Syftet med denna undersökning är att få ökad förståelse för bedömningsprocessen vid ansökan om socialbidrag. Även önskas en ökad förståelse för handläggarnas beslutsmotivering och bedömning i klientärenden och om könet på klienten är en avgörande faktor. För att uppnå syftet har en kvalitativ vinjettstudie med ett identiskt typfall presenterats endast med en variation, klientens kön. Studien har genomförts på enheten för ekonomiskt bistånd i Gotlands Kommun och fjorton av de tjugo handläggare som arbetar inom detta område i kommunen deltog. De sex som inte medverkade befann sig alla på utbildning. Studien kan sägas ha hög reliabilitet då respondenterna svarat individuellt och inte under påverkan av annan person. Validiteten på studien har stärkts genom att ett verklighetsanknutet fall använts, samt att endast resultat med relevans har använts i form av citat från respondenterna. Undersökningar av handläggning inom ekonomiskt bistånd har använts som tidigare forskning för att verifiera denna studie. Som tolkningsram har kognitiv teori samt symbolisk interaktionism använts för att belysa vilken påverkan den egna personen har i beslutsfattandet. Resultatet visar på att bedömningarna skiljer sig åt när det gäller vilka motkrav som ställs, klientens kön samt om handläggaren är organisation- eller klientfokuserad. / This studies purpose is to get a greater understanding of the decision making process when a client applies for income support. We seek a greater understanding of the social worker’s reflections in a case, inspecting if it was affected by the client’s gender. To achieve the purpose, a qualitative study case has been presented to a group of social workers, with only one variation, the client’s gender. This studie has been handed out at the unit for income support in Gotlands Kommun. Fourteen of twenty social workers who were working in this unit, has been taking part in this studie. The other six did not attend due to work related education day. This studie´s reliability is at a high level because the social workers have responded individually and were not influenced by any other person. The validity of this study has been strengthen by an authentic study case, and only relevant information, such as a personal statements, has been used in the results. Earlier studies of decision making and examing cases of income support seeking clients, has been used to confirm the result of this study. To interpret this studie´s results, two behavior-theories has been selected. The theory of the cognitive mind and the theory of symbolic interactionism. These theories have been used to illustrate what effects the individual mind in the decision making of income support. The results of this study show how decision making splits between different social workers. The differences appeared at the demands given by the individual social worker to the client to do in return to get income support. Differences were also found concerning the client’s gender, and also what the social worker focused at, at the client´s best- or the organisation's.

Titel: Samordning vid implementering av miljömål – en beskrivning om hur implementering av miljömål kan samordnas vid nybyggnation i ett kommunalt fastighetsbolag Författare: Louise Fernholm och Antonia Harrison Handledare: Jan-Olof Müller Uppsatsnivå: Kandidatuppsats - företagsekonomi Seminarium: 2014-05-20 Syfte: Denna studie syftar till att beskriva och analysera hur samordning kan se ut vid implementering av miljömål i en kommun, med fokus på nybyggnationer av offentliga fastigheter. Vi har studerat hur aktörer på olika nivåer inom Varbergs kommun ser på implementeringen av miljömål. Studien syftar vidare till att se om det finns en koppling mellan samordningsmekanismer, styrning och målfokuserad investeringsverksamhet. Bakgrund: Kommunen är inte en vinstdrivande organisation, så beslutsprocessen kring mål blir därmed mer komplex jämfört med den privata marknaden. Svenska kommuner står för ca 15 % av fastighetsbeståndet, vilket är en betydande andel. Fastighetssektorn har därmed stor påverkan på miljön. EU har satt upp hårdare miljökrav, vad gäller den offentliga verksamheten. Från år 2019 skall det endast byggas nära nollenergihus, detta faktum göra att det kommer ske en omställning vad beträffar hårdare energikrav vid nybyggnationer.  Frågeställning: Hur ser samordningen ut i Varbergs kommun vid implementering av miljömål vid nybyggnationer? Metod: Denna studie är av kvalitativ karaktär, med ett hermeneutiskt synsätt. Därmed har tolkande varit en central utgångspunkt. Studien har en abduktiv ansats och ses utifrån ett perspektiv vad gäller implementering av miljömål.  Empirisk data har samlats in genom, personliga intervjuer med tjänstemän på olika organisatoriska nivåer i Varbergs kommun. Resultat och reflektioner:  Det studien påvisar är att samordningen präglas av en hög grad av decentralisering i dagsläget. Det ser vi genom valet av att decentralisera organisationen ut till bolag. Vi ser även detta genom att kommunen väljer att decentralisera implementeringen ut på byggprojektledarna som har stort inflytande över nybyggnationsprocessen. Vi ser att utformning och framtagning av de kommande miljömålen är centralt när organisationen arbetar för att skapa medvetenhet i miljömålsarbetet. Studien visar att i en decentraliserad organisation är det viktigt att arbeta normbildande, vilket vi ser att kommunen gör genom styrdokument och delaktighet. Studiens resultat visar att organisationens miljömålsarbete går mot att bli mer standardiserad. Vår bedömning är att kommunen arbetar utefter NPM och ”Professionalism”. Nyckelord: Samordning, miljömål, implementering, Fastigheter, kommuner, beslutsprocess. / Abstract Title: Coordination in the implementation of environmental objectives - a description of how the implementation of environmental goals can be coordinated for new construction in a municipal property Authors: Louise Fernholm and Antonia Harrison Advisors: Jan-Olof Müller Course: Bachelor Thesis - Business Administration  Seminar date: 2014-05-20 Purpose: This study aims to describe and analyze how coordination can look at the implementation of environmental objectives in a municipality, with a focus on new construction of public buildings. We have studied how actors at different levels within the municipality of Varberg looks at the implementation of environmental goals. The study also aims to see if there is a link between coordination mechanisms, governance and goal focused investment. Background: The municipality is not a profit making organization, so the decision process goals thus becomes more complex compared to the private market. Swedish municipalities, accounting for about 15% of the property portfolio, which is a significant percentage. The property sector has considerable impact on the environment. The EU has set tough environmental regulations, with regard to public affairs. From the year 2019 it shall only be built near zero, this fact do that it will be an adjustment as far as tighter energy standards in new construction. Questions of interest: How does the coordination in Varberg Municipality look, in the implementation of environmental goals in new constructions? Methodology: This study is qualitative in nature, with a hermeneutic approach. Thus, interpretive has been a central point. The study has an abductive and viewed from a perspective in terms of implementation of environmental goals. Empirical data were collected through personal interviews with officials at various organizational levels in Varberg Municipality. Conclusion: The study demonstrates that coordination is characterized by a high degree of decentralization in the current situation. We see that by choosing to decentralize the organization out to companies and by decentralize implementation on construction projects leaders who have great influence over the new buildings process. We see that the creation and design of the next environmental objectives is a key organization working to create awareness in environmental work. The study shows that in a decentralized organization, it is important with standards, which we see by regulatory documents and participation.  Our results demonstrate that the organization's objectives and work is moving towards becoming more standardized. Keywords: Coordination, objectives, implementation, Real Estate, municipality, decisionmaking.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O crescente aumento da atividade empreendedora no país, e por consequência o aumento do número de organizações de micro e pequeno porte, fonte geradora de grande parte dos postos de trabalho no país motivaram este estudo que tem como principal objetivo contribuir para o entendimento do papel do profissional de contabilidade no processo decisório das organizações, assim como investigar o entendimento dos empreendedores em relação à contribuição do profissional de contabilidade no processo decisório das organizações de micro e pequeno porte. Buscou-se também identificar as ferramentas de controle gerencial utilizadas no processo decisório. Para isso foram realizadas entrevistas com dez empreendedores. Através de um questionário de pesquisa aplicado, verificou-se que para 9 dos 10 empreendedores entrevistados, os profissionais de contabilidade não os auxiliam no processo decisório. Para eles a contribuição dos profissionais de contabilidade se restringe ao cálculo e geração de guias de impostos, assim como prestar assessoria fiscal e trabalhista. A contabilidade como fonte provedora de informações confiáveis e seguras não é valorizada pelos empreendedores. Apenas um deles citou a utilização de demonstrativos contábeis como prática na organização para fins de tomada de decisão. / The increasing entrepreneurial activity in the country, and therefore the increase in the number of micro and small organizations, source of most of the jobs in the country motivated this study aims to contribute to the understanding of the role of accounting in decision-making organizations, as well as investigate the understanding of entrepreneurs in relation to the accounting professional contribution in the decision making process of micro and small organizations. We sought to identify the management control tools used in decision making. For that interviews were conducted with 10 entrepreneurs of such organizations. Through a research questionnaire, it was found that for 9 of the 10 entrepreneurs interviewed, accounting professionals not assist in decision making. For them the contribution of accounting professionals is limited to the calculation and generation of tax guides, as well as providing tax advisory and labor. Understanding of accounting as providing a source of reliable and secure information is not valued by entrepreneurs. Only one of them mentioned the use of financial statements as a practice in the organization for decision-making purposes.

Syfte och problemformulering: Syftet med studien är att identifiera de främjande aspekter samt barriärer som har en påverkan på konsumentens köpbeslut vid e-handel. Hur ser den digitala köpbeslutsprocessen ut och var i processen uppstår barriärerna? Teori: Studiens teoretiska referensram omfattar en presentation av de aspekter som har en påverkan på konsumentens köpbeslut vid e-handel, vilka är produktkvalitet, varumärkesförtroende, pris, upplevelse, demografiska aspekter, tid och bekvämlighet samt utformning av hemsida. Vidare redogörs det för köpbeslutsprocessen som konsumenten går igenom då ett köpbeslut ska tas, vilket innefattar följande steg; identifiering av behov, informationssökning, bedömning av alternativ, genomförande av köp samt utvärdering av köp. Metod: Studien bygger på en kvalitativ ansats med ett deduktivt tillvägagångssätt. Den empiriska datainsamlingen utgörs från fyra fokusgrupper. Slutsats: Studien har resulterat i en utformning av en digital köpbeslutsprocess som även belyser var i processen konsumentens uppfattade barriärer uppstår. Den digitala köpbeslutsprocessen består av följande steg; identifiering av behov, värdering, beslutsfattning, betalning och leverans samt utvärdering av köp. / Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify the promotional aspects as well as barriers that have an impact on consumer purchasing decisions in e-commerce. What does the digital purchase decision-making process look like and where does the barriers occur in the process? Theory: The theoretical reference framework of the study includes a presentation of the aspects that influence the consumer's purchasing decisions in e-commerce, which are product quality, brand confidence, price, experience, demographic aspects, time and convenience as well as website design. Furthermore, it explains the purchase decision-making process that the consumer reviews when a purchase decision is taken, which includes the following steps; need recognition, information search, evaluation of alternatives, purchase and post purchase evaluation. Methodology: The study is based on a qualitative methodology with a deductive approach. The empirical data collection consists of four focus groups. Conclusion: The study has resulted in a design of a digital purchase decision-making process that also illustrates where in the process the consumer’s perceived barriers arise. The digital purchase decision-making process consists of the following steps; need recognition, valuation, decision making, payment and delivery as well as post purchase evaluation.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O crescente aumento da atividade empreendedora no país, e por consequência o aumento do número de organizações de micro e pequeno porte, fonte geradora de grande parte dos postos de trabalho no país motivaram este estudo que tem como principal objetivo contribuir para o entendimento do papel do profissional de contabilidade no processo decisório das organizações, assim como investigar o entendimento dos empreendedores em relação à contribuição do profissional de contabilidade no processo decisório das organizações de micro e pequeno porte. Buscou-se também identificar as ferramentas de controle gerencial utilizadas no processo decisório. Para isso foram realizadas entrevistas com dez empreendedores. Através de um questionário de pesquisa aplicado, verificou-se que para 9 dos 10 empreendedores entrevistados, os profissionais de contabilidade não os auxiliam no processo decisório. Para eles a contribuição dos profissionais de contabilidade se restringe ao cálculo e geração de guias de impostos, assim como prestar assessoria fiscal e trabalhista. A contabilidade como fonte provedora de informações confiáveis e seguras não é valorizada pelos empreendedores. Apenas um deles citou a utilização de demonstrativos contábeis como prática na organização para fins de tomada de decisão. / The increasing entrepreneurial activity in the country, and therefore the increase in the number of micro and small organizations, source of most of the jobs in the country motivated this study aims to contribute to the understanding of the role of accounting in decision-making organizations, as well as investigate the understanding of entrepreneurs in relation to the accounting professional contribution in the decision making process of micro and small organizations. We sought to identify the management control tools used in decision making. For that interviews were conducted with 10 entrepreneurs of such organizations. Through a research questionnaire, it was found that for 9 of the 10 entrepreneurs interviewed, accounting professionals not assist in decision making. For them the contribution of accounting professionals is limited to the calculation and generation of tax guides, as well as providing tax advisory and labor. Understanding of accounting as providing a source of reliable and secure information is not valued by entrepreneurs. Only one of them mentioned the use of financial statements as a practice in the organization for decision-making purposes.

Este estudo é resultado de uma pesquisa de campo de caráter descritivo, realizada com os gerentes e coordenadores de unidades funcionais do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Teve como objetivo analisar a utilização de sistemas de informação enquanto instrumento para a tomada de decisão no exercício da gerência de unidades funcionais. A abordagem qualitativa utilizada na coleta e análise dos dados, com base na análise de conteúdo de Bardin, propiciou discussões fundamentadas na teoria e reflexões sobre a prática da gerência de unidades funcionais e a utilização de sistemas de informação como instrumento da gerência. O desenvolvimento da pesquisa considerou no primeiro momento, a caracterização da função de gerência de unidade funcional e as ações de tomada de decisão realizadas no exercício desta função. Posteriormente, foi descrito o ambiente informacional por meio do levantamento das informações produzidas pelos profissionais que exercem função de gerência, dos usuários dos sistemas, das necessidades de informação, das fontes de informação utilizadas, da avaliação das fontes disponíveis e da identificação de fontes potenciais. Os resultados do estudo constatam que a fase em que se encontra o processo de implementação do modelo gerencial de unidades funcionais é diferente em cada unidade estudada. Algumas já formalizaram a criação da unidade funcional, por meio do contrato de gestão e, outras ainda permanecem reproduzindo o modelo de gestão organizado em coordenações de enfermagem, médica e administrativa. Esta situação faz com que o uso de sistemas de informação para apoio à decisão seja incorporado de forma diferenciada pelos profissionais. Alguns reconhecem o sistema como um instrumento de apoio à decisão, desde que seja garantido o acesso às informações de forma segura e confiável. Para outros, a dificuldade em identificar os usuários, as necessidades e as fontes de informação demonstra o pouco conhecimento das possibilidades de sistematização das informações para uso no processo de trabalho. A incorporação de tecnologias computacionais na organização da informação foi identificada como condição para viabilização e integração do sistema, reconhecendo a necessidade de definir critérios de segurança para a alimentação e a recuperação das informações de forma seletiva. Finalmente, subsídios foram sugeridos para o desenvolvimento de sistemas de informação que respondam às demandas e necessidades dos usuários, bem como, para sua automação. / This study is the result of descriptive field research carried out with the managers and coordinators of the operational units of the University Hospital of the Federal University of Minas Gerais. The objective was to analyze the use of information systems as an instrument for decision-making in the management of operational units. The qualitative approach used in collecting and analyzing data based on Bardin’s content analysis, provided fundamental discussions on theory and reflection on the practice of management of operational units and the use of information systems as instruments for management. The research initially described the management job of the unit and the decision-making actions carried out in this position. Later there was a description of the computing environment through a survey of information produced by health workers who are in management positions, system users, information needs, the sources of information used, the evaluation of available sources and the identification of potential sources. The study found that the phase of implementation of the management model is different in each unit studied. Some have already formally created the unit through a management contract and others still use the management model organized around nursing, medical and administrative coordinators. This means that the information systems for decision-making are used in a different way by the health workers. Some recognize the system as an instrument to support decision, as long as they are assured of access to information in a safe and reliable way. For others, the difficulty in identifying the users, the needs and the sources of information show the lack of knowledge of the potential of the systematic organization of information at work. The incorporation of computer technology in organizing information was seen as a condition for the feasibility and integration of the system, recognizing the need to define safety criteria for feeding in and recovering information in a selective way. Finally, inputs were suggested for the development of information systems that will meet the demands and needs of users, as well as to permit its automation.

Decisions are made daily in organizations, both large and small. Earlier research shows that human behavior is affected by the physical environment and so our interest in whether organizations use office design as a strategic tool for increasing performance and productivity of their employees and furthermore how the basis for the decisions looks like, was woken. The purpose of this study is to examine what managers base their decisions on regarding office design and compare those decisions with existing theories of decision making and the current research on how various office environments impacts on individual staff performance. The empirical study is based on a comparative analysis since the underlying idea of our study was to see if the results differ in different organizations, depending on the managers' starting points for their decisions regarding office design. Semi- structured interviews were chosen as research method in the interviews. The results of the study shows that managers do have knowledge of office design and its impact on employee performance and productivity, but they do not use office design as a strategic tool. Managers decisions regarding office design originates from different backgrounds, depends on the size of the organization, business activity and different qualifications.

Body Integrity Dysphoria (BID) is a rare condition where a person has a desire to become disabled. This desire creates distress so intense that some request, and in a few cases have received, disabling surgery. The condition has raised debate, both concerning the BID suffers autonomy and whether the disabling surgeries conflict with the medical profession's obligations to respect patients’ autonomy, promote well-being and not do harm. In this paper, I argue that some BID sufferers plausibly possess the abilities required for medical decisionmaking, which means that they could be sufficiently autonomous to make a decision about disabling surgery. Further, I argue that if a BID sufferer is decision-making competent, and if disabling surgery is expected to have therapeutic benefits that outweigh the expected harms, and if no other treatments have proven effective for them, then it seems morally permissible for the medical profession to offer them disabling surgery as an experimental treatment.

This thesis explores the topic of Corporate Entrepreneurship in large organizations with regards to how innovations are transferred from an Innovation Department into a receiving Business Unit. It aims to understand this topic by identifying what challenges are common barriers to this transfer process. It also identifies the causes of these challenges. Finally, this thesis establishes what suitable approach can be adapted to address these challenges. To answer these concerns, this research takes a deductive research approach by conducting a qualitative, empirical research through semi-structured interviews within a large Nordic telecommunication company. It also includes, benchmarking against two examples of companies that have developed solutions to overcome similar challenges. This qualitative methodology involves analyzing the interview and benchmarking results in comparison with literature, to confirm or disprove previous research. From the findings, eight categories of common challenges are discovered which are rooted within the innovation strategy of incumbent companies. Based on this research, a framework is developed as an approach to address the challenges of transferring innovations from an Innovation Department into a receiving Business Unit. As contribution to this field of study, this thesis highlights how multiple academic theories such as Corporate Entrepreneurship, Innovation Management and Innovation Strategy can be synthesized to collectively address these challenges. This is done by proposing a solution that is adaptable for different incumbent organizations. The proposed framework uses a stage-gate process that progresses when certain criteria agreed between an Innovation Department and a receiving Business Unit, are fulfilled. This agreement is based on the extent to which the criteria for each stage-gate is achieved in order to transfer ownership of the innovation solution. / Denna avhandling undersöker ämnet företags entreprenörskap i stora organisationer när det gäller hur innovationer överförs från en innovationsavdelning till en mottagande affärsenhet. Den syftar till att förstå detta ämne genom att identifiera vilka utmaningar som är gemensamma hinder för denna överföringsprocess samt orsakerna till dessa utmaningar. Slutligen fastställs lämpliga tillvägagångsättför att hantera dessa utmaningar. För att svara på dessa utmaningar tillämpas en deduktiv forskningsmetod och en kvalitativ forskningsdesign baserat på semi-strukturerade intervjuer inom ett stort nordiskt telekommunikationsföretag. Den inkluderar också benchmarking med två företag som har utvecklat lösningar för att övervinna liknande utmaningar. Denna kvalitativa metod innebär analys av intervjuer samt benchmarking i jämförelse med litteraturen för att bekräfta eller motbevisa tidigare forskning. I resultaten återfinns åtta kategorier av gemensamma utmaningar som är förankrade i innovationskulturen hos befintliga företag. Baserat på resultaten utvecklades ett ramverk för att hantera utmaningarna kring att överföra innovationer från en innovationsavdelning till en mottagande affärsenhet. Som ett bidrag till detta ämnesområde framhävs i denna avhandling hur flera akademiska teorier som corporate entreprenörskap (or intraprenörskap- look it up), innovationsledning och innovationsstrategi kan syntetiseras för att gemensamt hantera dessa utmaningar . Detta görs genom att föreslå en lösning som är anpassningsbar för olika etablerade organisationer. Den föreslagna ramen använder en steg-grind-modellen (look it up) som fortskrider när vissa kriterier som överenskommits mellan en innovationsavdelning och en mottagande affärsenhet är uppfyllda. Processen är baserad på i vilken utsträckning kriterierna för varje steg är uppnådda för att överföra äganderätten till innovationslösningen.

Det är många faktorer och omständigheter som spelar in när den äldre personen behöver lämna sitt hem och flytta till ett vård- och omsorgsboende, vilket även tidigare forskning bekräftar. Hur ser processen ut från att den äldre personen tar beslutet att flytta, genomför själva flytten och därefter skapar ett liv på det nya boendet? Denna studie ämnar att beskriva processens tre delar utifrån den äldres upplevelse; beslutet att flytta, flytten samt den första tiden på det nya boendet.  Totalt tio semistrukturerade intervjuer utfördes i denna kvalitativa studie. Tidigare forskning kring flyttprocessen visar en mångfacetterad process. I vår studie har vi använt oss av kritisk gerontologi och det sociala sammanbrottssyndromet som teoretisk referensram för att analysera materialet. Resultatet visar att anhöriga har en stor del i den äldre personens liv när hen ska ta beslutet om att flytta, packa ihop det tidigare livet, flytta och installera sig på det nya boendet. Ytterligare fynd visar att de saker man tar med sig till boendet kan ha betydande roll för skapandet av ett nytt hem. Resultaten visar även på bristfällig information kring vad man kan förvänta sig av ett vård- och omsorgsboende samt att den information man faktiskt får inte alltid stämmer med verkligheten. Livet på vård- och omsorgsboende visar sig innehålla både positiva och negativa delar men i huvudsak har de äldre i denna studie anpassat sig ganska väl till sin nya situation. / There are many factors and circumstances that come into play when the elderly person needs to leave their home and move to a nursing home, which is confirmed by previous research. What does the process look like from the elderly person making the decision to move, carrying out the move itself and then creating a life in the new accommodation? This study intends to describe the three parts of the process based on the elderly's experience; the decision to move, the move and the first time in the new accommodation. A total of ten semi-structured interviews were conducted in this qualitative study. Previous research on the relocation process shows a multifaceted process. In our study, we have used critical gerontology and the social breakdown syndrome as a theoretical frame of reference to analyze the material. The results show that relatives have a large part in the elderly person's life when they have to make the decision to move, pack up their former life and move and settle in the new accommodation. Further findings show that the things you bring to your home can have a significant role in the creation of a new home and life. The results also show insufficient information about what to expect from a nursing home and that the information you actually receive does not always match reality. Life in a nursing home turns out to contain both positive and negative parts, but in the main the elderly in this study have adapted quite well to their new situation.