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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Zdaňování příjmů fyzických osob ze závislé činnosti / Taxation of income of natural persons resulting from employment

Uhnáková, Zuzana January 2011 (has links)
in English Taxation of individual income tax My diploma thesis contents three major parts, which is divided into smaller articles. In the first part I am trying to present individual income tax in general. Place of income tax in system of taxation and concept of income tax , its function and definition. In another article I described historical evolution of individual income tax and distribution of taxes. To tax is to impose a financial charge or other levy upon a taxpayer (an individual or legal entity) by a state or the functional equivalent of a state such that failure to pay is punishable by law. Taxes consist of direct tax or indirect tax. A tax "is not a voluntary payment or donation, but an enforced contribution, exacted pursuant to legislative authority" and is "any contribution imposed by government. The first known system of taxation was in Ancient Egypt and development is showing us perfection with which we created and improved taxes during the ages. The main second part contents definition of individual income tax by revenue act and determination of basic concepts of individual tax by this act. A personal or individual income tax is levied on the total income of the individual (with some deductions permitted). It is often collected on a pay-as-you-earn basis, with small corrections made...
12

Reconhecimento, mensuração e tributação da renda no setor imobiliário / Recognition, measurement and taxation of income in the real estate sector

Freitas, Rodrigo de 01 June 2012 (has links)
Atualmente, verifica-se um momento de grande reflexão dos aplicadores do Direito Tributário, em decorrência do impacto trazido pelos novos métodos e critérios contábeis aplicados à apuração do lucro societário das empresas no Brasil. A aplicação dos princípios contábeis geralmente aceitos passou a estabelecer novos paradigmas para o reconhecimento e mensuração do lucro, influenciando a forma de interpretar a legislação tributária. Esse contexto ganha grande relevância no que tange à apuração e tributação da renda no setor imobiliário. Isto porque esse setor da economia é cuidadosamente regulamentado, do ponto de vista contábil, tanto pela legislação societária quanto pela fiscal. Com efeito, o presente estudo analisa a delimitação da competência constitucional para tributação da renda pela União, sobretudo os limites oferecidos pelos princípios constitucionais tributários. Também se analisam as definições de renda pelo CTN e os critérios de definição do momento de realização. Ocorre que a definição do fato gerador do imposto de renda muitas vezes se vale de conceitos previstos em outras áreas do Direito, especialmente no Direito Privado. Dessa forma, são analisados os conceitos estabelecidos pelo Direito Contábil Societário, pois são fundamentais para a quantificação da matéria tributável. Após o estabelecimento da base teórica para a tributação da renda, passa-se à análise dos principais aspectos jurídicos das operações imobiliárias (negócios que envolvem a exploração econômica, direta ou indireta, da propriedade imobiliária). Essa primeira análise é necessária para se estabelecerem os parâmetros adequados para o reconhecimento e a mensuração da renda, intrinsecamente relacionada à transferência de riscos e benefícios. Um segundo passo importante, para a apuração da renda do setor imobiliário, corresponde à análise dos principais métodos e critérios contábeis estabelecidos pela legislação societária, pois esse é o parâmetro inicial para a apuração do montante a ser tributado. Por fim, analisam-se a coerência e a adequação das regras de tributação da renda no setor imobiliário, para as pessoas físicas e as pessoas jurídicas. Também serão abordados os regimes específicos de tributação previstos na legislação brasileira. / In recent years, tax law practitioners have been forced to rethink due to the impact of new accounting methods and criteria applied to the calculation of corporate profits in Brazil. The application of generally accepted accounting principles has established new parameters for the recognition and measurement of profits, thereby influencing the interpretation of tax law. This ontext has acquired great relevance regarding the calculation and taxation of income in the real estate sector. This is due to the fact that this economic sector is carefully regulated from an accounting standpoint, as much by corporate law as by tax law. Indeed, this work analyzes the limits of the constitutional authority for Federal taxation of income, especially as regards the bounds set out by constitutional principles of taxation. It also analyses the Brazilian National Tax Code (CTN) definition of income, as well as the definition of the moment when income is realized. It happens that the definition of the tax-triggering event for income tax often relies on concepts derived from other areas of law, especially privet law. Therefore, the concepts established by corporate accounting law are analyzed here, as they are fundamental concepts for the quantification of the tax bases. After establishing the theoretical basis for income taxation, the main legal aspects of real estate transactions are analyzed (those involving direct or indirect real estate economic exploration). This first analysis is necessary in order to establish the appropriate parameters for the recognition and measurement of income, intrinsically related to the transfer of risks and benefits. A second important step for the calculation of income in the real estate sector corresponds to the analysis of the main accounting methods and criteria established by corporate law, as this is the initial parameter for the calculation of the tax basis. Finally, this work analyzes the coherence and proportion of the income taxation rules in the real estate sector, for individuals and corporations. The special tax regimes established by Brazilian law will also be addressed.
13

Reconhecimento, mensuração e tributação da renda no setor imobiliário / Recognition, measurement and taxation of income in the real estate sector

Rodrigo de Freitas 01 June 2012 (has links)
Atualmente, verifica-se um momento de grande reflexão dos aplicadores do Direito Tributário, em decorrência do impacto trazido pelos novos métodos e critérios contábeis aplicados à apuração do lucro societário das empresas no Brasil. A aplicação dos princípios contábeis geralmente aceitos passou a estabelecer novos paradigmas para o reconhecimento e mensuração do lucro, influenciando a forma de interpretar a legislação tributária. Esse contexto ganha grande relevância no que tange à apuração e tributação da renda no setor imobiliário. Isto porque esse setor da economia é cuidadosamente regulamentado, do ponto de vista contábil, tanto pela legislação societária quanto pela fiscal. Com efeito, o presente estudo analisa a delimitação da competência constitucional para tributação da renda pela União, sobretudo os limites oferecidos pelos princípios constitucionais tributários. Também se analisam as definições de renda pelo CTN e os critérios de definição do momento de realização. Ocorre que a definição do fato gerador do imposto de renda muitas vezes se vale de conceitos previstos em outras áreas do Direito, especialmente no Direito Privado. Dessa forma, são analisados os conceitos estabelecidos pelo Direito Contábil Societário, pois são fundamentais para a quantificação da matéria tributável. Após o estabelecimento da base teórica para a tributação da renda, passa-se à análise dos principais aspectos jurídicos das operações imobiliárias (negócios que envolvem a exploração econômica, direta ou indireta, da propriedade imobiliária). Essa primeira análise é necessária para se estabelecerem os parâmetros adequados para o reconhecimento e a mensuração da renda, intrinsecamente relacionada à transferência de riscos e benefícios. Um segundo passo importante, para a apuração da renda do setor imobiliário, corresponde à análise dos principais métodos e critérios contábeis estabelecidos pela legislação societária, pois esse é o parâmetro inicial para a apuração do montante a ser tributado. Por fim, analisam-se a coerência e a adequação das regras de tributação da renda no setor imobiliário, para as pessoas físicas e as pessoas jurídicas. Também serão abordados os regimes específicos de tributação previstos na legislação brasileira. / In recent years, tax law practitioners have been forced to rethink due to the impact of new accounting methods and criteria applied to the calculation of corporate profits in Brazil. The application of generally accepted accounting principles has established new parameters for the recognition and measurement of profits, thereby influencing the interpretation of tax law. This ontext has acquired great relevance regarding the calculation and taxation of income in the real estate sector. This is due to the fact that this economic sector is carefully regulated from an accounting standpoint, as much by corporate law as by tax law. Indeed, this work analyzes the limits of the constitutional authority for Federal taxation of income, especially as regards the bounds set out by constitutional principles of taxation. It also analyses the Brazilian National Tax Code (CTN) definition of income, as well as the definition of the moment when income is realized. It happens that the definition of the tax-triggering event for income tax often relies on concepts derived from other areas of law, especially privet law. Therefore, the concepts established by corporate accounting law are analyzed here, as they are fundamental concepts for the quantification of the tax bases. After establishing the theoretical basis for income taxation, the main legal aspects of real estate transactions are analyzed (those involving direct or indirect real estate economic exploration). This first analysis is necessary in order to establish the appropriate parameters for the recognition and measurement of income, intrinsically related to the transfer of risks and benefits. A second important step for the calculation of income in the real estate sector corresponds to the analysis of the main accounting methods and criteria established by corporate law, as this is the initial parameter for the calculation of the tax basis. Finally, this work analyzes the coherence and proportion of the income taxation rules in the real estate sector, for individuals and corporations. The special tax regimes established by Brazilian law will also be addressed.
14

Analýza zdanění závislé a nezávislé činnosti / Analysis of taxation of dependent and independent activities

Pavlíčková, Tereza January 2013 (has links)
The aim of this thesis is to compare the taxation of dependent and independent activities, which are defined in detail in the first part of this work, together with the theoretical aspects of taxation. The second part analyzes the tax deductions (individual income tax, health insurance and social security) and compares the taxation of self-employed and employees at different income levels.
15

最適兩級距所得稅制之研究

周兆雯 Unknown Date (has links)
本文以符合時代潮流之免稅額制度為主,重新探討改革單一稅率所得稅制至兩課稅級距稅制後,整體社會福利與所得分配情形之變化,並將所得結果與負所得稅制下之結論作一比較,最後,再將稅制改革下社會福利變動數額與稅制改革造成租稅管理成本增加之數額兩相比較,作為政府選擇稅制時之參考。 本文主要擴展Kemper(1992)建立的具免稅額單一稅率模型,建構本研究具免稅額的兩課稅級距理論模型,並針對各種租稅改革方案詳加分類,以釐清各方案對個人效用與勞動供給產生之影響;模擬分析方法係採用Yitzhaki(1982)提出之”Tax Programming Model”(租稅程式設計模型),假設社會有100人,工資率分配型態以平均數=-1;變異數=0.39的Lognormal Distribution近似之,再配合不同社會風險趨避係數、人民勞動替代彈性及政府所需稅收等模型參數設定,求出精密度為百分之一的最適解。 藉由模擬分析結果,本研究得到以下結論: 一、 單一稅率改制為兩課稅級距稅制確有提升整體社會福利與改善所得分配公平的效果,而當社會重視效用分配公平的程度愈強烈,兩課稅級距稅制較單一稅率為優的特性愈明顯。 二、 單一稅率改制為兩課稅級距稅制之改革方案共有六種,每種方案對個人效用及勞動供給造成之影響各不相同,而最適改革方案之選擇,決定於人民勞動替代彈性的大小、社會重視效用分配公平的程度與政府所需稅收的多寡。不過,當社會較重視效用分配公平、人民勞動替代彈性愈小與政府所需稅收增加時,型一改革方案成為最適改革方案的可能性愈大。 三、 本研究提及六種租稅改革方案中以型一方案為最佳,這是因為勞動替代彈性愈小,邊際稅率上升帶來的效率損失也愈小,使得稅制雖具有邊際稅率遞增之特性,其效率損失亦不如邊際稅率遞增改善所得重分配的優點來得大;再者,由第三章比較靜態的分析可知免稅額下降有刺激勞動供給增加的效果,可以抵消一部份稅率上升帶來的效率損失,故型一改革方案(降低免稅額、第一級距邊際稅率及增加第二級距邊際稅率)在同時考量效率與公平之後,仍能被選為最佳稅制改革方案。 四、 兩課稅級距稅制之最適稅率結構,不限於邊際稅率遞增或遞減之型態,但仍必須具有平均稅率累進之特性。 五、 人民勞動替代彈性改變對最適兩課稅級距稅制之影響,是當勞動彈性愈大時,無論第一或第二級距邊際稅率均應下降,且免稅額亦減少;若由人民稅負變化而言,此時決定之稅制使中、低所得者之稅負較重,高所得者的稅負減輕。 六、 社會重視效用分配公平程度改變對最適兩課稅級距稅制之影響,是當社會重視效用分配公平的程度愈強時,免稅額下降、第一級邊際稅率愈輕而第二級邊際稅率會愈重,且兩邊際稅率間之差距隨社會重視效用分配公平程度提高而加大;若由人民稅負變化而言,此時決定之稅制使中、低所得者稅負減輕,高所得者稅負加重。 七、 政府所需稅收改變對最適兩課稅級距稅制之影響,是當所需稅收愈多時,免稅額就愈低,至於邊際稅率結構之變化,則無明顯特徵;若由人民稅負變化而言,此時決定之稅制會使全體人民稅負均加重。

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