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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Deciding to Not Decide: A Longitudinal Analysis of the Politics of Secondary Access on the U.S. Supreme Court

Povtak, Andrew A. 14 April 2011 (has links)
No description available.
2

Environmental and Economic Assessment of Swedish Municipal Solid Waste Management in a Systems Perspective

Eriksson, Ola January 2003 (has links)
Waste management is something that affects most people. Thewaste amounts are still increasing, but the waste treatment ischanging towards recycling and integrated solutions. In Swedenproducers’responsibility for different products, a taxand bans on deposition of waste at landfills implicates areorganisation of the municipal solid waste management. Plansare made for new incineration plants, which leads to that wastecombustion comes to play a role in the reorganisation of theSwedish energy system as well. The energy system is supposed toadapt to governmental decisions on decommission of nuclearplants and decreased use of fossil fuels. Waste from private households consists of hazardous waste,scrap waste, waste electronics and wastes that to a largeextent are generated in the kitchen. The latter type has beenstudied in this thesis, except for newsprint, glass- and metalpackages that by source separation haven’t ended up in thewaste bin. Besides the remaining amount of the above mentionedfractions, the waste consists of food waste, paper, cardboard-and plastic packages and inert material. About 80-90 % of thismixed household waste is combustible, and the major part ofthat is also possible to recycle. Several systems analyses of municipalsolid waste managementhave been performed. Deposition at landfill has been comparedto energy recovery, recycling of material (plastic andcardboard) and recycling of nutrients (in food waste).Environmental impact, fuel consumption and costs are calculatedfor the entire lifecycle from the households, until the wasteis treated and the by-products have been taken care of. To stop deposition at landfills is the most importantmeasure to take as to decrease the environmental impact fromlandfills, and instead use the waste as a resource, therebysubstituting production from virgin resources (avoidingresource extraction and emissions). The best alternative tolandfilling is incineration, but also material recycling andbiological treatment are possible. Recycling of plastic has slightly less environmental impactand energy consumption than incineration. The difference issmall due to that plastic is such a small part of the totalwaste amount, and that just a small part of the collectedamount is recycled. Cardboard recycling is comparable toincineration; there are both advantages and disadvantages.Source separation of food waste may lead to higher transportemissions due to intensified collection, but severalenvironmental advantages are observed if the waste is digestedand the produced biogas substitutes diesel in busses.Composting has no environmental advantages compared toincineration, mainly due to lack of energy recovery. Therecycling options are more expensive than incineration. Theincreased cost must be seen in relation to the environmentalbenefits and decreased energy use. If the work with sourceseparation made by the households is included in the analysis,the welfare costs for source separation and recycling becomesnon-profitable. It is however doubted how much time is consumedand how it should be valuated in monetary terms. In systems analyses, several impacts are not measured.Environmental impact has been studied, but not allenvironmental impact. As the parts of the system are underconstant change, the results are not true forever. Recyclingmay not be unambiguously advantageous today, but it can be inthe future. Despite the fact that systems analysis has been developedduring 10 years in Sweden, there are still many decisions takenregarding waste management without support from systemsanalysis and use of computer models. The minority of users ispleased with the results achieved, but the systems analysis isfar from easy to use. The adaptation of tools and models to thedemands from the potential users should consider thatorganisations of different sizes have shifting demands andneeds. The application areas for systems analysis and models arestrategic planning, decisions about larger investments andeducation in universities and within organisations. Systemsanalysis and models may be used in pre-planning procedures. Apotential is a more general application (Technology Assessment)in predominantly waste- and biofuel based energy processes, butalso for assessment of new technical components in a systemsperspective. The methodology and systems approach developedwithin the systems analysis has here been transformed to anassessment of environmental, economic and technical prestandaof technical systems in a broad sense.
3

The Legal-Military Dilemma in the Response to International Terrorism

Allan, Matthew W. 2009 December 1900 (has links)
Historically, the US appears to have responded inconsistently to similar acts of terrorism in two different ways, using either a law enforcement or military response. These legal and military responses can be either unilateral or multilateral. This study attempts to determine when each type of response is preferred by decisionmakers, both political leaders and their citizens. The hypotheses suggesting that a response is preferred depending upon terrorist attack success, location, and the terrorists' sociocultural similarities are tested in three experiments and examined in a case study. These three variables are believed, as suggested by the Cognitive Calculus concept, to cause an emotional reaction amongst the respondents resulting in them having a higher preference for the military and unilateral options. Whether or not the respondents were experiencing an emotional reaction was studied in each experiment as well as being tested in the third experiment by examining the respondents? selection of options based upon their success rates. The case study examined US government responses to the First World Trade Center bombing, the Bojinka Plot, the Khobar Towers bombing, and the September 11, 2001 attacks. The results of the experiments and case study suggest a calm and deliberative response by the respondents to acts of terrorism, with a greater preference for legal and multilateral responses to terrorism.
4

Environmental and Economic Assessment of Swedish Municipal Solid Waste Management in a Systems Perspective

Eriksson, Ola January 2003 (has links)
<p>Waste management is something that affects most people. Thewaste amounts are still increasing, but the waste treatment ischanging towards recycling and integrated solutions. In Swedenproducers’responsibility for different products, a taxand bans on deposition of waste at landfills implicates areorganisation of the municipal solid waste management. Plansare made for new incineration plants, which leads to that wastecombustion comes to play a role in the reorganisation of theSwedish energy system as well. The energy system is supposed toadapt to governmental decisions on decommission of nuclearplants and decreased use of fossil fuels.</p><p>Waste from private households consists of hazardous waste,scrap waste, waste electronics and wastes that to a largeextent are generated in the kitchen. The latter type has beenstudied in this thesis, except for newsprint, glass- and metalpackages that by source separation haven’t ended up in thewaste bin. Besides the remaining amount of the above mentionedfractions, the waste consists of food waste, paper, cardboard-and plastic packages and inert material. About 80-90 % of thismixed household waste is combustible, and the major part ofthat is also possible to recycle.</p><p>Several systems analyses of municipalsolid waste managementhave been performed. Deposition at landfill has been comparedto energy recovery, recycling of material (plastic andcardboard) and recycling of nutrients (in food waste).Environmental impact, fuel consumption and costs are calculatedfor the entire lifecycle from the households, until the wasteis treated and the by-products have been taken care of.</p><p>To stop deposition at landfills is the most importantmeasure to take as to decrease the environmental impact fromlandfills, and instead use the waste as a resource, therebysubstituting production from virgin resources (avoidingresource extraction and emissions). The best alternative tolandfilling is incineration, but also material recycling andbiological treatment are possible.</p><p>Recycling of plastic has slightly less environmental impactand energy consumption than incineration. The difference issmall due to that plastic is such a small part of the totalwaste amount, and that just a small part of the collectedamount is recycled. Cardboard recycling is comparable toincineration; there are both advantages and disadvantages.Source separation of food waste may lead to higher transportemissions due to intensified collection, but severalenvironmental advantages are observed if the waste is digestedand the produced biogas substitutes diesel in busses.Composting has no environmental advantages compared toincineration, mainly due to lack of energy recovery. Therecycling options are more expensive than incineration. Theincreased cost must be seen in relation to the environmentalbenefits and decreased energy use. If the work with sourceseparation made by the households is included in the analysis,the welfare costs for source separation and recycling becomesnon-profitable. It is however doubted how much time is consumedand how it should be valuated in monetary terms.</p><p>In systems analyses, several impacts are not measured.Environmental impact has been studied, but not allenvironmental impact. As the parts of the system are underconstant change, the results are not true forever. Recyclingmay not be unambiguously advantageous today, but it can be inthe future.</p><p>Despite the fact that systems analysis has been developedduring 10 years in Sweden, there are still many decisions takenregarding waste management without support from systemsanalysis and use of computer models. The minority of users ispleased with the results achieved, but the systems analysis isfar from easy to use. The adaptation of tools and models to thedemands from the potential users should consider thatorganisations of different sizes have shifting demands andneeds.</p><p>The application areas for systems analysis and models arestrategic planning, decisions about larger investments andeducation in universities and within organisations. Systemsanalysis and models may be used in pre-planning procedures. Apotential is a more general application (Technology Assessment)in predominantly waste- and biofuel based energy processes, butalso for assessment of new technical components in a systemsperspective. The methodology and systems approach developedwithin the systems analysis has here been transformed to anassessment of environmental, economic and technical prestandaof technical systems in a broad sense.</p>
5

The Influence of Decisional Cohesion and Framing on the Persuasiveness of Expert Group Recommendations

January 2013 (has links)
abstract: Recommendations made by expert groups are pervasive throughout various life domains. Yet not all recommendations--or expert groups--are equally persuasive. This research aims to identify factors that influence the persuasiveness of recommendations. More specifically, this study examined the effects of decisional cohesion (the amount of agreement among the experts in support of the recommendation), framing (whether the message is framed as a loss or gain), and the domain of the recommendation (health vs. financial) on the persuasiveness of the recommendation. The participants consisted of 1,981 undergraduates from Arizona State University. The participants read a vignette including information about the expert group making a recommendation--which varied the amount of expert agreement for the recommendation--and the recommendation, which was framed as either a gain or loss. Participants then responded to questions about the persuasiveness of the recommendation. In this study, there was a linear main effect of decisional cohesion such that the greater the decisional cohesion of the expert group the more persuasive their recommendation. In addition, there was a main effect of domain such that the health recommendation was more persuasive than the financial recommendation. Contrary to predictions, there was no observed interaction between the amount of decisional cohesion and the framing of the recommendation nor was there a main effect of framing. Further analyses show support for a mediation effect indicating that high levels of decisional cohesion increased the perceived entitativity of the expert group--the degree to which the group was perceived as a unified, cohesive group¬--which increased the recommendation's persuasiveness. An implication of this research is that policy makers could increase the persuasiveness of their recommendations by promoting recommendations that are unanimously supported by their experts or at least show higher levels of decisional cohesion. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.A. Psychology 2013
6

Collaborative Environmental Decisionmaking: A Power Sharing Process that Achieves Results Through Dialogue

Bauer, Michael R. 09 October 2001 (has links)
Environmental problems occur where ecosystems and human social systems converge. As a result, they are not easily resolved by science or technology because they stem from the diversity in human perceptions, expectations, and values. A decisionmaking process known as collaboration offers a method of joint problem solving that is based upon an application of social learning theory. Collaboration is inspired by the concept of participatory democracy and advanced by the exchanges inherent in a civic discourse. It can involve individuals and representatives of agencies, organizations, and other groups in open discussions where the process participants share information and power as they take joint responsibility in attempting to make decisions, reach solutions, or resolve issues. This study identifies basic elements of collaborative environmental decisionmaking through an analysis of several collaborative processes. It then examines how these collaborative processes work and whether collaboration is an effective environmental decisionmaking process. Two case studies are examined: the Chesapeake Bay Program Community Watershed Initiative Workgroup, and the Elizabeth River Project Watershed Action Team. The case studies illustrate that the presence or absence of the identified elements of collaborative environmental decisionmaking affect the results of the process. They also illustrate that the participants in these processes incur changes in the manner in which they regard the issues. Collaborative environmental decisionmaking works by establishing a dialogue among people with disparate positions, concerns, and interests in an attempt to find common ground. The process can link formal, theoretical knowledge with informal, practical wisdom through face-to-face dialogue among contending parties. It can result in social learning and build social capital. / Ph. D.
7

Heuristische Entscheidungen in Gruppen bei der Personalauswahl / Heuristic decisionmaking in groups at the recruiting level

Auer, Anne-Kathrin 22 February 2016 (has links)
No description available.
8

En studie om användandet av årsredovisningen vid bostadsrättsköp / In what way does buyers of housing co-operatives use the association ́s annual report in their purchase decision?

Alenius, Maja, Jönsson, Josefine January 2017 (has links)
Syfte: Att ta reda på om och hur bostadsrättsköpare använder föreningens årsredovisning i deras köpbeslut samt undersöka om de förstår den. Metod: Studien är genomförd med en kvalitativ forskningsmetod. Intervjuer av presumtiva bostadsrättsköpare genomfördes utanför visningar. Empiri: Studien visade att majoriteten av de 22 tillfrågade inte helt förstod årsredovisningar och att flertalet bad om hjälp att bedöma den. Det visade att bostadsrättsköpare oftast använder årsredovisningen för att se “varningstecken” som indikerar att en BRF eventuellt kommer att höja sina avgifter. Det var 14 av 22 som tittade på skuldsättningen för att bedöma föreningens ekonomi. Majoriteten ansåg att årsredovisningen påverkar ”till stor del men att annat väger tyngre” i köpbeslutet. Analys: Studien pekar på att då många bostadsrättsköpare inte helt förstår årsredovisningen kan det vara svårt för dem att ta beslut utifrån den. Detta har kopplats till tidigare forskning som uppmärksammat liknande problem. Det finns likheter mellan de förbättrings- och förändringsförslag, som tagits fram av FAR tillsammans med borättsorganisationerna, och de resultat som studien har uppvisat. Slutsats: En bostadsrättsköpare går igenom tre beslutssteg. Det första är att avgöra om lägenheten känns rätt. Steg två är att bedöma föreningen och dess ekonomi utifrån årsredovisningen. Då många inte förstår eller vet hur man ska bedöma en förenings årsredovisning tar majoriteten hjälp av omgivningen. I steg tre tas beslut om hen ska lägga ett bud på lägenheten eller ej. Vidare drogs slutsatsen att oavsett vilken förståelse individen har för en BRF:s årsredovisning kommer hen i stor utsträckning att ta hjälp av sin omgivning då det är ett stort och omfattande beslut. / Purpose: Find out how and in what way buyers of housing co-operatives use the association ́s annual report in their purchase decision and investigate whether they understand it or not. Method: The study is conducted using a qualitative method in the form of interviews. The Authors stood outside viewings and interviewed presumptive buyers of housing co-operatives in Stockholm. Empiricism: The study was conducted on 22 respondents, all interviewed outside a total of six different viewings around Stockholm. It turned out that the majority of respondents did not fully understood annual reports and most of them asked for help. The majority of those who felt they understood the annual report also asked someone in their surroundings to help them determine the stability of the housing association's economy. The result showed that homeowners usually use the annual report to see "warning signs" that indicate that a association will raise its fees. To evaluate the association ́s economy, most of the respondents used indebtness. Analysis: The study points out that since many homeowners did not fully understood the annual report, it could be difficult for them to make decisions based on it. This has been linked to previous research that highlighted similar problems. There are similarities between the improvement and change proposals developed by FAR together with other organizations and the results the study has shown. Conclusion: Presumptive buyers of housing-cooperatives generally do not understand annual reports so well that they can make a financial decision based on it. At the same time, the study has shown that even those homeowners who felt they understood asked for further help and advice from their surroundings. The study's conclusions are that there is a great deal of room for changing the accounting for housing co-opratives associations to make them more transparent and understandable to it ́s users. Furthermore, it was concluded that regardless of the individual's understanding of an annual report, he largely takes advantage of his surroundings as it is a major and comprehensive decision.
9

"Sistema de informação hospitalar: instrumento para tomada de decisão no exercício da gerência de unidades funcionais" / " Hospital Information System: Instrument for decision - making in management of the operational units."

Guimarães, Eliane Marina Palhares 13 February 2004 (has links)
Este estudo é resultado de uma pesquisa de campo de caráter descritivo, realizada com os gerentes e coordenadores de unidades funcionais do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Teve como objetivo analisar a utilização de sistemas de informação enquanto instrumento para a tomada de decisão no exercício da gerência de unidades funcionais. A abordagem qualitativa utilizada na coleta e análise dos dados, com base na análise de conteúdo de Bardin, propiciou discussões fundamentadas na teoria e reflexões sobre a prática da gerência de unidades funcionais e a utilização de sistemas de informação como instrumento da gerência. O desenvolvimento da pesquisa considerou no primeiro momento, a caracterização da função de gerência de unidade funcional e as ações de tomada de decisão realizadas no exercício desta função. Posteriormente, foi descrito o ambiente informacional por meio do levantamento das informações produzidas pelos profissionais que exercem função de gerência, dos usuários dos sistemas, das necessidades de informação, das fontes de informação utilizadas, da avaliação das fontes disponíveis e da identificação de fontes potenciais. Os resultados do estudo constatam que a fase em que se encontra o processo de implementação do modelo gerencial de unidades funcionais é diferente em cada unidade estudada. Algumas já formalizaram a criação da unidade funcional, por meio do contrato de gestão e, outras ainda permanecem reproduzindo o modelo de gestão organizado em coordenações de enfermagem, médica e administrativa. Esta situação faz com que o uso de sistemas de informação para apoio à decisão seja incorporado de forma diferenciada pelos profissionais. Alguns reconhecem o sistema como um instrumento de apoio à decisão, desde que seja garantido o acesso às informações de forma segura e confiável. Para outros, a dificuldade em identificar os usuários, as necessidades e as fontes de informação demonstra o pouco conhecimento das possibilidades de sistematização das informações para uso no processo de trabalho. A incorporação de tecnologias computacionais na organização da informação foi identificada como condição para viabilização e integração do sistema, reconhecendo a necessidade de definir critérios de segurança para a alimentação e a recuperação das informações de forma seletiva. Finalmente, subsídios foram sugeridos para o desenvolvimento de sistemas de informação que respondam às demandas e necessidades dos usuários, bem como, para sua automação. / This study is the result of descriptive field research carried out with the managers and coordinators of the operational units of the University Hospital of the Federal University of Minas Gerais. The objective was to analyze the use of information systems as an instrument for decision-making in the management of operational units. The qualitative approach used in collecting and analyzing data based on Bardin’s content analysis, provided fundamental discussions on theory and reflection on the practice of management of operational units and the use of information systems as instruments for management. The research initially described the management job of the unit and the decision-making actions carried out in this position. Later there was a description of the computing environment through a survey of information produced by health workers who are in management positions, system users, information needs, the sources of information used, the evaluation of available sources and the identification of potential sources. The study found that the phase of implementation of the management model is different in each unit studied. Some have already formally created the unit through a management contract and others still use the management model organized around nursing, medical and administrative coordinators. This means that the information systems for decision-making are used in a different way by the health workers. Some recognize the system as an instrument to support decision, as long as they are assured of access to information in a safe and reliable way. For others, the difficulty in identifying the users, the needs and the sources of information show the lack of knowledge of the potential of the systematic organization of information at work. The incorporation of computer technology in organizing information was seen as a condition for the feasibility and integration of the system, recognizing the need to define safety criteria for feeding in and recovering information in a selective way. Finally, inputs were suggested for the development of information systems that will meet the demands and needs of users, as well as to permit its automation.
10

Vilka faktorer kan vara avgörande vid beslut om ekonomiskt bistånd?

Englund, Ylva, Hellbom, Jessika January 2008 (has links)
<p>Syftet med denna undersökning är att få ökad förståelse för bedömningsprocessen vid</p><p>ansökan om socialbidrag. Även önskas en ökad förståelse för handläggarnas</p><p>beslutsmotivering och bedömning i klientärenden och om könet på klienten är en avgörande</p><p>faktor. För att uppnå syftet har en kvalitativ vinjettstudie med ett identiskt typfall presenterats</p><p>endast med en variation, klientens kön. Studien har genomförts på enheten för ekonomiskt</p><p>bistånd i Gotlands Kommun och fjorton av de tjugo handläggare som arbetar inom detta</p><p>område i kommunen deltog. De sex som inte medverkade befann sig alla på utbildning.</p><p>Studien kan sägas ha hög reliabilitet då respondenterna svarat individuellt och inte under</p><p>påverkan av annan person. Validiteten på studien har stärkts genom att ett verklighetsanknutet</p><p>fall använts, samt att endast resultat med relevans har använts i form av citat från</p><p>respondenterna. Undersökningar av handläggning inom ekonomiskt bistånd har använts som</p><p>tidigare forskning för att verifiera denna studie. Som tolkningsram har kognitiv teori samt</p><p>symbolisk interaktionism använts för att belysa vilken påverkan den egna personen har i</p><p>beslutsfattandet. Resultatet visar på att bedömningarna skiljer sig åt när det gäller vilka</p><p>motkrav som ställs, klientens kön samt om handläggaren är organisation- eller</p><p>klientfokuserad.</p> / <p>This studies purpose is to get a greater understanding of the decision making process when a</p><p>client applies for income support. We seek a greater understanding of the social worker’s</p><p>reflections in a case, inspecting if it was affected by the client’s gender. To achieve the</p><p>purpose, a qualitative study case has been presented to a group of social workers, with only</p><p>one variation, the client’s gender. This studie has been handed out at the unit for income</p><p>support in Gotlands Kommun. Fourteen of twenty social workers who were working in this</p><p>unit, has been taking part in this studie. The other six did not attend due to work related</p><p>education day. This studie´s reliability is at a high level because the social workers have</p><p>responded individually and were not influenced by any other person. The validity of this study</p><p>has been strengthen by an authentic study case, and only relevant information, such as a</p><p>personal statements, has been used in the results. Earlier studies of decision making and</p><p>examing cases of income support seeking clients, has been used to confirm the result of this</p><p>study. To interpret this studie´s results, two behavior-theories has been selected. The theory of</p><p>the cognitive mind and the theory of symbolic interactionism. These theories have been used</p><p>to illustrate what effects the individual mind in the decision making of income support. The</p><p>results of this study show how decision making splits between different social workers. The</p><p>differences appeared at the demands given by the individual social worker to the client to do</p><p>in return to get income support. Differences were also found concerning the client’s gender,</p><p>and also what the social worker focused at, at the client´s best- or the organisation's.</p>

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