Key words: gift, talent, individual access, alternative schools, inovate schools. This graduation these is focused on question of suitability to situate the gifted children into the alternative schools. In the theoretical part will be defined the concept gifted child and will be analysed the principles of chosen alternative schools. In the end of the theoretical part of theses will be evaluated how the alternative schools can be usefull for gifted children. In the experimental part will be confronted theoretical informations with reality. I try aswer the question if and which way is realized the care of these children in reality of the chosen types of the alternative schools. The research for this graduation theses will use an analyse of documents, an observation and a dialog. The elementary basis of theses is supposition that the schools of the alternative types like the schools with the edge for a respect to a child and its individual needs are potencional suitable for the extra gifted children.

Adequate access to affordable, healthy food has long been a public health concern and has become a more pressing societal issue following the Great Recession and rising incidents of diet-related diseases. In response, research and government efforts have largely focused on identifying disadvantaged areas with poor food access and formulating policies to improve accessibility. However, the approaches that have been widely relied upon by researchers and practitioners for food access assessment are severely flawed, which may lead to inconsistent research findings or neglect of the needs of under-served/un-served neighborhoods. This dissertation identifies three important aspects of food access for improvement: the appropriate scale/neighborhoods for analysis, the use of food outlets as a proxy for affordable, healthy food; and the assessment method. In particular, three studies are conducted to: (1) examine how varying spatial scales and aggregation methods affect accessibility assessments; (2) explore the role of independent grocers, which have been neglected in previous food access studies as elements of the food landscape that may change the perception of food deserts; and (3) investigate how individual-level food access patterns compare to the widely used, area-based neighborhood measures of expected accessibility. While the dissertation discusses and addresses theoretical challenges in food access, the empirical studies conducted in the Tucson, Arizona metropolitan area contribute to a better understanding of the real-world complexity of food access. The results shed light on some predicaments identified in recent studies and have important policy implications for how best to efficiently and effectively design strategies and initiatives to enhance food-provision access.

La Communauté des Etats d’Afrique de l’Ouest (CEDEAO) est l’une des « Communautés économiques régionales » africaines les plus dynamiques. L’ampleur de ses objectifs se révèle par les compétences qu’elle exerce dans les domaines de l’économie, de la sécurité et de la défense, des droits de l’homme et demain, en matière monétaire. Lors de sa naissance en 1975, en vertu d’un traité de coopération entre 15 des 16 Etats d’Afrique de l’Ouest, la Communauté ne visait pourtant que la réalisation de programmes communs relevant exclusivement de la matière économique. Ce projet initial a été paralysé par des conflits armés dans certains Etats, qui ont entraîné des conséquences pour les autres pays, eux-mêmes souvent soumis à des troubles internes. Pour répondre à la poussée sécuritaire et pour renforcer l’efficacité économique, la CEDEAO est devenue en 1993 une Communauté politique et d’intégration économique. Elle ébauche alors une valorisation du respect des droits de l’homme dont le développement juridictionnel constitue une expérience originale. On peut parler d’une véritable juridictionnalisation de la Communauté depuis une vingtaine d’années. Les institutions communautaires ont fait l’objet de nombreuses réformes, certaines encore en cours, pour une répartition plus équilibrée de leurs compétences. En leur sein, la juridiction communautaire, créée en 1993, a renforcé ses activités grâce à la saisine par des personnes privées, notamment en matière des droits de l’homme. Les procédures d’examen des plaintes relèvent du droit communautaire, mais le droit substantiel dérive de l’interprétation que la Cour donne des instruments internationaux des droits de l’homme. Sa jurisprudence qui est systématiquement analysée dans la thèse reste fortement marquée par une asymétrie entre le contentieux des droits de l’homme en plein essor et celui de l’économie encore quasi-inexistant. Pour autant, en faisant progresser les principes de démocratie, d’Etat de droit et des droits de l’homme, c’est la sécurité juridique et l’intégration économique que la Communauté approfondit avec, comme objectif principal, le développement des populations. La sauvegarde de cet ordre juridique et juridictionnel fortement unitaire est indispensable. / The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) is one of the most dynamic African "regional economic communities". Its goals span fields of economy, security and defense, human rights and, soon, monetary issues. When it was created in 1975, thanks to a treaty of co-operation pulling together 15 of the 16 West African States, the Community aimed only at carrying out joint programs related to economic issues. This initial project was undermined by armed conflicts in some states, as well as internal turmoil in some others. To respond to this security threat and to strengthen economic efficiency, ECOWAS has been transformed into a political and economic integration community in 1993. It then put emphasis on human rights. As such, the design process of its jurisdictional system is a genuine original experience.We can argue that there has been a real process of jurisdictionalization of the Community for twenty years. The Community institutions have been the subject of many reforms, some still in progress. The goal of these reforms is to create a more balanced distribution of power among the institutions. Within them, the Community jurisdiction, created in 1993, strengthened its activities by allowing referral from private persons, particularly in the field of human rights. Complaints procedures are governed by Community law, but the substantive law derives from the Court's interpretation of international human rights instruments. Its case law, which is systematically analyzed by our thesis, remains strongly marked by an asymmetry between the rapidly growing human rights litigation and that of the economy, which is still almost non-existent. However, in advancing the principles of democracy, the rule of law and human rights, it is the legal security and economic integration that the Community deepens, with the main objective to promote development. Safeguarding this highly unified legal and jurisdictional system is paramount.

Master's thesis deals with newly emerging forms of public preschool education. The research objective was to describe and evaluate the Center for preschool children, to characterize and compare it with the system of education in nursery schools. Evaluate their contribution to society and educational effects. Monitor vision and expectations of parents. To identify the necessary information, I used methods of observation of the educational conditions, observation of the work educator, interview with a educator, interview with the head of the Center and questionnaire for parents.