Esta dissertação foi realizada como requisito parcial para aquisição do título de mestre em Relações Internacionais pelo Instituto de relações Internacionais da Universidade de São Paulo (IRI-USP). Ela compreende dois artigos diferentes. No primeiro, discute-se a teoria da integração regional a partir de abordagens da Ciência Política e da Economia Internacional. Para tanto, desenvolve um estudo de caso a respeito do processo de integração regional na África, qual seja, compreender os resultados no domínio da cooperação econômica a respeito do CEDEAO (Comunidade Econômica dos Estados da África Ocidental). O argumento principal do artigo é o de que o processo pode ser lido de acordo com a perspetiva neofuncionalista da integração regional. No segundo artigo avalia-se o efeito da criação da CEDEAO através do modelo Gravitacional. Trabalha-se com dados em painel e corrige-se o viés de seleção para estimar o efeito do acordo regional em termos de criação e desvio de comércio. Os resultados indicam que a CEDEAO nem promoveu a criação de comércio intra-bloco e nem produziu o efeito de desviar o comércio internacional com terceiros países de fora do bloco, em benefício dos membros. / This research was conducted as partial requirement for the achievement of the master\'s degree in International Relations at the Institute of International Relations, University of São Paulo (IRI-USP). It comprises two separate articles. First, given the economic objective of the initial motivation for the establishment of ECOWAS, we question why the ill=observed results were not an impediment to the pursuit of the integration. The interpretative insights were derived from historical and political context in dialogue with the neo-functionalist theory of regional integration. The article`s main argument is that the challenge of sub-regional security led to the outgrow of political objectives. Understanding that there is a new convergence of interests, the bloc undergoes constant pursuit of a consistent institutional matrix including the objectives which were added, and in the other hand, reflects the degree of involvement of the various national groups that determine the external behavior of each member country. In the second paper, we attempt to evaluate the effect of the instruments of the trade policy on welfare in ECOWAS applying a Gravitational Model. Using panel data and correcting for selection bias, we estimate the effect of the agreement in terms of trade creation and trade diversion. Results show that ECOWAS did not diverted trade, but had a small effect on intra block trade. The variable that captures the effect of trade creation is not statistically significant.

Esta dissertação foi realizada como requisito parcial para aquisição do título de mestre em Relações Internacionais pelo Instituto de relações Internacionais da Universidade de São Paulo (IRI-USP). Ela compreende dois artigos diferentes. No primeiro, discute-se a teoria da integração regional a partir de abordagens da Ciência Política e da Economia Internacional. Para tanto, desenvolve um estudo de caso a respeito do processo de integração regional na África, qual seja, compreender os resultados no domínio da cooperação econômica a respeito do CEDEAO (Comunidade Econômica dos Estados da África Ocidental). O argumento principal do artigo é o de que o processo pode ser lido de acordo com a perspetiva neofuncionalista da integração regional. No segundo artigo avalia-se o efeito da criação da CEDEAO através do modelo Gravitacional. Trabalha-se com dados em painel e corrige-se o viés de seleção para estimar o efeito do acordo regional em termos de criação e desvio de comércio. Os resultados indicam que a CEDEAO nem promoveu a criação de comércio intra-bloco e nem produziu o efeito de desviar o comércio internacional com terceiros países de fora do bloco, em benefício dos membros. / This research was conducted as partial requirement for the achievement of the master\'s degree in International Relations at the Institute of International Relations, University of São Paulo (IRI-USP). It comprises two separate articles. First, given the economic objective of the initial motivation for the establishment of ECOWAS, we question why the ill=observed results were not an impediment to the pursuit of the integration. The interpretative insights were derived from historical and political context in dialogue with the neo-functionalist theory of regional integration. The article`s main argument is that the challenge of sub-regional security led to the outgrow of political objectives. Understanding that there is a new convergence of interests, the bloc undergoes constant pursuit of a consistent institutional matrix including the objectives which were added, and in the other hand, reflects the degree of involvement of the various national groups that determine the external behavior of each member country. In the second paper, we attempt to evaluate the effect of the instruments of the trade policy on welfare in ECOWAS applying a Gravitational Model. Using panel data and correcting for selection bias, we estimate the effect of the agreement in terms of trade creation and trade diversion. Results show that ECOWAS did not diverted trade, but had a small effect on intra block trade. The variable that captures the effect of trade creation is not statistically significant.

Na África Ocidental iniciou-se desde a década de 1940, com a criação da União Econômica e Monetária do Oeste Africano (UEMOA) em 1945, uma transformação socioeconômica centrada na redefinição das relações entre os países da região. Antes restritas à laços coloniais, com a criação da Comunidade Econômica dos Estados da África Ocidental (CEDEAO) em 1975 as mudanças transcenderam aspectos coloniais. Nesses esforços, o setor agrícola mereceu destaque, que resultou em compilação e harmonização das políticas agrícolas dos países da região para formar políticas regionais do setor - políticas agrícolas da UEMOA e da CEDEAO -. A produção agrícola é a base do desenvolvimento dos países da África Ocidental, constitui importante determinante das dinâmicas socioeconômicas desses países. Assim, o objetivo neste trabalho é investigar a estrutura de produção, desempenho e comércio internacional do setor agrícola da África Ocidental. Utilizou-se a fronteira estocástica na forma funcional transcendental para estimação dos parâmetros estruturais da produção agrícola. Buscou-se detectar o esforço pró-desenvolvimento agrícola por meio de adaptação do modelo de Lei Dinâmica de Verdoorn, com inclusão de fontes locais disponíveis para o financiamento da melhoria de produtividade agrícola. Por meio de teste de raiz unitária aplicado aos dados em painel, foi analisada a convergência da produtividade agrícola entre os países da África Ocidental. E, foi utilizado o modelo gravitacional estrutural expandido para investigar comércio internacional agrícola da região. Os resultados mostraram que, as transformações da Comunidade Econômica dos Estados da África Ocidental (CEDEAO) constituem principais causas da quebra estrutural no setor agrícola regional. As participações relativas dos fatores na produção agrícola entre os subperíodos antes e depois das mudanças políticas da CEDEAO são diferentes, a área é o mais importante determinante da evolução desta produção. Quanto a produtividade, embora convergentes, os países da região não alocaram prioritariamente os recursos disponíveis para o desenvolvimento agrícola, em particular no setor privado. E, o padrão global das transações agrícolas internacionais desta região é dominantemente definido pelas transações extra-regionais e existem diferenças entre os determinantes intra e extra-regionais. Nas transações globais, os fluxos são maiores entre os países membros da Comunidade Econômica dos Estados da África Ocidental (CEDEAO) e União Econômica e Monetária do Oeste Africano (UEMOA) não afeta significativamente esses fluxos. Ao passo que, no comércio agrícola intra-regional a CEDEAO não impacta significativamente e os fluxos são maiores entre os países membros da UEMOA. A distância geográfica não exerce efeitos significativos no comércio internacional agrícola extra-regional da África Ocidental. / In West Africa, it began since 1940s with fundation of West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA) in 1945, a socioeconomic transformation centered on the redefinition of relations between the countries of the region. Previously restricted to colonial ties, with the creation of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) in 1975 the changes transcended colonial aspects. In these efforts, the agricultural sector was highlighted, which resulted in the compilation and harmonization of the agricultural policies of the countries of the region to form regional policies of the sector - agricultural policies of UEMOA and ECOWAS -. Agricultural production is the basis of development of West African countries, an important determinant of the socioeconomic dynamics of these countries. Thus, the objective in this work is to investigate production structure, performance and international trade of West African agricultural sector. The stochastic frontier was used in the transcendental functional form to estimate the structural parameters of agricultural production. It was sought to detect the pro-agricultural development effort by adapting the Verdoorn Dynamic Law model, with the inclusion of local sources available to finance the improvement of agricultural productivity. Using a unit root test applied to the panel data, the convergence of agricultural productivity among West African countries was analyzed. And, the expanded Structural Gravity Model was used to investigate the region\'s international agricultural trade. The results showed that the transformations of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) are the main causes of the structural break in the regional agricultural sector. The relative participation of factors in agricultural production between the subperiods before and after the ECOWAS political changes are different, the area is the most important determinant of the evolution of this production. In terms of productivity, although convergent, the countries of the region did not allocate the resources available to agricultural development as priority, particularly in the private sector. And, the overall pattern of international agricultural transactions in this region is dominantly defined by extra-regional transactions and there are differences between intra- and extra-regional determinants. In global transactions, flows are higher among member countries of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) does not significantly affect these flows. Whereas, in intra-regional agricultural trade, ECOWAS does not have a significant impact and flows are greater among WAEMU member countries. Geographical distance has no significant effect on West African extra-regional agricultural international trade.

L'Afrique doit vivre au rythme de la mondialisation, sinon, dit-on, elle courrait le risque de se marginaliser, alors qu'elle dispose des outils pour cette adaptation. A cet effet, elle doit lutter contre la fragmentation de ses marchés et se construire des espaces régionaux supranationaux. Dans cette optique, l'intégration économique a été choisie par les Etats de l'Afrique de l'Ouest comme une voie de développement, car le cadre d'un marché unifié permet d'éliminer les rentes monopolistiques. Les Etats africains engagés dans ce processus d'intégration dépassent le cadre restreint de leurs marchés confinés, en vue de la création d'un espace commun de libre concurrence. Toutefois, le jeu de cette libre concurrence peut être faussé par certaines pratiques anticoncurrentielles, qu'il faut donc réglementer. L'avènement d'un environnement concurrentiel, principal objectif des organisations d'intégration ouest-africaines que sont l'UEMOA et la CEDEAO, ne sera donc possible qu'au moyen de règles conduisant à une concurrence effective. L'effectivité d'un droit communautaire de la concurrence dépendra essentiellement de sa mise en œuvre et de sa cohérence avec le cadre économique dans lequel s'exerce la liberté de concurrence, c'est-à-dire le Marché commun. Par la mise en œuvre d'une politique de concurrence et la mise en place de politiques économiques efficaces pour le fonctionnement du Marché commun, l'Afrique de l'Ouest parviendra au développent économique. La thèse met en évidence la nécessaire interaction entre l'efficience du Marché commun et la politique régionale de concurrence en Afrique de l'Ouest, à travers les instruments de construction du Marché et les instruments de la protection de la concurrence. / Africa should live in the frame of globalization. Otherwise it could be pushed off despite it owns proper tools for such an adaptation. Africa should wrestle against markets segmentations and built up supranational economic areas. In this aim economical integration, has been set up by western African countries as a way for development, in as the frame of a single markets allows elimination of monopolies. African states involved in this integration process overcome the restricted areas in the view to create a free competition space. Nevertheless, this free competition might be disturbed by anti-competition practices, to be regulated. Coming to a competitive surrounding, main target for West African unions (such as UEMOA and CEDEAO), won't be affordable apart from adopting rules leading to a true competition. Effectiveness of community competition law will be mainly linked to its implementation and its cohesion with the economical frame where is applied the free competition i.e the common market. Western Africa will reach economic development by setting up a competition policy and economical efficient policy. The thesis underlines the necessary interaction between un efficient common market and original competitions policy in western Africa thru legal instruments for building up the markets and competition protection.

Na África Ocidental iniciou-se desde a década de 1940, com a criação da União Econômica e Monetária do Oeste Africano (UEMOA) em 1945, uma transformação socioeconômica centrada na redefinição das relações entre os países da região. Antes restritas à laços coloniais, com a criação da Comunidade Econômica dos Estados da África Ocidental (CEDEAO) em 1975 as mudanças transcenderam aspectos coloniais. Nesses esforços, o setor agrícola mereceu destaque, que resultou em compilação e harmonização das políticas agrícolas dos países da região para formar políticas regionais do setor - políticas agrícolas da UEMOA e da CEDEAO -. A produção agrícola é a base do desenvolvimento dos países da África Ocidental, constitui importante determinante das dinâmicas socioeconômicas desses países. Assim, o objetivo neste trabalho é investigar a estrutura de produção, desempenho e comércio internacional do setor agrícola da África Ocidental. Utilizou-se a fronteira estocástica na forma funcional transcendental para estimação dos parâmetros estruturais da produção agrícola. Buscou-se detectar o esforço pró-desenvolvimento agrícola por meio de adaptação do modelo de Lei Dinâmica de Verdoorn, com inclusão de fontes locais disponíveis para o financiamento da melhoria de produtividade agrícola. Por meio de teste de raiz unitária aplicado aos dados em painel, foi analisada a convergência da produtividade agrícola entre os países da África Ocidental. E, foi utilizado o modelo gravitacional estrutural expandido para investigar comércio internacional agrícola da região. Os resultados mostraram que, as transformações da Comunidade Econômica dos Estados da África Ocidental (CEDEAO) constituem principais causas da quebra estrutural no setor agrícola regional. As participações relativas dos fatores na produção agrícola entre os subperíodos antes e depois das mudanças políticas da CEDEAO são diferentes, a área é o mais importante determinante da evolução desta produção. Quanto a produtividade, embora convergentes, os países da região não alocaram prioritariamente os recursos disponíveis para o desenvolvimento agrícola, em particular no setor privado. E, o padrão global das transações agrícolas internacionais desta região é dominantemente definido pelas transações extra-regionais e existem diferenças entre os determinantes intra e extra-regionais. Nas transações globais, os fluxos são maiores entre os países membros da Comunidade Econômica dos Estados da África Ocidental (CEDEAO) e União Econômica e Monetária do Oeste Africano (UEMOA) não afeta significativamente esses fluxos. Ao passo que, no comércio agrícola intra-regional a CEDEAO não impacta significativamente e os fluxos são maiores entre os países membros da UEMOA. A distância geográfica não exerce efeitos significativos no comércio internacional agrícola extra-regional da África Ocidental. / In West Africa, it began since 1940s with fundation of West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA) in 1945, a socioeconomic transformation centered on the redefinition of relations between the countries of the region. Previously restricted to colonial ties, with the creation of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) in 1975 the changes transcended colonial aspects. In these efforts, the agricultural sector was highlighted, which resulted in the compilation and harmonization of the agricultural policies of the countries of the region to form regional policies of the sector - agricultural policies of UEMOA and ECOWAS -. Agricultural production is the basis of development of West African countries, an important determinant of the socioeconomic dynamics of these countries. Thus, the objective in this work is to investigate production structure, performance and international trade of West African agricultural sector. The stochastic frontier was used in the transcendental functional form to estimate the structural parameters of agricultural production. It was sought to detect the pro-agricultural development effort by adapting the Verdoorn Dynamic Law model, with the inclusion of local sources available to finance the improvement of agricultural productivity. Using a unit root test applied to the panel data, the convergence of agricultural productivity among West African countries was analyzed. And, the expanded Structural Gravity Model was used to investigate the region\'s international agricultural trade. The results showed that the transformations of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) are the main causes of the structural break in the regional agricultural sector. The relative participation of factors in agricultural production between the subperiods before and after the ECOWAS political changes are different, the area is the most important determinant of the evolution of this production. In terms of productivity, although convergent, the countries of the region did not allocate the resources available to agricultural development as priority, particularly in the private sector. And, the overall pattern of international agricultural transactions in this region is dominantly defined by extra-regional transactions and there are differences between intra- and extra-regional determinants. In global transactions, flows are higher among member countries of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) does not significantly affect these flows. Whereas, in intra-regional agricultural trade, ECOWAS does not have a significant impact and flows are greater among WAEMU member countries. Geographical distance has no significant effect on West African extra-regional agricultural international trade.

Le continent africain se distingue par le foisonnement des organisations à vocation intégrative. Ces organisations adoptent des actes qui s’imposent aux Etats membres ainsi qu’aux structures communautaires et qui ont vocation à être appliqués aux particuliers. Les juridictions communautaires sont dans ce cadre appelées à jouer un rôle central dans la dynamique d’intégration.Il apparaît cependant que les juridictions communautaires de l’Afrique en général et de l’Afrique de l’ouest et du centre en particulier jouent encore un rôle assez effacé, d’où le piétinement du processus d’intégration. Quels facteurs freinent la pleine efficacité de ces juridictions et quelles améliorations pourraient être apportées afin d’en faire des moteurs de l’intégration régionale ? Pour répondre à ces interrogations nous nous intéressons aussi bien au rapport vertical impliquant juridictions, Etats membres et institutions communautaires qu’au rapport horizontal, c’est-à-dire avec les juridictions nationales d’une part et celles communautaires d’autre part. Une restructuration ainsi qu’une relecture des différentes voies de droit sont ensuite proposées. / The African continent is distinguished by the proliferation of organizations with an integrative vocation. These organizations adopt acts that are binding on the Member States as well as on community structures and which are intended to be applied to individuals. In this context, Community courts are called upon to play a central role in the integration process.It appears, however, that the Community jurisdictions of Africa in general and of West and Central Africa in particular still play a rather unclear role, hence the trampling of the integration process.What factors hinder the full effectiveness of these jurisdictions and what improvements could be made to make them engines of regional integration? To answer these questions we are interested both in the vertical relationship involving jurisdictions, Member States and Community institutions, as well as in the horizontal relationship, that is to say with national courts on the one hand and Community courts on the other. A restructuring as well as a re-reading of the different lines of law are then proposed.

Cette thèse propose une évaluation des effets potentiels de l’Accord de partenariat économique (APE) entre l’Union européenne (UE) et l’Afrique de l’Ouest sur l’agriculture et les ménages sénégalais. En effet, après plus de 12 ans de discussions, la Communauté Économique des États de l’Afrique de l’Ouest (CEDEAO) dans sa majorité a signé l’APE avec l’UE, le volet commercial de l’Accord de Cotonou. L’APE est ainsi devenu le nouveau cadre de coopération économique et commercial entre l’UE et le Sénégal avec l’établissement à terme d’une zone de de libre-échange réciproque entre l’UE et les pays ACP, cependant asymétrique et mettant ainsi fin au régime des conventions de Lomé, qui était basé sur les préférences commerciales non réciproques. Cette étude est basée sur le modèle d’équilibre général calculable (MEGC) uni-pays développé par Bouët et al (2001). Il s’agit à la base d’un modèle statique avec l’hypothèse de concurrence parfaite et non monétaire qui décrit une petite économie ouverte comme le Sénégal. En effet, le Sénégal est un pays en développement importateur net de produits alimentaires et très dépendant du commerce international notamment pour couvrir ses besoins alimentaires. Ce MEGC a été enrichi par l’introduction de l’approche théorique « Dual-Dual » élaborée par Stifel et Thorbecke (2003) pour tenir compte des spécificités de la plupart des économies africaines comme le Sénégal notamment un secteur informel très développé et la migration rural-urbain d’une part et d’autre part parce que la quasi-totalité des MEGC utilisés pour étudier l’économie sénégalaise n’intègre pas ces aspects structurels. De plus, pour bien prendre en compte l’APE dans nos simulations nous avons rajouté deux étages au niveau des exportations et des importations pour bien distinguer les origines/destinations CEDEAO et UE. Le modèle utilisé est calibré sur une matrice de comptabilité sociale (MCS) pour l’année 2006 construite dans le cadre de cette thèse. Pour appréhender les effets sur les ménages, trois enquêtes ménages ont été utilisées pour identifier 78 ménages représentatifs. Pour les données tarifaires, le nouveau tarif extérieur commun de la CEDEAO (TEC CEDEAO) en vigueur depuis le 1er janvier 2015 a été utilisé. Les résultats ont révélé que l’APE est une réforme commerciale qui n’offre pas des perspectives de gains réels pour le Sénégal car elle implique essentiellement une ouverture de l'économie sénégalaise aux seuls produits européens et n'améliore pas l'accès de l'économie sénégalaise aux économies du reste du monde. Sur le plan des analyses de bien-être, l’APE ne permet pas de réduire la pauvreté et les inégalités / This PHD thesis proposes an assessment of the potential effects of the Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) between the European Union (EU) and West Africa on Senegalese agriculture and households. Indeed, after 12 years of negotiations, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) in its majority signed the EPA with the EU, the trade component of the Cotonou Agreement. Thus, the EPA has become the new framework for economic and trade cooperation between the EU and Senegal. The objective to the end is the establishment of a reciprocal free trade area between the EU and ACP countries, however asymmetrical and putting an end to the Lome Agreement, which was based on non-reciprocal trade preferences. This study is based on the Single country computable general equilibrium model (CGE) developed by Bouët et al (2001). It is a static model with the assumption of perfect competition and non-monetary, which describes a small open economy such as Senegal. Indeed, Senegal is a net food-importer developing country and very dependent on international trade specially to cover its food needs. This CGE was enriched by the introduction of the "Dual-Dual" theoretical approach developed by Stifel and Thorbecke (2003) to reflect the specificities of most African economies like Senegal i.e. a large informal sector and migration rural-urban firstly and secondly because almost all the CGE models used to study the Senegalese economy does not incorporate these structural aspects. In addition, to better capture the EPA in our simulations we added two stages in exports and imports modelling to distinguish the origins / destinations ECOWAS and EU. The model is calibrated on a 2006 Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) built as part of this thesis. To understand the effects on households, three household surveys were used to identify 78 representative households. For tariff data, the new ECOWAS Common External Tariff (ECOWAS CET) launched on January 1st 2015 was used. The results revealed that the EPA is a trade reform that offers no real earnings prospects for Senegal because it essentially implies openness of the Senegalese economy only to European products and does not improve the access of Senegalese economy to other economies of the World. In terms of welfare analysis, the EPA did not reduce poverty and inequality.

Au début des années 1990, l’Afrique de l’ouest francophone (AOF) a connu une vague de processus de remise en cause des instances politiques et décisionnelles. En effet, lassées par des décennies de négation de leurs droits fondamentaux, les populations de cette partie du continent africain ont matérialisé leur désir de mettre à bas les régimes dictatoriaux préexistants, ouvrant la voie au plus grand mouvement de démocratisation des instances et de la vie publique qu’ait connu l’Afrique. Profitant de cette occasion inespérée, le droit de l’environnement tel qu’appréhendé alors dans les pays développés, notamment en Europe, a fait son apparition dans la sous-région ouest-africaine, s’introduisant sous sa forme actuelle au plus haut niveau des systèmes juridiques, par sa reconnaissance constitutionnelle.Depuis sa consécration et alors que le débat sur la prise en compte des problématiques environnementales au sein des mécanismes économiques continue de faire rage, il importe de se pencher sur l’apparition et l’évolution de ce droit jeune au sein des Etats d’AOF, sur son appréhension par les destinataires de la norme, en bref, sur son efficacité et son opportunité au sein d’Etats, obnubilés par la course au développement auquel ils aspirent légitimement. Les Etats sur lesquels portent nos recherches font en effet partie des Etats les moins avancés du monde, statut qui ne va pas sans complexifier la tâche aux différents processus de mise en œuvre des règles de protection de l’environnement. / In the early 1990s, several french-speaking West Africa countries (FsWAc) have experienced a wave of process to change legal framework and policy. Indeed, weary by decades of denial of their fundamental rights, the people of this part of Africa have realized their desire to overthrow the dictatorial regimes existing, paving the way for greater democratization movement that Africa has ever known. Taking advantage of this golden opportunity, environmental protection rules, apprehended as they’re in developing countries, particularly in Europe, were introduced in they current form at the highest level of legal systems, by its constitutional recognition. Since its consecration and while the debate on the consideration of environmental issues within economic mechanisms continues to rage, it is important to examine the onset and progression of rules of protection of environment within the FsWAc, on its understanding by the recipients of the standard, in brief, its effectiveness and timeliness within States, obsessed with the race to develop which they legitimately aspire. Indeed, all States on which our researches focuses, are part of the least developed countries of the world, a status that is not without complicating the task at different processes of implementation of the rules of environmental protection .

Dans cette thèse, nous étudions empiriquement les liens de causalité, au sens de Granger, entre le développement financier et la croissance économique dans le cadre de l'UEMOA et de la CEDEAO. La plupart des études dans ce domaine sont réalisées dans les domaine temporel. Ici, nous associons les domaines temporel et fréquentiel par l'utilisation de modèles multivectoriels autorégressifs. Pour ce faire, nous utilisons la méthode de décomposition de Geweke (1982, 1984) améliorée par Chen et al. (2008) afin d'obtenir, en plus des relations causales temporelles et fréquentielles, les causalités instantanées et la dépendance. Cette thèse apporte aussi une contribution théorique en proposant une méthode de calcul des p-values plus adaptée aux échantillons de petite taille. Les applications portent d'abord sur les relations causales entre finance et croissance dans les domaines temporel et spectral. Ensuite, nous examinons l'influence de l'inflation sur ces relations. Enfin, nous étudions les relations causales entre croissance et Investissements Directs Etrangers (IDE) conditionnellement au développement financier et à l'ouverture économique. / The framework of Geweke (1982, 1984) improved by Chen et al. (2008)is used in this thesis to conduct Granger causality between finance and growth in the context of West Africa. We adopt the time - and frequency- approaches to bring out instantaneous causality and dependence by employing vector autoregressive models. In this work, we propose p-values computations more suitable for small sample size. Empirical investigations examine, successively, causal links between finance and growth, the impact of inflation on these links, and the conditional relationships between growth and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) to financial development and economic openness.

Dans le contexte de la mondialisation, le projet d'émission d'une monnaie unique en Afrique de l'Ouest, initié par la CEDEAO en 1999, offre aux petites économies de la sous-région de nouvelles opportunités. Le marché unique accroitrait la taille des marchés domestiques, favoriserait les économies d'échelle, simulerait la profitabilité des investissements et l'accroissement du Produit potentiel des économies. La présente Thèse étudie les implications associées à cette évolution monétaire projetée, dans la perspective des pays de la sous-région qui conduisent actuellement une politique monétaire et de change autonome. Les résultats montrent que les économies de la CEDEAO ne sont pas synchrones, notamment par rapport à leur cycle de croissance. L'analyse des mésalignements établit que la non-participation à une union monétaire ne protège pas contre les déséquilibres de change. Une participation de la Gambie, de la Guinée ou de la Sierra-Leone à l'UEMOA aurait été préférable, entre 1994 et 1999. Mais cet avantage se réduit ou disparaît à partir de 2000. Le bien-être mesuré par la croissance du PIB ou par l'IDH n'est pas affecté par la participation à une zone ou à une union monétaire. Toutefois, une telle participation a un effet vigoureux, positif et significatif sur le bien-être mesuré par la consommation par habitant. Globalement, malgré la faible synchronisation des économies, la participation à l'union monétaire en Afrique de l'Ouest est associée à un niveau de mésalignement équivalent ou plus faible que celui de la non-participation, sauf pour le Ghana et le Nigéria. Mais une telle participation pourrait accroître la consommation par habitant. Le projet de monnaie unique de la CEDEAO est donc pertinent pour les économies de la ZMAO.