Introduction of Doppler ultrasound techniques into the Intensive Care setting has revolutionised the way haemodynamic status is monitored in the critically ill. However, in order to increase the usefulness of these techniques, the Doppler signal and its spectrum need to be further analysed in ways to facilitate a better clinical response. Extensive processing of the Doppler spectrum on Diagnostic ultrasound machines is limited by the real time performance considerations. It was therefore proposed that the spectral information from these systems be extracted off-line and full set of analytical tools be made available to evaluate this information. This was achieved by creating an integrated and modular software tool called Spectron, which was intended as an aid in the overall management of the patients. The modular nature of Spectron was intended to ensure that new analytical tools and techniques could be easily added and tested. The software provides its users with considerable latitude in choosing various data acquisition and analysis parameters to suit various clinical situations and patient requirements. Spectron was developed under the Windows environment to provide a user friendly interface and to address a range of programming problems such as memory management and the size of the colour palettes. Spectron is able to detect the maximal velocities and compute the mean and median velocities. Relative increases in maximal velocities in cardiac blood flows after the administration of inotropic drugs have been shown in the pilot studies that were conducted. Spectron is able to help in obtaining estimates of the aortic blood flows and in other applications such measuring vascular impedance. Stenotic blood flows can be detected by using the spectral broadening index and blood flow characteristics can be studied by using various blood flow indices. Thus, this project attempted to help in patient management by providing clinicians with a range of blood flow parameters and has succeeded in meeting its objective to a large extent / Master of Engineering (Hons)

There has been a continuous decline in both the production and general performance of the SRO in NSW estuaries over the past three decades. The relationship of this decline to both environmental and oyster-density related factors are assessed in this thesis. This question has been examined at different scales: a large scale that compares two different estuaries (Clyde and Shoalhaven Rivers, southern NSW); a regional scale that encompasses variations within an estuary and, at a lease scale that examines processes pertaining to individual or small groups of oysters. Levels of inorganic nutrients were in general very low potentially limiting primary production. The limiting nutrient was nitrogen or phosphorus depending on whether long term conditions were dry or wet, respectively. Only during rain events, through the input of terrestrial material, were conditions favourable for fast rates of primary production. Carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis has demonstrated that both external material and local resuspension of the benthos constitute a major proportion of the SRO diet. The uptake of the various food sources also varied considerably depending on local environmental conditions. Increases in SRO growth were strongly correlated to increases in temperature with a low temperature cut-off at ~13°C. Growth also appeared to reduce considerably when salinities lower than ~15ppt persisted for the order of a month. These factors may alter growth through changes in filtration rates. These processes were modelled in a coupled hydrodynamic-NPO (Nitrogen-Phytoplankton-Oyster) model of the Clyde River. This demonstrated that primary production was more affected by estuarine dynamics and nutrient concentrations than oyster uptake. At the current levels of oyster densities, primary production by itself could not account for the observed oyster growth, however growth became realistic with observed levels of POC added to the model. A set of environmental indices were used to complement the model and to assess the sustainability of the culture system. The combined indices indicated that while the ecological carrying capacity of the Clyde was exceeded the production capacity at an estuarine scale was not. On the lease scale, density experiments showed that while growth was not reduced as a result of current stocking densities, the condition index was significantly affected.

Arid lands cover approximately 30% of the earth’s surface. Due to the broadness, remoteness, and harsh condition of these lands, land condition assessment and monitoring using ground-based techniques appear to be limited. Remote sensing imagery with its broad areal coverage, repeatability, cost and time-effectiveness has been suggested and used as an alternative approach for more than three decades. This thesis evaluated the potential of different remote sensing techniques for assessing and monitoring land condition of southern arid lands of South Australia. There were four specific objectives: 1) to evaluate vegetation indices derived from multispectral satellite imagery for prediction of vegetation cover; 2) to compare vegetation indices and field measurements for detecting vegetation changes and assessing land condition; 3) to examine the potential of hyperspectral imagery for discriminating vegetation components that are important in land management using unmixing techniques; and 4) to test whether spatial heterogeneity in land surface reflectance can provide additional information about land condition and effects of management on land condition. The study focused on Kingoonya and Gawler Soil Conservation Districts that were dominated by chenopod shrublands and low open woodlands over sand plains and dunes. The area has been grazed predominately by sheep for more than 100 years and land degradation or desertification due to overgrazing is evident in some parts of the region, especially around stock watering points. Grazing is the most important factor that influences land condition. Four full scenes of Landsat TM and ETM+ multispectral and Hyperion hyperspectral data were acquired over the study area. The imagery was acquired in dry seasons to highlight perennial vegetation cover that has an important role in land condition assessment and monitoring. Slope-based, distance-based, orthogonal transformation and plant-water sensitive vegetation indices were compared with vegetation cover estimates at monitoring points made by state government agency staff during the first Pastoral Lease assessments in 1991. To examine the performance of vegetation indices, they were tested at two scales: within two contrasting land systems and across broader regional landscapes. Of the vegetation indices evaluated, selected Stress Related Vegetation Indices using red, nearinfrared and mid-infrared bands consistently showed significant relationships with vegetation cover at both land system and landscape scales. Estimation of vegetation cover was more accurate within land systems than across broader regions. Total perennial and ephemeral plant cover was predicted best within land systems (R2=0.88), while combined vegetation, plant litter and soil cryptogam crust cover was predicted best at landscape scale (R2=0.39). The results of applying one of the stress related vegetation indices (STVI-4) to 1991 TM and 2002 ETM+ Landsat imagery to detect vegetation changes and to 2005 Landsat TM imagery to discriminate Land Condition Index (LCI) classes showed that it is an appropriate vegetation index for both identifying trends in vegetation cover and assessing land condition. STVI-4 highlighted increases and decreases in vegetation in different parts of the study area. The vegetation change image provided useful information about changes in vegetation cover resulting from variations in climate and alterations in land management. STVI-4 was able to differentiate all three LCI classes (poor, fair and good condition) in low open woodlands with 95% confidence level. In chenopod shrubland and Mount Eba country only poor and good conditions were separable spectrally. The application of spectral mixture analysis to Hyperion hyperspectral imagery yielded five distinct end-members: two associated with vegetation cover and the remaining three associated with different soils, surface gravel and stone. The specific identity of the image end-members was determined by comparing their mean spectra with field reflectance spectra collected with an Analytical Spectral Devices (ASD) Field Spec Pro spectrometer. One vegetation end-member correlated significantly with cottonbush vegetation cover (R2=0.89), distributed as patches throughout the study area. The second vegetation end-member appeared to map green and grey-green perennial shrubs (e.g. Mulga) and correlated significantly with total vegetation cover (R2=0.68). The soil and surface gravel and stone end-members that mapped sand plains, sand dunes, and surface gravel and stone did not show significant correlations with the field estimates of these soil surface components. I examined the potential of a spatial heterogeneity index, the Moving Standard Deviation Index (MSDI), around stock watering points and nearby ungrazed reference sites. One of the major indirect effects of watering points in a grazed landscape is the development around them of a zone of extreme degradation called a piosphere. MSDI was applied to Landsat red band for detection and assessment of these zones. Results showed watering points had significantly higher MSDI values than non-degraded reference areas. Comparison of two vegetation indices, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Perpendicular Distance vegetation index (PD54), which were used as reference indices, showed that the PD54 was more sensitive than NDVI for assessing land condition in this perennial-dominated arid environment. Piospheres were found to be more spatially heterogeneous in land surface reflectance. They had higher MSDI values compared to non-degraded areas, and spatial heterogeneity decreased with increasing distance from water points. The study has demonstrated overall that image-based indices derived from Landsat multispectral and Hyperion hyperspectral imagery can be used with field methods to assess and monitor vegetation cover (and consequently land condition) of southern arid lands of South Australia in a quick and efficient way. Relationships between vegetation indices, end-members and field measurements can be used to estimate vegetation cover and monitor its variation with time in broad areas where field-based methods are not effective. Multispectral vegetation indices can be used to assess and discriminate ground-based land condition classes. The sandy-loam end-member extracted from Hyperion imagery has high potential for monitoring sand dunes and their movement over time. The MSDI showed that spatial heterogeneity in land surface reflectance can be used as a good indicator of land degradation. It differentiated degraded from nondegraded areas successfully and detected grazing gradients slightly better than widely used vegetation indices. Results suggest further research using these remote sensing techniques is warranted for arid land condition assessment and monitoring in South Australia. / http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1295218 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- School of Earth and Environmental Science, 2007

Le marché français de la téléphonie mobile se caractérise par des innovations continues, un accroissement de la qualité des services engendré par les progrès technologiques, une segmentation de l'offre et des chutes des prix suite à des changements tarifaires. La diversité des formules tarifaires et des types de prestations, s'ajoute à une tarification complexe et rendent difficile toute comparaison directe des prix. Ce travail de recherche porte ainsi sur la problématique que pose la mesure des variations de prix dans le secteur de la téléphonie mobile. Pour établir une comparaison significative des prix des formules tarifaires, celles-ci doivent être comparées en fonction de leurs caractéristiques intrinsèques. Dans cette perspective, la méthode des prix hédoniques est la seule méthode de construction d'indices qui permette de considérer un produit comme un panier de caractéristiques qui le composent. Ce travail s'inscrit ainsi dans le courant de recherche apparu récemment en statistique économique visant à étudier les apports de la modélisation hédonique dans les problèmes d'ajustement des indices de prix aux variations de la qualité pour les produits complexes. Nos travaux sont présentés en deux parties. La première partie analyse la théorie économique des nombres indices et discute les procédures d'ajustement des prix sur la qualité. Elle montre que l'approche hédonique permet de reformuler les indices traditionnels, biaisés par rapport à l'indice microéconomique à utilité constante, dans l'espace des caractéristiques. Ces indices peuvent de ce fait fournir des approximation à l'indice théorique lorsque les variations de la qualité sont prises en compte. Dans la seconde partie, après une analyse empirique des caractéristiques du marché, une modélisation hédonique des prix des services de la téléphonie mobile est développée. L'indice de prix hédoniques corrigé des variations de la qualité ainsi calculé met en évidence des fortes baisses des prix à l'année 1997. Cette baisse des prix, caractéristique des nouveaux produits, a contribué à dynamiser la demande et a constitué un levier important à la diffusion de la téléphonie mobile. Les niveaux des prix se sont toutefois stabilisés à compter de 1998 date à partir de laquelle la différenciation par la qualité est de moins en mois forte sur le marché. L'approche hédonique s'est avérée également un outil intéressant pour comparer entre elles les formules tarifaires du même opérateur ou d'opérateurs différents, à un instant donné; entre mêmes formules pour des opérateurs différents ou à des instants différents en tenant compte à la fois des caractéristiques de variété et de qualité. De ce point de vue, l'approche hédonique peut fournir un prix de référence pour le régulateur, en lui permettant de voir comment les opérateurs se positionnent par rapport aux prix hédoniques. D'autre part, pour les opérateurs, les prix hédoniques peuvent être utilisés comme instrument de veille concurrentielle. Enfin, pour les consommateurs, c'est un indicateur de comparaison entre les différentes formules tarifaires.

World-wide coral reefs are in a state of decline as a result of many local and regional factors. Recent global mass mortalities of reef corals due to record warm sea temperatures have led researchers to consider global warming as one of the most significant threats to the persistence of coral reef ecosystems over the next 100 years. It is well established that elevated sea surface temperatures (SSTs) cause widespread coral bleaching, yet confusion lingers as to what facet of extreme temperatures is most important. Utilizing long-term in situ datasets, nine thermal stress indices were calculated and their effectiveness at segregating bleaching years a posteriori for multiple reefs on the Florida Reef Tract was tested. Simple bleaching thresholds based on deviations above the climatological maximum monthly SST were just as effective at identifying bleaching years as complex thermal stress indices. Near real-time bleaching alerts issued by NOAA's Integrated Coral Observing Network (ICON) are now based upon a running 30-day average SST, such that alerts are only issued when the running 30-day average SST exceeds the estimated bleaching threshold for a particular site. In addition to three widespread, mass-coral bleaching events, the Florida Reef Tract was impacted by three tropical storms and 12 hurricanes from 1997-2005. Sea surface cooling associated with the high frequency of hurricanes that impacted Florida in 2005 likely acted to ameliorate the severity and duration of bleaching. Nonetheless, hurricane-associated cooling is not expected to nullify the proposed effects of climate change on coral reefs. The role of thermal stress in coral bleaching has been extensively studied for eastern tropical Pacific (ETP) coral reefs. However, the ETP presents a unique opportunity as this region has sub-optimal conditions for coral reef development because of upwelling of carbon dioxide-enriched deep water along the shallow thermocline. This upwelling results in a depressed aragonite saturation state which is likely an additional factor in the poor reef development throughout the ETP. The highest aragonite saturation documented in this study occur in the Gulf of Chiriquí, which corresponds with the greatest reef development of the entire ETP. Seasonal upwelling had a significant effect on the carbonate chemistry of surface waters in Pacific Panamá. This regionally-depressed aragonite saturation state of the ETP appears to result in corals with a less dense skeleton. Density values of poritid corals from the Galápagos, where aragonite saturation was the lowest documented in this study, were significantly less dense relative to those from Panamá and the Great Barrier Reef. The density of non-living pocilloporid framework components were no different across the ETP aragonite saturation gradients. This could be a result of the activity of boring sponges removing the primary carbonate material within the dead coral skeleton, thus lowering density, albeit physical-chemical dissolution cannot be ruled out. These studies provide real-world examples of the ramifications of global climate change upon coral reef ecosystems.

Pavement smoothness has become a standard measure of pavement quality. Transportation agencies strive to build and maintain smoother pavements. Smooth roads provide comfort while riding, minimize vehicular wear and tear and increase pavement life. A user perceives smoothness of a pavement based on the ride quality, which is severely affected by presence of defects on pavement surface. Defects identified after construction are corrected as per smoothness specifications prescribed by respective transportation agencies. The effectiveness of any method used to determine defect locations depends on the decrease in roughness obtained on correction of defects. Following the above line of thought a method that detects defects by comparing original profile to a smoothened profile will be more effective in identifying defect locations that cause roughness in pavements. This research report proposes a methodology to detect defect locations on pavement surface using profile data collected on pavements. The approach presents a method of obtaining a smoothened profile from the original profile to help identify defect locations based on deviations of the original profile from the smoothened one. Defect areas will have a higher deviation from the smoothened profile as compared to smooth areas. The verification of the defects identified by this approach is carried out by determining the decrease in roughness after removal of the identified defects from profile. A roughness statistic is used to do the same. The approach is illustrated using profile data collected on in-service pavement sections.

RESUME L’objectif de cette thèse est d’identifier les mécanismes qui concourent à la reconstitution de la végétation initiale et d’établir un ensemble d’indicateurs permettant la caractérisation des différentes séries écologiques de la dynamique post-culturale. Les processus de reconstitution de la végétation sont abordés, en mode synchrone, sur base de relevés phytosociologiques effectués dans des parties des réserves naturelles qui ont connu jadis des défrichements illicites et actuellement mises en défens pour des soucis de la restauration. Dans un premier temps, cette étude revient sur l’intérêt méthodologique de la courbe aire-espèces dans l’approche expérimentale de la surface optimale représentative d’un échantillon floristiquement homogène. Il apparaît que la diversité floristique des jachères est fonction du stade de la succession. L’aire minimale sur laquelle s’effectuent les relevés phytosociologiques varie selon l’âge de la jachère Dans un second temps, cette étude fournit des indicateurs permettant la caractérisation du processus de la reconstitution de la végétation initiale. L’individualisation des groupements montre que les jeunes jachères renferment des groupements culturaux et post-culturaux. La dominance des adventices de cultures, généralement annuelles ou bisannuelles, est confirmée. Les jachères des stades intermédiaires sont dominées par des groupements graminéens presque mono-spécifiques et les jachères des stades avancés par des groupements des forêts secondaires parfois savanicoles susceptibles de reconstituer les forêts denses. L’évolution des traits biologiques le long du gradient successionnel montre que les stades jeunes sont caractérisés par des thérophytes à diaspores sclérochores souvent anémochores contrairement aux stades âgés dominés par des phanérophytes à diaspores sarcochores essentiellement zoochores. De plus, la proportion d’espèces à large distribution diminue avec l’âge de la jachère contrairement aux espèces à distribution régionale. Enfin, l’intégration des indicateurs pertinents dans une seule variable permet la définition d’indices successionnels et de tester leur efficacité. Parmi trois indices définis, l’efficacité de deux indices (Indice successionnel de forme de vie et Indice successionnel de dispersion) s’est révélée significative. L’application de ces deux indices successionnels pertinents dans le suivi-évaluation des projets de restauration écologique permettrait donc de formuler des conclusions satisfaisantes. Leur utilisation dans les suivi de la dynamique post-culturale de nos stations a montré qu’ils permettent (i) de détecter le sens de la succession (régressive ou progressive), (ii) d’orienter le choix du type d’intervention (active ou passive) le mieux approprié, (iii) de fixer le seuil d’irréversibilité d’un écosystème et (iv) d’opérer des comparaisons entre écosystèmes et régions. La restauration écologique des stations de Ruvubu et Kigwena exigent un système de gestion durable et de conservation capable d’assurer la cicatrisation et la reconstitution de la végétation initiale. Les stations de Ruvubu et Rusizi nécessiteraient l’intervention active favorisant le développement d’espèces natives disparues et l’élimination ou le contrôle d’espèces exotiques invasives. Mots clés : écologie de la restauration, succession écologique, indicateurs, indices, traits biologiques, stratégies adaptatives, Burundi.

Cette thèse décrit une nouvelle approche pour la méta-programmation sûre. Un méta-programme est un programme qui manipule des programmes ou assimilés. Les compilateurs et systèmes de preuves sont de bons exemples de méta-programmes qui bénéficieraient de cette approche. Dans ce but, ce travail se concentre sur la représentation des noms et des lieurs dans les structures de données. Les erreurs de programmation étant courantes avec les techniques usuelles, nous proposons une interface abstraite pour les noms et les lieurs qui élimine ces erreurs. Cette interface est implémentée sous forme d'une bibliothèque en Agda. Elle permet de définir et manipuler des représentations de termes dans le style nominal. Grâce à l'abstraction, d'autres styles sont aussi disponibles : le style de De Bruijn, les combinaisons de ces styles, et d'autres encore. Nous indiçons les noms et les termes par des mondes. Les mondes sont en même temps précis et abstraits. Via les relations logiques et la paramétricité, nous pouvons démontrer dans quel sens notre bibliothèque est sûre, et obtenir des "théorèmes gratuits" à propos des fonctions monde-polymorphiques. Ainsi une fonction monde-polymorphique de transformation de termes doit commuter avec n'importe quel renommage des variables libres. La preuve est entièrement conduite en Agda. Notre technique se montre utile sur plusieurs exemples, dont la normalisation par évaluation qui est connue pour être un défi. Nous montrons que notre approche indicée par des mondes permet d'exprimer un large panel de type de données grâce a des langages de définition embarqués.

<p><font face="F59" size="3"><font face="F59" size="3"> <p align="left">This study examines the relationship between stock returns and market segmentation. Monthly returns of stocks listed on the JSE from 1997-2007 are analysed using mostly the analytic factor and cluster analysis techniques. Evidence supporting the use of multi-index models in explaining the return generating process on the JSE is found. The results provide additional support for Van Rensburg (1997)'s hypothesis on market segmentation on the JSE.</p> </font></font></p>

The basic function of an electric power system is to supply its customers with electric energy as economically as possible and with a reasonable degree of continuity and quality. Power system reliability evaluation techniques are now highly developed through the work of many researchers and engineers. It is expected that the application of power system reliability evaluation in bulk power systems will continue to increase in the future especially in the newly deregulated power industry. This thesis presents research conducted on the three areas of incorporating multi-state generating unit models, evaluating system performance indices and identifying transmission deficiencies in composite system adequacy assessment. The research was done using a previously developed software package designated as MECORE. Many generating companies in both the traditionally regulated and newly deregulated electrical power industry have large generating units that can operate in one or more derated states. In this research work, load point and system reliability indices are evaluated using two-state and multi-state generating unit models to examine the impact of incorporating multi-state generating unit models in composite system adequacy assessment. The intention behind deregulation in the power industry is to increase competition in order to obtain better service quality and lower production costs. This research illustrates how Canadian power systems have performed in the past using data compiled by the Canadian Electricity Association. A procedure to predict similar indices is presented and used to estimate future performance and the effects of system modifications. The incentives for market participants to invest in new generation and transmission facilities are highly influenced by the market risk in a deregulation environment. An adequate transmission system is a key element in a dynamic competitive market. This thesis presents a procedure to identify transmission deficiencies in composite generation and transmission system. The research work illustrated in this thesis is focused on the application of probabilistic techniques in composite system adequacy assessment and particularly in the newly deregulated electric power industry. The conclusions and the techniques presented should prove valuable to those responsible for power system planning.