O cimento é um produto utilizado na maior parte das obras civis, sendo consumido, portanto, em todo o país. Apesar de ser um produto homogêneo e de seu processo produtivo ser simples, são necessários elevados investimentos iniciais na produção, o que tende a diminuir a quantidade de fabricantes. Os custos de transporte - relativamente altos em comparação aos preços finais do produto - também são mencionados como limitadores da competição nessa indústria. Esse trabalho pretende analisar três aspectos da competição nessa indústria no Brasil: os custos de transação e a probabilidade de arbitragem entre estados; a estrutura competitiva no varejo de construção civil; o impacto da diminuição tarifária no poder de mercado da firma localizada no estado do Amazonas e nos preços na região norte. Os custos de transação para envio de cimento de um estado a outro, ambos localizados na mesma região geográfica, e a probabilidade de arbitragem entre esses estados são estimados simultaneamente por meio de modelos de regressão com mudança (switching regression model). Os resultados mostram que os custos de transação variam de 5% a 27% do preço final do produto, sendo, portanto, altos. As probabilidades de arbitragem estimadas são bastante baixas, indicando que existe algum outro fator, além do custo de transação, a torná-las baixas. Considerando apenas o estado de São Paulo, foi analisada a competição no varejo de material de construção civil. A hipótese de que a estrutura nesse setor é competitiva é assumida por trabalhos que analisaram a competição na indústria do cimento no Brasil (Resende e Zeidan (2009) e Salvo (2007)). Utilizando a conclusão de Delipalla e Donnel (1998), bem como diversos outros autores, que mostraram que o efeito dos impostos depende do tipo de competição, testou-se a hipótese de competição perfeita em contraposição a uma estrutura menos competitiva. Para isso, foi assumida a hipótese de que o ICMS, que antes podia ser caracterizado como ad valorem, passou a ser um imposto específico. Os resultados apontaram para a correção da hipótese de competição perfeita. Tendo em vista extensa literatura que analisa os efeitos da abertura comercial sobre a competição e trabalhos anteriores que analisam o poder de mercado da indústria cimenteira brasileira, foram estimados os efeitos da diminuição da alíquota tarifária ocorrida em 2006 sobre os preços do produto comercializado no Amazonas e em Roraima e sobre o poder de mercado da firma instalada no Amazonas. A verificação do efeito da medida nos preços foi feita por meio da utilização de estimações com grupos tratados e grupos de controle. A estimação do impacto da redução tarifária no poder de mercado da firma foi feita com base na hipótese de que o produtor nacional e o externo atuam como competidores em um oligopólio de Cournot. Os resultados indicaram a ausência de efeitos da diminuição tributária. Com base nos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que os produtores nacionais enfrentam pouca competição. Há pouca competição interestadual e, também, de produtores estrangeiros. Mesmo a redução da alíquota do imposto de importação, foi pouco efetiva em relação à diminuição do poder de mercado do produtor localizado no Amazonas. Mais trabalhos devem ser feitos para se verificar porque a competição regionalmente e, mesmo com competidores externos, é tão restrita. / Despite being a homogenous product, whose productive process is very simple, huge initial investments in cement production are necessary. Transportation costs, which are relatively high in comparison to retail price, are also a factor that limits competition in this industry. This thesis aims to analyze some aspects of competition in the Brazilian cement industry. Firstly, transaction costs related to sending cement from a state to another located in the same region and arbitrage probability associated to these transaction costs are estimated. Then, the hypothesis of a competitive building material retail market is tested against the alternative hypothesis of a non-competitive equilibrium. Finally, the impact of tariff reduction on prices in the North region and on the market power of the firm located in Amazonas state is estimated. Transaction costs were estimated together with the arbitrage probability by means of switching regression models. Results show that transaction costs range between 5% to 27% of retail prices. Estimated arbitrage probabilities are very low, pointing to the existence of other factors, besides transaction costs, that make them so low. The hypothesis of a competitive structure in the retail market of building materials is assumed by authors that studied competition in the Brazilian cement industry (Resende and Zeidan (2009) and Salvo (2007)). Relying on the conclusion of Delipalla and Donnel (1998) and others, who show that the effects of taxes depend on the competition structure, the hypothesis of perfect competition against one of a less competitive structure was tested. Results show that perfect competition hypothesis is accepted. Regarding the literature that analyzes the effects of commercial liberalization on competition and former works that analyze market power in Brazilian cement industry, the effects of a reduction in tariffs occurred in 2006 on cement prices and on its producers\' market power were estimated. The estimation of the effects on prices was made by the comparison of a treated group and a control one. The estimation of the impact on cement producers\' market power was made by assuming the hypothesis that competition in the sector can be characterized as a Cournot duopoly. Results show that the reduction had no effects. In conclusion, competition in this industry in Brazil seems to be reduced. Producers face little competition from producers located in different states and from foreign competitors. Even the reduction of tariffs was not effective in reducing the market power of the producer located in Amazonas state.

Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar as formas de organização da produção em São Paulo (Brasil) e Flórida (EUA) e as decisões de terceirização na produção e investimentos externos na citricultura em São Paulo - suas possibilidades, potencialidades e limitações. Para a fundamentação empírica-teórica, são estudados modelos e relações contratuais existentes na citricultura dos dois países. Entrevistas e levantamentos de dados primários são efetuados, buscando informações qualitativas com agentes econômicos de instituições privadas e públicas ligadas ao setor cítrico paulista, via pesquisa direta (não simulada) por meio de entrevistas em profundidade. Incorporam-se ainda entrevistas realizadas nos EUA, e extensões recentes para o setor cítrico da Flórida. Conclui-se que as modalidades de produção cítrica das duas regiões têm similaridades e diferenças em função das relações contratuais, dos tipos de agentes econômicos envolvidos, das culturas organizacionais regionais e das características próprias da citricultura de cada região, e, que a terceirização do setor pode ser uma direção futura abrindo outros cenários na organização e relações negociais na citricultura. / The objective of this study is to analyze the organizational forms of citrus production in the Sao Paulo (Brazil) and Florida (USA) and the production outsourcing decisions and external investments in the Sao Paulo citriculture (i.e., its possibilities, potentials and limitations). For the theoretical and empirical analysis, models and contractual production relations in the two countries have been studied. Interviews have been made and primary sources data have been collected, obtaining qualitative data from economic agents related to public and private institutions of the Sao Paulo citrus industry, via direct research method (non simulated) through in-depth interviews. Interviews on US citriculture contract tools and recent extension services on the Florida citrus industry have also been included. A conclusion of this study is that the kinds of business of both regions have differences and similarities with respect contractual relations, strategic and organizational management, types of economic agents involved, and the peculiar characteristics of each citrus production region. Another finding of this study is that outsourcing might be one of the future ways of opening other scenarios in the organization and negotiation relations of the citriculture.

Com o objetivo de analisar a formação de associações de compras por pequenos supermercados, buscou-se, primeiramente, estudar a organização do setor supermercadista em que as redes se inserem, utilizando o instrumental da teoria da Organização Industrial (OI). Desta parte, pode-se destacar que o setor: (i) possui baixas barreiras à entrada, (ii) a entrada pode ocorrer de forma "tempestiva", ou seja, em menos de dois anos, (iii) existem consideráveis economias de escala, (iv) o principal fator na escolha do consumidor é o preço médio de uma cesta de produtos e (v) possui um número grande de empresas atuando, porém a renda bruta concentra-se entre grandes empresas (C8=43,7%). O setor, durante a década de 90, sofreu um processo de internacionalização do capital entre as grandes firmas e, principalmente na segunda metade da década, investiu em tecnologia, melhoria da eficiência operacional e novos mercado, deixando de atuar regionalmente para uma ação em nível nacional. Essas características, juntamente com as mudanças no setor, refletiram diretamente no desempenho e conduta das pequenas e médias firmas do setor que se encontravam sob a área de influência das grandes redes e buscaram formas de adaptarem-se a nova realidade. Entre outras estratégias, destaca-se a formação de associações de compras. Estas associações foram estudadas sob duas óticas, a Economia dos Custos de Transação e a Ação Coletiva, visando responder "como" e "porquê" a formação das associações de redes independentes é uma estratégia para melhorar a competitividade das redes independentes. A primeira ótica busca captar as vantagens econômicas com essa organização e a segunda, os objetivos e as adversidades intrínsecas dessas organizações. Para essa análise foram escolhidas duas associações, uma com sede em Piracicaba e outra, em Limeira. Entre os benefícios observados, destacam-se algumas vantagens das grandes redes, como aumento do poder de barganha e redução nos custos de negociação e de propaganda, além de possibilitar a melhora da administração das lojas pelas trocas de experiências que ocorrem durante as reuniões nas associações, como apontado por uma das associações. As adversidades compreendem principalmente as discordâncias dentro do grupo e problemas tributários que inviabilizaram as compras conjuntas nas associações estudadas. / The main purpose of this work is to examine the establishment of purchase cooperative of small supermarkets. Therefore, first, the organization of the supermarket sector was studied, using the tools of the Industrial Organization (IO) theory. On this hand, it is possible to emphasize that the sector: (i) shows low entry barriers, (ii) the entry can spread over short period of time, less than two years, (iii) there are considerable scale economies, (iv) the main feature of choice by the client is the mean basket's price of products, and (v) there are a great number of active enterprises but the gross income concentrates in the great enterprises (C8= 43.7%). In the nineties, the biggest firms of the sector went through a process of internationalization of capital and, especially in the second half of the decade, investment in technology, improvement of operational efficiency and search of new markets, abandoning the regional level of action in favor of the national level. These characteristics, together with changes at grocery retailing, reflected directly in the outcome and behavior of the small and medium sized firms, which were under the area of influence of the great chains. Hence, they searched for ways to adapt to the new reality. Among different strategies, the establishment of purchase association is outstanding. Then, such associations were studied under two points of view, Economy of Transaction Costs and Collective Action, in an effort to answering "how" and "why" the constitution of associations of independent chains is a strategy to improve efficiency of independent chains. The first approach aims at to capture the economic advantages under such organization and the second the aims and adversities intrinsic to such organizations. For this analysis two associations were chosen, one located in Piracicaba and the other in Limeira. Among the benefits observed, there is increase in bargaining power and decrease of negotiation and propaganda costs, besides allowed improvement in the administration through the exchange of experiences during the meetings of the associations, as one of them pointed out. The adversities, on the other hand, comprise mainly the disagreements within the group and tributary problems which disadvantages the common purchases of the studied associations

在實踐中，越來越多製造企業採用外包物流给专业的第三方物流供应商的方式來降低物流成本。然而，在學術研究領域，大部分現有的物流外包研究主要以描述性和規範性的研究為主，缺乏解釋性或預測性的研究。本文嘗試整合交易成本經濟學、基於資源觀和制度理論，來驗證和解釋物流外包的驅動因素及績效影響。本研究從大陸及香港的200家上市母公司中收取了250家的子公司作為研究樣本，並採用了結構方程模型、層次回歸、路徑分析的統計方法來檢驗相關的理論假設， 研究的結果表明： / 在研究一中，本研究結果發現內部生產資源和能力，例如物流基礎設施、物流資訊系統、內部物流技術，沒有直接影響物流外包。但是，介面性質的資源或能力，例如管理第三方物流供應商的能力和其他職能系統的使用，與物流外包的水準呈正相關。最後，研究還表明內部生產資源和能力通過介面性質的能力，例如管理第三方物流供應商的能力，影響著外包。 / 在研究二中，本研究發現，基於頻率和特質的模仿壓力正向地影響物流外包，基於結果的模仿壓力對物流外包沒有顯著的影響。當製造商對他們內部物流需求不確定，基於頻率的模仿壓力對物流外包的影響將會降低。同時，過高的外部市場不確定性將增加基於結果的模仿壓力對外包物流採用的影響。 / 在研究三，本研究將物流活動分類為基於資產的物流活動和基於非資產的物流活動，然後建立物流外包-運營績效-財務績效的實證模型。實證結果表明基於資產的物流活動外包顯著影響著交付績效和財務績效，但是不影響成本和柔性績效。然而，基於非資產物流活動外包直接顯著影響著成本和柔性績效，但不影響交付績效和財務績效。總而言之，基於資產的物流活動外包直接影響財務績效，但有限影響著運營績效，而基於非資產的物流活動外包通過運營績效來影響財務績效。 / 本文對物流外包和運營管理領域有如下貢獻。首先，本文提出及驗證了資源-能力-外包的理論模型，拓展了傳統資源觀的應用。其次，本研究通過驗證宏觀制度壓力對內部物流運作的影響將制度理論擴展到物流和運營管理領域。最後，本研究通過對基於資產及非資產物流業務外包影響的研究，對運營及財務績效的提升提供了新的啟示。 / An increasing number of manufacturers outsource their inbound and outbound logistics activities to Third-Party-Logistics (3PL) providers to reduce logistics cost. Most previous studies on logistics outsourcing are descriptive and prescriptive in nature, and thus devoid of explanatory or predictive orientation. This dissertation will investigate and explore the antecedents and consequents of logistics outsourcing by integrating transaction cost economics, resource-based view, and institutional theory. Several key hypotheses are tested using structural equation modeling (SEM), hierarchical multiple regression (HMR) and path analysis (PA) based on data collected from 250 subsidiaries of 200 publicly listed manufacturing companies in Mainland China and HK. / In study 1, the results show that internal production resources and capabilities, such as, logistics infrastructure, logistics information systems, internal logistics skill, do not exert a direct influence on logistics outsourcing. Interface resources or capabilities, however, such as 3PL management capabilities and the usage of other functional systems, are positively associated with the degree of logistics outsourcing. At last, the findings also indicate that internal production resources and capabilities influence outsourcing through interface capability, such as 3PL management capability. / In Study 2, this research reveals that frequency-based and trait-based imitative pressures are related with degree of logistics outsourcing, while outcome-based imitative pressures are not. The influence of frequency-based imitative pressure on logistics outsourcing will be decreased when manufacturers are more uncertain about their internal logistics requirements and demand. On the other hand, high external market uncertainty will increase the effect of outcome-based imitative pressure on logistics outsourcing. / In Study 3, the research classifies logistics activities into asset-based logistics activities and non-asset logistics activities and then builds outsourcing-operational performance-financial performance model. Empirical results show that asset-based logistics outsourcing significantly impacts both delivery performance and financial performance, but not cost and flexibility performance. However, non-asset-based logistics outsourcing significantly influences both cost performance and flexibility performance directly, but not delivery and financial performance. In summary, asset-based logistics outsourcing effects financial performance directly, but slightly influences operational performance, while non-asset-based logistics outsourcing influences financial performance mainly through operational performance. / This dissertation makes several contributions to logistics outsourcing & operations management. First, this dissertation proposes and empirically tests a model of resource-capability-outsourcing and thus extends the traditional resource-based view model. Second, this dissertation extends institutional theory into logistics and operations management area by linking macro-institutional pressures to internal logistics operations. Third, this study provides insights on the effects of logistics outsourcing on operational and financial performance by examining the effects of asset-based and non-asset based logistics outsourcing. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Zhuang, Bochao. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 117-137). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese; appendix 5 in Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.I / ABSTRACT (CHINESE) --- p.III / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.V / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.IX / LIST OF TABLES --- p.X / LIST OF APPENDICES --- p.XI / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Research Motivation --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Research Objectives --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- Research Methods and Framework of this Dissertation --- p.3 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Theoretical Background --- p.5 / Chapter 2.1 --- Transaction Cost Economics and Outsourcing --- p.5 / Chapter 2.2 --- Resource-based View and Outsourcing --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- RBV and New Streams in RBV --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Resources& Capabilities Classification & Empirical Model in RBV --- p.11 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Conceptual Work Linking RBV with Outsourcing --- p.13 / Chapter 2.3 --- Institutional Theory and Outsourcing --- p.14 / Chapter 2.4 --- Multi-Theoretical Frameworks from TCE, RBV and IT --- p.16 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- The Effects of Organizational Resources and Capabilities on Logistics Outsourcing --- p.21 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.21 / Chapter 3.2 --- Theoretical Background and Hypotheses --- p.22 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Infrastructure and Outsourcing --- p.22 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Capabilities and Outsourcing --- p.24 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Infrastructure-Capabilities-Outsourcing --- p.25 / Chapter 3.3 --- Research Methodology --- p.28 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Questionnaire Design and Measures --- p.28 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Sampling and Data Collection --- p.30 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Measurement Quality --- p.33 / Chapter 3.4 --- Hypotheses Tests and Results --- p.35 / Chapter 3.5 --- Discussion --- p.37 / Chapter 3.6 --- Conclusion and Limitations --- p.42 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- The Effects of Imitation and Uncertainty on Logistics Outsourcing --- p.44 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.44 / Chapter 4.2 --- Theoretical Background and Hypotheses --- p.44 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Imitative Pressures and Outsourcing --- p.45 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Uncertainty, Imitative Pressure and Outsourcing --- p.50 / Chapter 4.3 --- Research Methodology --- p.54 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Questionnaire Design and Measures --- p.54 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Sampling and Data Collection --- p.56 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Measurement Quality --- p.56 / Chapter 4.4 --- Hypotheses Tests and Results --- p.59 / Chapter 4.5 --- Discussion --- p.61 / Chapter 4.6 --- Conclusion and Limitations --- p.69 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- The Effect of Logistics Outsourcing on Operational and Financial Performance --- p.71 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.71 / Chapter 5.2 --- Theoretical Background and Hypotheses --- p.72 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Literature Review on Outsourcing-Performance --- p.72 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Outsourcing Types and Operational Performance --- p.74 / Chapter 5.3 --- Research Methodology --- p.79 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Questionnaire Design and Measures --- p.79 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Sampling and Data Collection --- p.81 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Measurement Quality --- p.81 / Chapter 5.4 --- Hypotheses Tests and Results --- p.84 / Chapter 5.5 --- Discussion --- p.85 / Chapter 5.6 --- Conclusion and Limitations --- p.91 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Overall Conclusions and Future Research --- p.93 / APPENDICES --- p.96 / References --- p.117

The increasing concern with environmental damage and climate change has highlighted the importance of environmental innovations (EI) as an alternative to current technological standards. This thesis aims to contribute to the analysis of the determinants of environmental innovation and also to the identification of the effects of the adoption of environmental innovations on labor demand and performance of Brazilian manufacturing firms. Based on panel data between 1998 and 2008, the results obtained in Chapter 2 corroborate international evidence on the determinants of environmental innovation adoption. The environmental inducement hypothesis is verified, indicating that environmental regulation has an important role to influence the Brazilian firms in order to adopt both technical and organizational environmental innovations. Specifically related to developing countries innovative processes, our results confirm that foreign owned firms are significantly more likely to adopt \"green\" innovation, usually through capital embodied technology transfer and licensing agreements. The size of the firm and physical capital intensity are also important determinants of environmental innovation in Brazilian manufacturing firms. In Chapter 3 we use a translog cost function approach and we analyze the impact of environmental innovations on employment shares and wage bill shares in Brazilian manufacturing industries. The results obtained indicate that environmental technologies are unskilled biased, favoring blue-collar positions and wages, relative to white-collar ones. The \"green-collar\" jobs deriving from the green technologies adopted are in many situations (especially in low and medium technological intensive industrial sectors) filled by blue-collar workers, trained with green skills and thus capable of dealing with environmental preservation challenges. On the other hand, organizational environmental innovations registered a negative impact in blue-collar employment and wage bill shares, reinforcing the skill biased organizational change hypothesis, as the white-collar workforce is better prepared to deal with increased uncertainty, multi-tasking activities and increased responsibility. Concerning the effects of environmental innovation adoption on performance, Chapter 4 modeling strategy is based on a translog production function, due to its flexibility to represent different production structures, especially in the case of more than two factor inputs. The results indicate that both technical EI and organizational EI have positive impact on Brazilian manufacturing firms\' value added. We analyze four different types of technical EI in order to consider different characteristics of each type of EI, including those that reduce resources consumption and those that reduce environmental negative externalities, traditionally understood as additional compliance costs. All the different types of EI tested registered positive correlation with value added change. Pollution abatement investment was also tested and indicated positive effects on value added, even if to a lesser extent. / A crescente preocupação com a degradação ambiental e variações climáticas trouxe à tona a importância de inovações ambientais (IA) como uma alternativa ao padrão tecnológico atual. Esta tese tem como objetivo contribuir para a análise dos determinantes da inovação ambiental e também para a identificação dos seus efeitos sobre a demanda por mão de obra e sobre o valor adicionado das indústrias de transformação brasileiras. Utilizando dados de painel entre 1998 e 2008, os resultados obtidos no capítulo 2 corroboram a evidência internacional sobre os determinantes da adoção de inovações ambientais. A hipótese de viés ambiental é verificada, o que indica que a regulação ambiental apresenta um papel importante para influenciar as firmas brasileiras a adotar tanto inovações ambientais tecnológicas quanto organizacionais. Em relação especificamente ao processo inovativo em países em desenvolvimento, nossos resultados confirmam que empresas de capital estrangeiro têm maior probabilidade de adotar inovações \"verdes\", geralmente através de transferência tecnológica e acordos de licenciamento. O tamanho da firma e a intensidade de capital físico também são importantes determinantes da inovação ambiental nas indústrias de transformação brasileiras. No capítulo 3 utilizamos uma abordagem baseada na função de custo translog e analisamos o impacto de inovações ambientais na participação de emprego e massa salarial nas indústrias brasileiras de manufatura. Os resultados obtidos indicam que as tecnologias ambientais são enviesadas para o trabalho não qualificado, favorecendo o emprego e salários de mão de obra menos qualificada (ou diretamente ligada à produção) em detrimento da mão de obra mais qualificada (ou não diretamente ligada à produção). Os empregos \"verdes\" derivados da adoção de tecnologias ambientais são, em muitos casos (especialmente nos setores de baixa ou média intensidade tecnológica), ocupados por trabalhadores de baixa qualificação treinados com habilidades \"verdes\" e, portanto, capacitados para lidar com os desafios da preservação do meio ambiente. Por outro lado, as inovações ambientais organizacionais registraram um impacto negativo na contratação e nos salários de mão de obra de baixa qualificação, reforçando a hipótese de mudança tecnológica enviesada para a qualificação, uma vez que a mão de obra qualificada é mais bem preparada para lidar com o aumento da incerteza, atividade multitarefas e aumento de responsabilidade. Em relação aos efeitos da adoção de inovações ambientais no valor adicionado da empresa, no capítulo 4 adotamos como estratégia de modelagem uma função de produção translog, devido à sua flexibilidade para representar diferentes estruturas produtivas, especialmente no caso de mais de dois fatores de produção. Os resultados indicam que tanto as IA tecnológicas quanto as organizacionais apresentam impacto positivo sobre o valor adicionado das firmas brasileiras. Nós analisamos quatro tipos diferentes de IA tecnológicas com o intuito de considerar as diferentes características de cada tipo de IA, incluindo aquelas que reduzem o consumo de recursos e aquelas que reduzem as externalidades negativas sobre o meio ambiente, tradicionalmente entendidas como custos adicionais de conformidade à regulação ambiental vigente. Todos os diferentes tipos de IA testados registraram correlação positiva com variações no valor adicionado. Investimento em redução de poluição também foi testado e indicou efeito positive sobre o valor adicionado, ainda que em menor intensidade.

Nós comparamos o leilão aberto e o leilão selado utilizados para compras públicas na Bolsa Eletrônica de Compras (BEC) do Estado de São Paulo usando dados das transações de açúcar refinado entre 2008 e 2011. O leilão selado gera uma economia para o Estado de aproximadamente 3% em relação ao leilão aberto. Sob a ótica do paradigma de valores privados independentes, nós adotamos um modelo com licitantes assimétricos e aversão ao risco. Ao recuperar a propensão a pagar dos participantes com econometria estrutural, descobrimos que estas hipóteses se encaixam razoavelmente bem aos leilões, ainda que não possamos descartar conluio ou comportamentos gerados por leilões online / We compared the open and the sealed bid auctions used for procurement transaction at the electronic platform Bolsa Eletrônica de Compras (BEC) of São Paulo state using data from refined sugar purchases between 2008 and 2011. The sealed bid generates lower prices in about 3% compared to the open auction. Under the independent private values paradigm, we adopted asymmetric bidders and risk aversion. We recover with structural econometrics the cumulative distribution functions of cost of potential bidders and we found evidence we can fit reasonably well our data, although we cannot reject collusion or behaviors generated by online auctions.

Este trabalho analisa a magnitude dos custos de mudança no mercado de prestação de serviços do setor bancário brasileiro. Custos de mudança, ou switching costs, são custos percebidos pelos agentes econômicos quando eles trocam seus fornecedores. São a principal causa de lock-in (captura) dos clientes, podendo conferir certo grau de poder de mercado às firmas, com implicações importantes para a competitividade do mercado. A forte associação com a assimetria de informação sugere a relevância dos custos de mudança particularmente para o setor bancário. As estimativas obtidas neste trabalho, utilizando-se as informações contábeis dos bancos entre 2009 e 2011, sugerem que os custos de mudança são relevantes no mercado de depósitos. As evidências sugerem ainda que estes custos tendem a ser menores para os clientes dos bancos maiores, para as duas metodologias testadas. Também há indicação de que é significativa a parcela da participação de mercado de um banco que se deve à continuidade do relacionamento entre o banco e o cliente ao longo dos trimestres (efeito lock-in). / This study examines the switching costs\' empirical importance for the Brazilian banking services industry. Switching costs are costs economic agents sustain when they change suppliers. These are the leading cause for customer lock-in, in that they may grant the institutions some level of market power, thus carrying major implications for market competitiveness. The strong link with information asymmetry suggests how relevant switching costs are, especially for the banking industry. The estimates obtained in this study--by using the banks\' accounting information collected from 2009 to 2011--indicate there are substantial switching costs in the deposit market. The evidence, under both tested methodologies, also suggests that these costs tend to be lower for customers of larger banks. Additionally, there is indication that much of a bank\'s market share is due to its continued relationships with customers over the quarters (lock-in effect).

by Lui Wing-Wa. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 104-114). / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iii / LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS --- p.v / LIST OF TABLES --- p.vi / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.vii / Chapter CHAPTER I --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter CHAPTER II --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.7 / Why Strategic Group Formed? --- p.8 / Strategic Group - Theoretical and Empirical --- p.11 / Level of Analysis --- p.13 / Industrial Organization --- p.14 / Dynamic Strategic Group --- p.19 / Cognitive Perspective of Strategic Group --- p.21 / Resource-Based Approach --- p.22 / Technological Paradigm --- p.24 / Summary --- p.25 / Chapter CHAPTER III --- THEORY AND HYPOTHESES --- p.31 / Competitor Analysis and Inter-firm Rivalry --- p.33 / "Strategic Groups, Competitor Analysis and Inter-firm Rivalry" --- p.37 / Strategic Group and Firm Performance --- p.39 / Chapter CHAPTER IV --- METHODOLOGY --- p.45 / Sample --- p.45 / Measures --- p.46 / Independent Variables --- p.46 / Dependent Variables --- p.50 / Analytical Strategies --- p.52 / Chapter CHAPTER V --- RESULTS --- p.55 / Results Ordinary Least Square (OLS) Analysis --- p.55 / Results of Moderating Multiple Regression (MMR) Analysis --- p.57 / Chapter CHAPTER VI --- FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION --- p.65 / Market Commonality and Resource Similarity Mapping in Japanese Automobile Manufacturing Industry --- p.65 / "Market Commonality, Resource Similarity and Performance" --- p.76 / Chapter CHAPTER VII --- CONCLUSION --- p.81 / APPENDIX 1 --- p.86 / APPENDIX 2 --- p.89 / APPENDIX 3 --- p.94 / APPENDIX 4 --- p.96 / APPENDIX 5 --- p.98 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.104

L’inadaptation des organisations hiérarchiques à l’émergence de la virtualité s’exprime à travers les exigences suivantes : les dirigeants modernes doivent composer entre « organisations dures » et « organisations molles », entre science quantitative et qualitative, entre flexibilité et productivité maximale, entre performance de l'entreprise et qualité de la vie au travail, entre qualité des produits et désir des clients. Nous appuyant sur l’abductivité de notre propre expérience, c'est-à-dire en faisant des allers-retours entre les cadres théoriques et les observations de terrain, cette recherche tend à montrer que la firme virtuelle est l’une des réponses organisationnelles apportée à l’adaptation au nouveau contexte économique.Face aux incertitudes entourant le concept d’entreprise virtuelle et surtout à la multiplicité des références utilisées en la matière, il nous a semblé nécessaire de le clarifier, ce qui nous a conduit à élaborer un cadre théorique spécifique faisant la synthèse des aspects divers de la littérature sur l’entreprise virtuelle, puis à nous interroger sur la disparition de l’entrepreneur pour enfin envisager l’avenir de ce type d’organisation comme business model. Ainsi, dans ce nouvel environnement, un nouveau type d'entreprise est née : mince, flexible, dont l'objectif est de limiter son activité interne à ses seules compétences stratégiques et d'externaliser toutes les autres fonctions en les confiant à des fournisseurs, des sous-traitants, ou des partenaires extérieurs. Ainsi l'entreprise se concentre sur ce qu'elle sait le mieux faire et peut croître rapidement ou lancer régulièrement de nouveaux produits avec moins de capitaux et des structures de management plus réduites. / The inadequacy of hierarchical organizations to the emergence of virtuality is expressed through the following requirements: modern leaders must compromise between « hard organizations » and « soft organizations », quantitative and qualitative sciences, flexibility and maximum productivity, company performance and quality of work life, product quality and customer’s desires. Building on the abductivity of our own experience, that is to say by going back and forth between theoretical frameworks and field observations, this research suggests that the virtual firm is one of the organizational responses adapted to the new economic environment. Facing the uncertainties surrounding the concept of virtual enterprise, and especially the multiplicity of references used, it seemed necessary to clarify it, which led us to develop a specific theoretical framework summarizing the various aspects of literature on the virtual enterprise, and to wonder about the disappearance of the head-manager to finally consider the future of this type of organization as a business model. Thus, in this new environment, a new type of company is born: thin, flexible, which aims to limit its internal activity to its own strategic competencies and outsource all other functions by entrusting them to suppliers, subcontractors or external partners. Thus, the company focuses on what it knows better and can grow quickly or regularly launch new products with less capital and smaller management structures.

No Brasil, as liberalizações econômicas vivenciadas na última década do século XX abriram as portas de seus mercados de energia à competição e os colocaram sob tutela do Sistema Brasileiro de Defesa da Concorrência (SBDC). Com a Indústria Sucroalcooleira Brasileira (ISB) não foi diferente, e, após vinte anos de intensa regulamentação (sob a figura do Proálcool), este setor passou a estar exposto aos incentivos de mercados competitivos, entrando em uma rota de maturação marcada por diversas fusões e aquisições. O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar as principais implicações em política antitruste de tal abertura e determinar o procedimento que deve ser adotado para a definição de Mercados Relevantes na ISB. Para isso, primeiro faz-se uma análise sob a ótica da Organização Industrial de sua cadeia industrial, com ênfase para os aspectos estratégicos que estão por trás das diversas fusões ocorridas no setor. Em seguida, analisa-se o efeito dinâmico que a introdução dos veículos flexfuel possui sobre o mercado de combustíveis líquidos, mostrando-se como um verdadeiro choque tecnológico. Por último, é adotada a metodologia sugerida pelo Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Econômica (CADE) e Federal Trade Comission (FTC) para a definição de Mercados Relevantes em casos de fusões horizontais, abordando o tema Consistência Temporal, importante fator a ser considerado dada a rápida expansão da participação de veículos flexfuel dentro da frota nacional de veículos leves. Com isso, espera-se contribuir para um procedimento que deve ser cada vez mais adotado pela autoridade antitruste brasileira e abordando um tema, Consistência Temporal, que pode aparecer em outros setores expostos a choques tecnológicos. / The process of economic liberalization undergone by Brazil in the last decade of the twentieth century had a significant impact on the functioning of energy markets, which became open to competition under the surveillance of the Brazilian System of Competition Policy (SBDC). The Brazilian Ethanol and Sugar Industry (ISB) did not constitute an exception to this. Thus, after twenty years of intense regulation by Proálcool, this sector started being exposed to the incentive schemes characterizing competitive markets, and entered a maturation route marked by several mergers and acquisitions. On the other hand, technological advancements also affected the recent history of ISB. In particular, the introduction of flexfuel vehicles constituted an important technological shock. The peculiar experience of the ISB provides interesting implications from an Industrial Organization perspective. In particular, considering the above-mentioned technological shock, something can be learnt as regards the importance of time consistency in defining Relevant Markets in sectors exposed to technological shocks. These aspects constitute the main focus of the present study, which is organized as follows. Firstly, the ISBs industrial chain and recent history will be appraised, under the perspective of Industrial Organization, with emphasis on the strategic aspects underlying the mergers that have occurred. Then, the technological shock and its dynamic effects on the liquid fuels market will be assessed. Finally, the methodology suggested by the Administrative Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Econômica (CADE) and Federal Trade Commission (FTC) for the definition of Relevant Markets in cases of horizontal mergers will be considered. The conclusion will be reached that, in sectors exposed to technological shocks such as the ISB time consistency issues should represent a major concern in relevant market definition.