This dissertation contains three studies examining aspects of energy use by data centers and other information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure necessary to support the electronic services that now form such a pervasive aspect of daily life. The energy consumption of ICT in general and data centers in particular has been of growing interest to both industry and the public, with continued calls for increased efficiency and greater focus on environmental impacts. The first study examines the metrics used to assess data center energy performance and finds that power usage effectiveness (PUE), the de facto industry standard, only accounts for one of four critical aspects of data center energy performance. PUE measures the overhead of the facility infrastructure but does not consider the efficiency of the IT equipment, its utilization, or the emissions profile of the power source. As a result, PUE corresponds poorly with energy and carbon efficiency, as demonstrated using a small set of empirical data center energy use measurements. The second study lays out a taxonomy of indirect energy impacts to help assess whether ICT’s direct energy consumption is offset by its energy benefits, and concludes that ICT likely has a large potential net energy benefit, but that there is no consensus on the sign or magnitude of actual savings, which are largely dependent upon implementation details. The third study estimates the potential of dynamic load shifting in a content distribution network to reduce both private costs and emissions-related externalities associated with electricity consumption. Utilizing variable marginal retail prices based on wholesale electricity markets and marginal damages estimated from emissions data in a cost-minimization model, the analysis finds that load shifting can either reduce data center power bills by approximately 25%–33% or avoid 30%–40% of public damages, while a range of joint cost minimization strategies enables simultaneous reduction of both private and public costs. The vast majority of these savings can be achieved even under existing bandwidth and network distance constraints, although current industry trends towards virtualization, energy efficiency, and green powermay make load shifting less appealing.

In this thesis, I combined field observations and lab experiments to explore the ecological significance of floral signals in a North American wildflower, Penstemon digitalis. More specifically, to determine the potential mechanisms driving selection on floral scent, I studied how scent mediates interactions with pollinators and antagonists by (1) observing spatiotemporal variation in scent emission (2), floral volatile ability to suppress microbes (3) the honest advertisement of nectar, and (4) if scent could aid pollinator learning by reinforcing visual signals. Scent sampling of flower development, flower tissues, rewards and inflorescence day/night emission, revealed a complexity in floral scent composition and emission that could reflect several ecological functions. The floral bouquet of P. digitalis was strongest when flowers opened, primarily emitted from flower nectaries and was strongest during the day when pollinators are most active, suggesting a role in plant-pollinator interactions. Because linalool was one of the few floral compounds found in nectar where microbe growth can degrade the pollinator reward, I studied its role in plant-microbe interactions. Bacteria strains isolated from floral and vegetative tissues were exposed to varying concentrations of nectar volatiles: linalool and methyl nicotinate. Linalool inhibited bacteria growth rate from all tissue origins whereas methyl nicotinate had little effect, suggesting that microbes could drive selection on linalool emission strength.    To determine the extent that linalool could honestly signal nectar availability, linalool-nectar associations were measured for inflorescences and flowers. Linalool predicted inflorescence nectar availability but not flower, exposing a limit to its honesty. Pollinator Bombus impatiens could use linalool as a foraging signal at varying concentrations, suggesting linalool could be learned and used to choose the most rewarding plants.    Measurement and comparison of signal-reward associations for both olfactory and visual signals/cues of P. digitalis displays found display size and linalool honest indicators of nectar. Lab behaviour experiments showed multiple signals correlated with reward could increase bumblebee foraging efficiency and promote learning, providing an explanation for why floral displays are complex and consist of multiple signals.    Together my results show that an integrated approach is required to understand the mechanisms driving the evolution of the floral phenotype.

Resumo: A idade ao primeiro parto (IPP) e a produtividade acumulada (PAC) são características utilizadas para avaliar o desempenho reprodutivo dos bovinos de corte. Com o objetivo de estudar a variação fenotípica destas características e as associações genéticas existentes com outras de interesse econômico, dados de animais do Programa de Melhoramento Genético da Raça Nelore (PMGRN - Nelore Brasil) foram utilizados para estimar, pelo método de máxima verossimilhança restrita, parâmetros genéticos e tendências genéticas de IPP e PAC. Análises bi-característica foram efetuadas entre IPP e PAC e entre estas e peso corporal das fêmeas corrigido para 365 (P365) e 450 (P450) dias de idade, e perímetro escrotal dos machos corrigidos para 365 (PE365), 450 (PE450), 550 (PE550) e 730 (PE730) dias de idade. As tendências genéticas de PAC e IPP foram favoráveis indicando que os critérios de seleção adotados nestas fazendas estão favorecendo estas características. As médias de herdabilidades estimadas para IPP e PAC foram de 0,03 e 0,19, respectivamente. A seleção baseada no P365 ou P450 visando melhorar a IPP seria mais eficiente do que a seleção direta para esta característica. A seleção com base na PAC poderá favorecer as fêmeas com maiores P365, P450 e menores IPP. Nestes rebanhos, o perímetro escrotal não está associado geneticamente a IPP e ao índice PAC. / Abstract: Age at First Calving (AFC) and Accumulated Productivity (ACP) are traits used to evaluate the reproductive performance of the beef cattle. The knowledge of the existing genetic relationships between these traits and those that respond to the selection can aid the selective process. Data of a Brazilian Nelore cattle breeding program were used to estimate via REML the genetic, phenotypic and environmental parameters as well as the genetic trends of AFC and ACP. Bi-trait analyses were performed between AFC and ACP and between these traits and the heifers’ body weight adjusted to 365 (W365) and 450 (W450) days of age, and the males’ scrotal circumference adjusted to 365 (P365), 450 (P450), 550 (P550) and 730 (P730) days of age. The genetic trends of the AFC and ACP were favorable, indicating genetic gains of -0.011 days per year for AFC and 0.1655 kg of weaned calves per year for ACP. The means of estimated heritabilities for AFC and ACP were 0.03 and 0.19, respectively. The indirect selection for AFC by W365 and W450 is more efficient than the direct selection. The estimated genetic correlations indicated that the heavier heifers at these ages were the ones that produced more kilograms of weaned calves per year and had earlier AFC. In these herds, the males’ scrotal circumference was not genetically associated with AFC and ACP. / Orientador: Danísio Prado Munari / Coorientadora: Cláudia Cristina Paro de Paz / Banca: João Ademir de Oliveira / Banca: Raysildo Barbosa Lôbo / Mestre

<p></p><p><a>COS and CS₂ are sulfur compounds that are formed in natural waters. These compounds are also volatile, which leads them move into the atmosphere and serve as critical precursors to sulfate aerosols. Sulfate aerosols are known to counteract global warming by reflecting solar radiation. One major source of COS and CS₂ stems from the ocean. While previous studies have linked COS and CS₂ formation in these waters to the indirect photolysis of organic sulfur compounds, much of the chemistry behind how this occurs remains unclear. This study examined this chemistry by evaluating how different organic sulfur precursors, water quality constituents, and temperature affected COS and CS₂ formation in natural waters.</a></p> <p>In the first part of this thesis (chapters 2 and 3), nine natural waters ranging in salinity were spiked with various organic sulfur precursors (e.g. cysteine, cystine, dimethylsulfide (DMS) and methionine) exposed to simulated sunlight over varying exposures. Other water quality conditions including the presence of O₂, CO and temperature were also varied. Results indicated that COS and CS₂ formation increased up to 11× and 4×, respectively, after 12 h of sunlight while diurnal cycling exhibited varied effects. COS and CS₂ formation were also strongly affected by the DOC concentration, organic sulfur precursor type, O₂ concentration, and temperature while salinity differences and CO addition did not play a significant role.</p> <p>To then specifically evaluate the role of DOM in cleaner matrices, COS and CS₂ formation was examined in synthetic waters (see chapters 4 and 5). In this case, synthetic waters were spiked with different types of DOM isolates ranging from freshwater to ocean water along with either cysteine or DMS and exposed to simulated sunlight for up to 4 h. Surprisingly, CS₂ was not formed under any of the tested conditions, indicating that other water quality constituents, aside from DOM, were responsible for its formation. However, COS formation was observed. Interestingly, COS formation with cysteine was fairly similar for all DOM types, but increasing DOM concentration actually decreased formation. This is likely due to the dual role of DOM on simultaneously forming and quenching the reactive intermediates (RIs). Additional experiments with quenching agents to RIs (e.g. ³DOM* and ·OH) further indicated that ·OH was not involved in COS formation with cysteine but ³DOM* was involved. This result differed with DMS in that ·OH and ³DOM* were both found to be involved. In addition, treating DOM isolates with sodium borohydride (NaBH₄) to reduce ketone/aldehydes to their corresponding alcohols increased COS formation, which implied that the RIs formed by these functional groups in DOM were not involved. The alcohols formed by this process were not likely to act as quenching agents since they have been shown to low in reactivity. Since ketones are known to form high-energy-triplet-states of DOM while quinones are known to form low-energy-triplet-states of DOM, removing ketones from the system further supported the role of low-energy-triplet-states on COS formation. This was initially hypothesized by findings from the testes on DOM types. In the end there are several major research contributions from this thesis. First, cysteine and DMS have different mechanisms for forming COS. Second, adding O₂ decreased COS formation, but it did not stop it completely, which suggests that further research is required to evaluate the role of RI in the presence of O₂. Lastly, considering the low formation yields of COS and CS₂ formation from the organic sulfur precursors tested in this study, it is believed that some other organic sulfur precursors are missing which are likely to generate these compounds to higher levels and this needs to be investigated in future research. </p><br><p></p>

In this thesis we studied dark matter models with strong self-interactions, typically known as self-interacting dark matter (SIDM). This kind of models constitute a promising solution to the tension between small scale structure observations and predictions assuming the standard case of collisionless cold dark matter (CDM) while keeping the success of the standard cosmological model, LambdaCDM, at large scales. The presence of strong self-interactions can increase the dark matter capture and annihilation in astrophysical objects like our sun, enhancing the potential of indirect detection signals. We used the high energy neutrinos produced by such annihilations to probe SIDM models. We established strong constraints on SIDM with velocity independent cross section by comparing the expected neutrino signal with the results of the IceCube-79 dark matter search. Also, we determined the sensitivity for the IceCube-DeepCore and PINGU detectors for SIDM with a velocity dependent self-interacting cross section (vdSIDM). Most of its relevant parameter space can be tested with the three years of data already collected by IceCube-DeepCore, complementing results from direct detection experiments and other indirect detection studies. / Nesta tese investigamos modelos de matéria escura com auto-interações fortes, conhecidos tipicamente como matéria escura auto-interagente (SIDM). Este tipo de modelos constituem uma solução promissora à tensão entre as observações de estrutura a pequena escala e as previsões assumindo o caso padrão de matéria escura fria não colisional (CDM), enquanto se mantêm o sucesso do modelo cosmológico padrão, LambdaCDM, a grandes escalas. A presença de auto-interações fortes podem aumentar a captura e a aniquilação da matéria escura em objetos astrofísicos como o nosso sol, aumentando o potencial de sinais de detecção indireta. Usamos o sinal de neutrinos de alta energia produzidos por essas aniquilações para explorar modelos de SIDM. Estabelecemos fortes vínculos em modelos de SIDM com seção de auto-interação independente da velocidade comparando o sinal de neutrinos esperado com os resultados de busca de matéria escura do IceCube-79. Também, determinamos a sensibilidade dos detectores IceCube-DeepCore e PINGU para modelos de SIDM com uma seção de auto-interação dependente da velocidade (vdSIDM). A maior parte do espaço de parâmetros de interesse pode ser testado com os três anos de dados já coletados pelo IceCube-DeepCore, complementando os resultados de experimentos de detecção direta e outras an análises de detecção indireta.

A Hemofilia A é uma doença sanguínea condicionada por gene localizado no cromossomo X. É causada pela deficiência parcial ou total da atividade do Fator VIII (FVIII), uma glicoproteína plasmática cuja função é necessária para a coagulação normal do sangue. Devido às dificuldades encontradas para o reconhecimento direto da mutação no gene F8, o diagnóstico das portadoras é feito de forma indireta, isto é, por análise de ligação com marcadores polimórficos localizados dentro ou próximos ao gene que permite determinar a co-segregação do haplótipo e da mutação na família sob estudo e, desta maneira, detectar o estado de portadora e, eventualmente, auxiliar no diagnóstico pré-natal. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o poder de alguns desses marcadores na diferenciação das populações e determinar o grau de sua informatividade para o diagnóstico e aconselhamento genético de famílias afetadas, bem como verificar o eventual uso forense de tais marcadores. Foram então determinadas as frequências alélicas e haplotípicas, diversidade genética, diferenciação populacional, desequilíbrio de ligação e composição ancestral de quatro microssatélites intragênicos (IVS 1, IVS 13, IVS 22, IVS 25.3), localizados em introns do F8, e um extragênico (IKBKG) em amostras de populações brasileiras urbanas (indivíduos normais de São Paulo, Rio Grande do Sul e Pernambuco), de quilombos (Mimbó, Sítio Velho e Gaucinha localizados no Estado do Piauí) e Ameríndios (Tikúna, Baníwa e Kashináwa). As análises, quando cabível, incluíram um grupo de pacientes hemofílicos. O DNA dos sítios polimórficos foi amplificado por PCR, os produtos separados em PAGE e corado por nitrato de prata. Para as análises estatísticas foram empregados programas já considerados de uso rotineiro. Os parâmetros de diversidade mostraram diferenças entre as amostras populacionais analisadas. Tais diferenças regionais nas frequências alélicas devem ser levadas em conta quando o diagnóstico indireto da Hemofilia A estiver sendo realizado. Com exceção do IKBKG, todos os demais microssatélites apresentaram altas taxas de heterozigose. Usando tais marcadores, o diagnóstico foi possível em 10 das 11 famílias analisadas. Os microssatélites IVS 22, IVS 1, IVS 13, IVS 25.3 e IKBKG foram informativos em 63,6% (7/11), 54.5% (6/11), 54.5% (6/11), 45.5% (5/11) e 18.2% (2/11) dos casos, respectivamente, demonstrando a eficácia do uso desses microssatélites no diagnóstico pré-natal e na identificação de portadoras na população brasileira. / Hemophilia A is a bleeding disorder conditioned by a gene located on the X chromosome and caused by partial or total deficiency of the Factor VIII (FVIII) activity, a plasma glycoprotein whose function is necessary for normal blood clotting. Due to difficulties faced on direct recognition of the F8 gene mutation, carrier diagnosis is done indirectly by linkage analysis with polymorphic markers located within or near the gene. These markers may determine the haplotype and the mutation co-segregation within the studied family, and thus detect the carrier status and possibly assist in prenatal diagnosis. This study aimed to evaluate the power of some of these markers in population differentiation and to determine their degree of informativeness for diagnosis and genetic counseling of affected families, as well as to verify the possible forensic use of such markers. We then determined the allele and haplotype frequencies, genetic diversity, population differentiation, linkage disequilibrium and ancestral composition in Brazilian urban (healthy individuals from São Paulo, Rio Grande do Sul and Pernambuco), quilombo remnant (Mimbó, Sítio Velho and Gaucinha in the State of Piauí) and Amerindian (Tikúna, Baníwa and Kashináwa) population samples by the analysis of four intragenic microsatellites (IVS 1, IVS 13, IVS 22, IVS 25.3), located on F8 introns, and one extragenic (IKBKG ). When appropriated, the analysis included a group of hemophilic patients. DNA polymorphisms were detected by PCR, PAGE and silver nitrate staining. Statistical analysis was implemented by programs already considered in routine use. Diversity parameters showed differences among the populational samples analyzed. Such regional differences in allele frequencies must be taken into account when conduct the indirect diagnosis of Hemophilia A. Except for IKBKG, all other microsatellites showed high rates of heterozygosity. Using these markers, the diagnosis was possible in 10 of the 11 families analyzed. The microsatellites IVS 22, IVS 1, IVS 13, IVS 25.3 and IKBKG were informative in 63.6% (7 / 11), 54.5% (6 / 11), 54.5% (6 / 11), 45.5% (5 / 11 ) and 18.2% (2 / 11) of the cases, respectively, demonstrating the effectiveness of the use of these microsatellites in prenatal diagnosis and on carrier identification in the Brazilian population.

O pênfigo foliáceo (PF) é a mais comum variante do Complexo Pênfigo na espécie canina. A enfermidade se caracteriza clinicamente pela presença de pústulas, histopatologicamente pela acantólise e imunologicamente pela presença de autoanticorpos (IgG) tanto na pele, quanto no soro sanguíneo dos doentes. Acredita-se que estes autoanticorpos estejam relacionados com a atividade do PF. O presente estudo visa avaliar a exeqüibilidade da reação de imunofluorescência indireta (IFI), método de determinação destes anticorpos séricos, para fins diagnósticos, além de verificar a eventual queda na titulação destes anticorpos séricos face à melhora clínica devido à terapia instituída. Para a IFI utilizou-se de fragmentos de coxim canino como substrato. Considerou-se positivo o padrão de fluorescência intercelular. Utilizou-se soros de 7 cães com diagnóstico histopatológico de PF, material este armazenado à uma temperatura de 70 oC. A IFI foi realizada, inicialmente, no momento de diagnóstico ou, no caso de um animal, de grave recidiva do quadro lesional. Quando de resultado positivo fez-se também a reação nos retornos subseqüentes. O grau de acometimento dos pacientes foi avaliado pelo PEFESI, em todas as ocasiões em que se realizou a IFI. Acompanhou-se estes animais por um período de 101 a 341 dias. Obteve-se positividade em 5 destes animais (71,4%). Dos animais positivos, àqueles com maior escore lesional ao PEFESI apresentaram títulos de maior magnitude. Houve queda nos títulos e gG em todos os animais paralelamente à diminuição do PEFESI, sendo que, em alguns casos, os títulos de IgG permaneceram detectáveis, em menor magnitude, mesmo quando do pleno controle da enfermidade. A IFI, portanto, é um método exeqüível tratando-se de PF canino, com 71% de positividade em relação ao exame histopatológico. O coxim canino se mostrou um substrato eficaz e a queda nos títulos de IgG paralelamente à atividade da doença útil para o monitoramento da atividade do PF. / Pemphigus foliaceus (PF) is the most common variant of Pemphigus Complex in dogs. The disease is characterized clinically by the presence of pustules, histopathologically by the acantholysis and immunologically by the presence of autoantibodies (IgG) in patients skin and blood serum. It is believed that these autoantibodies are related to the PF activity. The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of indirect immunofluorescence (IIF), a determination method of these antibodies for diagnostic purposes, besides to identify a possible titration fall of serum antibodies with the clinical improvement due to therapy. For the IIFs, we used canine pawpads fragments as substrate. It was considered positive an intercellular fluorescence pattern. It was used sera from seven dogs with a histopathologic diagnosis of PF, this material was stored at 70 oC. The IIF was first performed at the time of diagnosis or, in the case of one animal, at a severe lesions relapse. When the IIF was positive it was also made at the subsequent animals evaluations. The clinical score was determined by PEFESI, all the times that the IFI was made. These animals were followed up by a 101-341 days period. Positivity was obtained in 5 of these animals (71.4%). Of the positive animals, those with the highest lesional score PEFESI showed greater titres. There was a decrease at the IgG titles in all animals in parallel with the PEFESI decrease, and in some cases, IgG titles remained detectable at a lesser magnitude, even with the full control of the disease. The IFI is, therefore, a feasible method in the case of canine PF, with 71% positivity in relation to histopathology. The canine pawpad proved to be an effective substrate and the IgG titers fall, in parallel with disease activity, useful for monitoring the Pf activity

A existência de matéria escura é sustentada pela observação de efeitos gravitacionais sobre a matéria comum. A partir desses efeitos, com medidas de curvas de rotação e lentes gravitacionais, é possível calcular a densidade de matéria escura necessária para causa-los. Para descrever o comportamento observado, foram criados alguns modelos teóricos, porém a natureza das partículas que constituem matéria escura continua desconhecida. Determinar propriedades como massa e seção de choque da possível partícula de matéria escura é fundamental para o entendimento da natureza de seus efeitos sobre matéria bariônica. No âmbito experimental, os Telescópios Cherenkov medem a radiação gama proveniente do cosmo com energia entre GeV &#8212TeV de forma que uma poss&iacute;vel intera&ccedil;&atilde;o (como exemplo a aniquila&ccedil;&atilde;o de part&iacute;culas de mat&eacute;ria escura) poderia ter seu resultado final de raios gama detectado em um dos experimentos de observa&ccedil;&atilde;o indireta. Neste trabalho de mestrado analisamos os conceitos de mat&eacute;ria escura a partir de um modelo espec&iacute;fico de part&iacute;culas WIMPs, o neutralino. Estudamos gal&aacute;xias an&atilde;s esferoidais como poss&iacute;veis fontes do sinal de raios gama proveniente da aniquila&ccedil;&atilde;o de neutralinos. Para o entendimento dos c&aacute;lculos, reproduzimos os resultados de dois experimentos importantes para a &aacute;rea, pertencentes aos telesc&oacute;pios VERITAS e MAGIC, validando as implementa&ccedil;&otilde;es realizadas. Estudamos tamb&eacute;m gal&aacute;xias an&atilde;s esferoidais observadas pelo experimento FERMI-LAT para as quais limites superiores de fluxo foram determinados. Fizemos uso dessas medidas e extrapolamos os espectros de energias para o intervalo a ser observado pelo CTA. Utilizando curvas de sensitividade realistas para uma poss&iacute;vel configura&ccedil;&atilde;o do CTA, determinamos a potencialidade de detecta&ccedil;&atilde;o de mat&eacute;ria escura pelo CTA de 18 fontes estudados pelo FERMI-LAT. A partir dos resultados obtidos com a simula&ccedil;&atilde;o do Observat&oacute;rio, podemos concluir quais fontes proporcionam melhores avan&ccedil;os para as pesquisas envolvendo mat&eacute;ria escura com o modelo escolhido. / The existence of dark matter is sustained by the observation of its gravitational efects on ordinary matter. By studying these efects, with rotation curves and gravitational lensing measurements, it is possible to calculate the dark matter density necessary to cause them. Theoretical models were created to describe the observed behavior, however the nature of the constituent particles is still unknown. Determining the particles\' properties such as mass and cross section is fundamental for the understanding of the nature of its efects on baryonic matter. On the experimental scope, Cherenkov Telescopes measure the gamma radiation coming from the cosmo with an energy between GeV &#8212TeV making it possible for an interaction to have its final product detected in one of these experiments. In this dissertation, we present an analysis of dark matter concepts considering a specific model of WIMPs particles, represented by the neutralino. We studied dwarf spheroidal galaxies as possible gamma-ray flux sources originated from the neutralino annihilation. We reproduced the results on annihilation cross section of two important experiments for this particular field (VERITAS and MAGIC), validating the codes implemented. This was perfomed with the objective of understanding the calculus involved. We studied dwarf spheroidal galaxies observed by the FERMI-LAT experiment for which upper limits flux were determined. We used these measurements and extrapolated the energy spectrum to the one to be observed by CTA. With realistic sensitivity curves for a possible CTA configuration, we determined the potencial for a dark matter detection for 18 sources studied by FERMI-LAT. With the results obtained with the Observatory simulation, we were able to conclude which of these sources represent improvements for dark matter researches with the specific model described.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a biocompatibilidade de diferentes agentes cimentantes (Ketac Cem Easy Mix 3M ESPE e RelyX Unicem 3M ESPE) microscopicamente, por meio de implantes em tecido conjuntivo subcutâneo de camundongos isogênicos; microscópica e radiograficamente, após aplicação em cavidades profundas, próximas à polpa, em dentes de cães. No estudo em tecido conjuntivo subcutâneo foram utilizados quarenta camundongos isogênicos da linhagem BALB/c divididos em 9 grupos com 3 períodos experimentais: Grupo I: Ketac Cem Easy Mix (7 dias), Grupo II: RelyX Unicem (7 dias), Grupo III: tubo de polietileno vazio (7 dias), Grupo IV: Ketac Cem Easy Mix (21 dias) Grupo V: RelyX Unicem (21 dias), Grupo VI: tubo de polietileno vazio (21 dias), Grupo VII: Ketac Cem Easy Mix (63 dias), Grupo VIII: RelyX Unicem (63 dias), Grupo IX: tubo de polietileno vazio (63 dias). No estudo em dentes de cães foram utilizados quarenta dentes (80 raízes) de 4 cães, distribuídos em 6 grupos: Grupo I: Ketac Cem Easy Mix (7 dias), Grupo II: RelyX Unicem (7 dias), Grupo III: Cimento de óxido de zinco e eugenol (7 dias), Grupo IV: Ketac Cem Easy Mix (70 dias) Grupo V: RelyX Unicem (70 dias), Grupo VI: Cimento de óxido de zinco e eugenol (70 dias). A análise microscópica no tecido conjuntivo subcutâneo foi realizada em microscópio de luz comum, baseada nos seguintes parâmetros: infiltrado inflamatório (celularidade e tipo de célula) e reparo tecidual. Na análise microscópica em dentes de cães, foi registrada a descrição completa das características da dentina, polpa e tecidos periapicais de acordo com os seguintes aspectos: Presença de polpa normal; Presença de dentina reacional; Presença de ulceração; Pulpite e Presença de necrose pulpar, sendo os resultados submetidos à análise estatística utilizando-se o teste exato de Fisher (p<0,05). A avaliação radiográfica foi realizada por meio de radiografias periapicais obtidas previamente à execução dos atos operatórios e após os períodos experimentais, com relação à integridade da lâmina dura, presença ou ausência de reabsorções radiculares e áreas de rarefação óssea periapical. Os resultados da análise microscópica evidenciaram que, quando empregados sobre a dentina, ambos os cimentos não ocasionaram reações pulpares insatisfatórias. No entanto, quando colocados diretamente sobre o tecido pulpar, desencadearam reação inflamatória intensa, com necrose pulpar e desenvolvimento de reação periapical. No tecido conjuntivo subcutâneo de camundongos, o Ketac Cem Easymix apresentou resposta inflamatória e fenômenos reacionais intensos em todos os períodos analisados. Já o RelyX Unicem apresentou resposta inflamatória discreta com reparo tecidual nos períodos mais tardios. Podemos concluir que os cimentos RelyX Unicem e Ketac Cem Easymix apresentaram resultados satisfatórios, quando empregados na dentina de cavidades profundas, sem exposição pulpar. No entanto, quando em contato com o tecido conjuntivo subcutâneo e com o tecido pulpar em microexposições apresentaram resultados insatisfatórios. / The purpose of this study was to evaluate the biocompatibility of different luting agents (Ketac Cem Easy Mix 3M ESPE and RelyX Unicem 3M ESPE), microscopically, by means of implants in the subcutaneous connective tissue of isogenic mice; microscopically and radiographically, after application to deep cavities, close to the pulp, in dogs teeth. In the study in subcutaneous connective tissue, 40 isogenic BALB/c mice were allocated in 9 groups with 3 experimental periods: Group I: Ketac Cem Easy Mix® (7 days), Group II: RelyX Unicem (7 days), Group III: empty polyethylene tube (7 days), Group IV: Ketac Cem Easy Mix (21 days) Group V: RelyX? Unicem (21 days), Group VI: empty polyethylene tube (21 days), Group VII: Ketac Cem Easy Mix (63 days), Group VIII: RelyX Unicem (63 days), Group IX: empty polyethylene tube (63 days). In the study in the pulp tissue of dogs teeth, 40 teeth (80 roots) of 4 dogs were used and assigned to 6 groups: Group I: Ketac Cem Easy Mix (7 days), Group II: RelyX Unicem (7 days), Group III: zinc oxide and eugenol cement (7 days), Group IV: Ketac Cem Easy Mix (70 days) Group V: RelyX Unicem (70 days), Group VI: zinc oxide and eugenol cement (70 days). The microscopic analysis of the subcutaneous connective tissue was performed under standard ligth microscopy, according to the following parameters: presence of inflammatory infiltrate (cellularity and cell type) and tissue repair. In the microscopic analysis in dogs teeth, a comprehensive description of dentin, pulp and periapical tissue characteristics was undertaken, based on the following aspects: presence of normal pulp; presence of reparative dentin; presence of ulceration; presence of pulpitis; and presence of pulp necrosis. The radiographic evaluation was performed by means of the analysis of periapical radiographs taken before the operative procedures and at the experimental periods, with respect to the integrity of the lamina dura, presence or absence of root resorptions and areas of periapical bone rarefaction. The results of the microscopic analysis demonstrated that, when applied to dentin, both cements did not cause adverse pulp reactions. Nevertheless, when applied directly to the pulp tissue, the luting agents triggered an intense inflammatory response, with pulp necrosis and development of periapical reaction. In the subcutaneous connective tissue of mice, Ketac Cem Easymix induced an inflammatory response and intense reactive phenomena at all analyzed periods. On the other hand, RelyX Unicem induced a discrete inflammatory response with tissue repair at the later periods. It may be concluded that RelyX Unicem and Ketac Cem Easymix luting agents presented satisfactory results when applied to the dentin of deep cavities without pulp exposure. However, when placed in contact with the subcutaneous connective tissue and pulp tissue in areas of micro-exposures, these materials presented unsatisfactory results.

Vários estudos analisando a taxa de metabolismo de repouso (TMR) contribuíram com equações cuja proposta era estabelecer padrões que pudessem ser genericamente utilizadas para se estimar a TMR. A equação de Harris-Benedict (HB), permanece como o método mais comumente utilizado para estimar a TMR. Porém, em indivíduos obesos o uso de equações preditivas da TMR pode levar a resultados conflitantes. Indivíduos obesos submetidos a dietas hipocalóricas podem apresentar uma diminuição da TMR e do gasto energético total. Isto pode ser a causa da redução na velocidade da perda de peso durante o tratamento. Outros estudos mostram que a TMR, quando corrigida para a massa livre de gordura (MLG), apresenta pouca variabilidade e propõem uma correlação entre MLG e TMR. Porém ainda existem dificuldades em se afirmar ou não se a redução de massa corporal também reduz a TMR. O presente estudo teve como objetivos determinar a TMR de indivíduos com obesidade grau III (IMC > 40 kg/m2) do sexo feminino obtida por meio de calorimetria indireta (CI) e comparar com a TMR estimada por meio da equação de HB utilizando-se peso atual e peso ideal. Relacionar a TMR medida por CI com a composição corporal e validar a relação entre a TMR e a MLG nestes indivíduos antes e após a perda de peso. As pacientes foram internadas na Unidade Metabólica da Divisão de Nutrologia do Departamento de Clínica Médica do HCFMRP-USP, durante um período de 8 semanas. No início e no final do estudo foram realizadas: avaliação nutricional incluindo antropometria, bioimpedância e calorimetria indireta. As pacientes foram submetidas a uma dieta hipocalórica durante a internação. A TMR medida por calorimetria indireta (CI) no início e final do estudo foi de 2540 ± 417 e 1924 ± 275 kcal/dia, respectivamente (p<0,05). Quando calculado pela equação de HB utilizando-se peso atual, os valores encontrados foram 2074 ± 214 e 1941 ± 190 kcal/dia (p<0,05). Utilizando-se o peso ideal a TMR calculada foi de 1343 ± 59 kcal/dia. A TMR medida por CI foi, em média, 18 % maior que a calculada por HB pelo peso atual e 47 % maior que a calculada por HB utilizando-se o peso ideal no início do estudo. No final do estudo estes valores passaram para 1% e 30% respectivamente. Comparando-se a TMR medida por CI e calculada por HB usando peso atual tem-se, no início do estudo uma diferença significante (p<0,05) que não se repete no final do estudo (p>0,05). A TMR, quando corrigida para massa livre de gordura no início e no final do estudo foi de 46 ± 6 e 35 ± 5 kcal/d/MLG (p<0,05) respectivamente e quando corrigida para a gordura corporal (GC) foi de 33 ± 6 e 30 ± 5 kcal/d/GC (p<0,05) respectivamente. Os dados encontrados no presente estudo não permitem afirmar que o uso da equação de HB possa estimar a TMR de maneira confiável em indivíduos obesos grau III do sexo feminino. Porém os dados sugerem que logo após submeter esses indivíduos à dieta hipocalórica, com conseqüente perda de peso a equação de HB se torna confiável para estimar a TMR. Pacientes obesos ingerindo dieta livre deveriam ter a TMR obtida por meio da equação de HB corrigida por um fator de 20% a mais. / Studies analyzing resting energy expenditure (REE) have contributed with equations that were intended to establish a pattern that could be used generally to estimate the REE. Harris Benedict’s (HB) equation remains as the most used in estimating the REE. But in obese subjects, the use of predictive equations can lead to conflicting results. Obese individuals undergoing a hypo caloric diet may have a reduction in the REE and in the total energy expenditure. These are the most probably cause of the slowing on weight loss during the treatment. Some studies show that when the REE is relative to the fat free mass (FFM) there is less variability and their proposal is a correlation between FFM and REE. But it is difficult to confirm if a reduction in total body mass also can diminish the REE. The objective of this study was to define the REE of female subjects with grade III obesity (body mass index (BMI) > 40 kg/m2) using indirect calorimetry (IC) and to compare this REE with the one estimated with HB equation using real body weight and ideal body weight, and try to correlate the REE obtained by IC with the body composition, validating the relation between REE and FFM in these individual before and after weight loss. The patients were under hospital regimen in the Metabolic Unit of the Nutrology Division of the Internal Medicine Department of the HCFMRP-USP, for an 8 weeks period. At the beginning and at the end of the study, nutritional assessment was realized, including anthropometry, bioimpedance and indirect calorimetry. The patients were undergoing a hypo caloric diet during the 8 week period. The REE obtained by indirect calorimetry (IC) at the beginning and at the end of the study was 2540 ± 417 e 1924 ± 275 kcal/day, respectively (p<0,05). When estimated with the HB equation using real weight the values were 2074 ± 214 e 1941 ± 190 kcal/day (p<0,05). Using the ideal weight, the calculated REE was 1343 ± 59 kcal/day. At the beginning of the study, REE obtained by IC was 18 % greater than the REE calculated with HB equation using the real weight and 47 % greater than the one calculated using the ideal body weight. At the end of the study these values changed to 1% e 30% respectively. There is a significant difference (p<0,05) when comparing the REE obtained by IC with the one calculated using the HB equation with real weight at the beginning of the study, but this does not happen at the end of the study (p>0,05). The REE corrected by the FFM at the beginning and at the end of the study was 46 ± 6 e 35 ± 5 kcal/d/FFM (p<0,05) respectively and the REE corrected by the fat mass (FM) was 3 ± 6 e 30 ± 5 kcal/d/FM (p<0,05) respectively. The data found in this study does not allow affirming that the use of HB equation to predict REE in female grade III obese subjects is reliable. But the data suggest that immediately after using a hypo caloric diet, the REE calculated using HB equation and real weight is reliable. When calculating the REE of female grade III obese patients undergoing a free diet using HB equation, the obtained value should be increased in 20 %.