáveis de desempenho. No entanto, pode-se observar distinções (P<0,05) nos teores de umidade, proteína bruta e lipídeos totais para a composição centesimal após os 30 e 60 dias de experimento. No segundo estudo, o objetivo foi avaliar a quantificação dos ácidos graxos nos lipídios totais de alevinos de tilápias. Os ácidos graxos majoritários (mg/g de lipídeos totais (LT)) foram oléico, palmítico, linolênico e linoléico. As somatórias dos ácidos graxos poliinsaturados aos 60 dias de cultivo apresentaram aumento em todos os tratamentos em comparação aos 30 dias de experimento. Isto se deve a adição dos óleos com altos conteúdos de ácidos graxos n-6 e n-3 nas rações. Como conclusão recomenda-se o uso do óleo de linhaça na alimentação de alevinos de tilápias, devido à grande melhoria na relação entre n-6/n-3.

Cette thèse a comme objet d'étude le processus de production du tourisme œnogastronomique tel qu'il a eu cours ces cinquante dernières années sur le territoire de la commune di Montepulciano, dans la province de Sienne (Toscane, Italie). Le tourisme œnogastronomique se révèle être un système de production qui intègre les stratégies de sujets publics et de sujets privés dans la construction d' "objets d'échange " monnayables qui ont la caractéristique d'être la plupart du temps immatériels.<p>Les pratiques principales, analysées au cours de cette recherche, mettent en évidence le caractère constant et répétitif de la construction de marchés locaux éphémères (Mugnaini 1997) qui deviennent les lieux privilégiés de la circulation de produits agroalimentaires et des biens immatériels incorporés en eux.<p>À l'intérieur de cette stratégie de développement économique local, le moment de l'échange correspond à la vente de marchandises dont la valeur est déterminée par le lien reconnu entre biens aliénables (les produits agroalimentaires) et biens inaliénables (le territoire et les biens artistiques, architecturaux et les paysages qu'il recouvre) (Papa 1999, Papa-Piermattei 2004, Siniscalchi 2002). La caractéristique qui ressort de l'étude du cas particulier de Montepulciano et du secteur œnogastronomique est l'intangibilité des "objets" échangés et la propension à se répandre du processus de marchandisation de l'immatériel qui va jusqu'au monnayage de l'expérience physique de la traversée de l'espace et de la perception du goût.<p>Ce processus est étroitement subordonné à la construction d'une segmentation de marché qui permet de mettre en valeur et de transformer une vaste gamme de possibilités de jouir du territoire en de potentiels produits à introduire sur le marché du tourisme international.<p>Les campagnes publicitaires et la vitrine télématique apparaissent comme le "moyen de transport" le plus efficace pour que de tels produits soient disponibles dans un "magasin" facilement accessible au touriste. Dans cette optique le marketing territorial est un véritable processus de production de marchandises immatérielles, fruit de l'intellect et de la créativité du publicitaire. De tels produits se concrétisent et circulent à travers la production d'images et de vitrines virtuelles comme les sites internet, qui parfois semblent construits exactement comme un étalage de supermarché avec des produits à la fois coordonnés et différenciés, porteurs de la marque de l'entreprise et construits dans un "packaging visuel" selon des règles spécifiques de psychologie sociale de la consommation. <p>Le processus de production de marchandises hautement différenciées correspond à l'idéation a priori de la correspondance entre segmentation du marché et construction d'idéaltypes de consommateur. Dans le cas spécifique du tourisme œnogastronomique la valeur immatérielle des biens, créée par l'incorporation des biens inaliénables du territoire, confère à la consommation de ces biens une valeur hautement symbolique. La conscience et la capacité de reconnaître la valeur symbolique de telles marchandises correspond de la consommation culturelle des biens symboliques, à une véritable stratification sociale, marquée par les réelles possibilités d'accès à la consommation des susdites marchandises (Bourdieu 1983[1979], Douglas 1985[1982]).<p>Le territoire de Montepulciano a été choisi pour l'ancienneté historique de son processus de valorisation des produits agroalimentaires de qualité et pour l'importance qu'a eu, au niveau local, le choix stratégique du tourisme vert, déjà effectif dès la fin des années '60. La construction du tourisme œnogastronomique comme choix stratégique de développement économique local met en évidence un processus visant à l'intégration sur le marché international d' "objets " valorisés et considérés comme un facteur économique entraînant, avant même de constituer un fondement identitaire de la ville.<p>La Toscane, ainsi que l'Ombrie, fait partie des premières régions italiennes à avoir lancé un processus de protection et de sauvegarde de son propre patrimoine agroalimentaire et œnogastronomique. Montepulciano est apparu comme un terrain de recherches intéressant et fertile pour faire ressortir les contradictions entre les choix locaux et les dynamiques communautaires, entre structures productives d'entrepreneurs et mode de production paysan, entre produits agroalimentaires comme biens de luxe et produits agraires comme biens nécessaires pour survivre. <p>L'observation des actions mises en œuvre par la Strada del Vino Nobile, considérée comme une des plus actives et efficaces, a permis d'analyser le tourisme œnogastronomique déjà en place et de faire ressortir les éléments de différenciation actuels par rapport aux autres contextes dans lesquels le phénomène se développe aujourd'hui.<p>\ / Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

This master dissertation is dedicated to the main characteristics and to the process of establishment of Private Limited Company in the Czech Republic and Germany and to the comparison of these two national legal forms. The goal of this work is to compare Czech and German Ltd. in a very clear way, so the reader can understand what the differences of this type of company in the national legal forms mentioned above are and what have on the contrary in common. The work deals also with the Czech and German Ltd. in separated chapters in order to be the comparison for the reader comprehensible. In the end of the master dissertation is expressed the author's opinion, which national legal form of this type of company is better and in what way.

My diploma thesis deals with the issue revitalization of a small stream. Assessment and design of revitalization is done on Kuřimka stream which flows through the cadastral territory of the Moravian Knínice - Chudčice - Kníničky. In the diploma thesis were designed several of revitalization measures: stabilization of longitudinal tilt with the use of stone steps in the bottom and wooden thresholds, sedimentation reservoir for capturing sediment and slope stabilization using willow fences and gabions. Proposal of revitalization measures does not deteriorate runoff conditions.

CHARLES UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF PHARMACY IN HRADEC KRÁLOVÉ DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY Author: Vlastimil Barák Title of Diploma thesis The influence of formulation factors on the characteristics of terbinafine loaded nanoparticles Supervisor: PharmDr. Eva Šnejdrová, Ph.D. Consultant: Mgr. Juraj Martiška The diploma thesis is focused on biodegradable polymer nanoparticles loaded by terbinafine based on the copolymer of glycolic and lactic acid branched on polyacrylic acid. The nanoprecipitation method was employed, and the influence of formulation factors on nanoparticle characteristics was studied. The following formulation factors were the concentration of the polymer, the amount of terbinafine, and the concentration of surfactant. Nanoparticles of 120 nm to 300 nm were obtained depending on the preparation conditions. The nanoparticle polydispersity was in all cases from 0.080 to 0.230. The prepared nanoparticles were stable, as evidenced by zeta potential values above 38 mV. A positive zeta potential is desirable for dermal and mucosal adhesion in the topical and ocular application of nanoparticles with terbinafine. The amount of polymer used to form nanoparticles has the greatest effect on particle size. With increasing polyester concentration in the internal phase, the size of the...