Although there has been a rise in the use of recycled materials in highway and geotechnical systems, many tons of potentially useful industrial and domestic by-products are still being discarded in the United States each year. While extensive research has been conducted to investigate the use of recycled materials in engineering applications, the dissemination of the findings is often limited. The problem is compounded by the lack of a single resource containing relevant engineering and environmental characteristics of each material; the tendency of the researchers to publish their findings in technical reports rather than archived publications; and the wide discrepancies among local and state environmental regulations and acceptability. A relational database is proposed as a method to improve implementation of recycled material research. A comprehensive review is conducted on data available for a wide variety of recycled materials and their usage in highway and geotechnical applications. Mechanical and environmental data and information from case histories are organized into approximately 10 tables in a relational database management system. More than 30 parameters, including engineering properties, availability and cost, are recorded for 23 materials in a highly-organized compendium. Through a simple user interface, a vast amount of data can be sorted to implement a recycled material program based on historic and current data. The DBMS is updatable and the design is amendable to account for future expansion.

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2017-01-30T12:24:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 605461 bytes, checksum: e147ffe79147860c37a2b571b23b9cbc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-30T12:24:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 605461 bytes, checksum: e147ffe79147860c37a2b571b23b9cbc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) is a tropical, popular and well accepted fruit, due its nutritional characteristics and sensory attributes. The processing of the cashew pseudo-fruit (also called peduncle) generates the main byproduct which represent up to 20% of the total weight of the pseudo-fruit. In the last years, studies verifying the prebiotic potential of the byproducts from the processing of the cashew peduncle are scarce or nonexistent. In this context, the present study aimed to evaluate in vitro the prebiotic effects of a lyophilized powder obtained from the byproduct of the cashew peduncle (named CAP) against different probiotic strains of Lactobacillus, such as: L. acidophillus LA-05, L. casei L-26 and L. paracasei L-10. The growth and viable cell numbers of the Lactobacillus strains were monitored in Mann, Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) broth containing CAP (20 g/L), glucose (20 g/L) and fructooligosaccharides – FOS (20 g/L), during 48 h. Some parameters related to the metabolic activity of the probiotic strains, cultivated in these different culture media, were evaluated, such as pH, production of organic acids and consumption of sugars. Similar viable cell count for each tested Lactobacillus strain in the different culture media were observed, count reached 8.5 - 9.0 log CFU/mL and pH values at approximately 4.0 after 48 h of cultivation. The growth of these Lactobacillus strains in MRS broth containing glucose, FOS or CAP resulted in a decrease of pH, production of organic acids (acetic, citric, malic, formic and lactic) and consumption of sugars (glucose, fructose and maltose) during the incubation time, indicating an intense bacterial metabolic activity. Overall, the tested Lactobacillus strains showed similar capability to ferment the FOS and the CAP, although some differences related to the production of organic acids and consumption of sugars were detected. The results showed that the CAP possesses a prebiotic potential effect toward Lactobacillus strains. These findings may stimulate the agro-industrial sector to valorize the byproducts from the cashew pseudo-fruit processing as an added-value ingredient to the food industry. / O caju (Anacardium occidentale L.) é uma fruta tropical, amplamente difundida e valorizada, tanto por suas características nutricionais quanto pelos seus atributos sensoriais. O principal subproduto gerado do caju decorre do processamento do seu pedúnculo (pseudofruto), representando até 20% do peso total do pseudofruto. Com base nesse contexto, esse estudo teve por objetivo avaliar in vitro os efeitos prebióticos de um pó liofilizado obtido a partir do subproduto do pedúnculo do caju (denominado CAP) frente a diferentes cepas probióticas de Lactobacillus, a citar: L. acidophillus LA-05, L. casei L-26 e L. paracasei L-10. O crescimento e o número de células viáveis das cepas de Lactobacillus foram monitorados em caldo de Mann, Rogosa e Sharpe (MRS), contendo o CAP (20 g/L), glicose (20 g/L) e frutooligossacarídeos - FOS (20 g/L), durante um período de 48 h. Também foram avaliados alguns parâmetros relacionados à atividade metabólica das cepas probióticas ensaiadas quando cultivadas nos diferentes meios de cultura, como os valores de pH, produção de ácidos orgânicos e o consumo de açúcares. Para cada cepa de Lactobacillus ensaiada, foram observadas contagem similares de células viáveis nos diferentes meios de cultivo, sendo alcançadas contagens entre 8.5 – 9.0 log UFC/mL e valores de pH em torno de 4.0, ao final do cultivo de 48 h. O cultivo de todas as cepas de lactobacilos em MRS contendo glicose, FOS ou CAP resultou em decréscimos de pH, produção de ácidos orgânicos (acético, cítrico, málico, fórmico e lático) e consumo de açúcares (glicose, frutose e maltose) ao longo do tempo de incubação avaliado, indicando intensa atividade metabólica bacteriana. Em geral, todas as cepas de lactobacilos testadas apresentaram capacidade semelhante para fermentar FOS e CAP, embora algumas diferenças quantitativas relacionadas com a produção de ácidos orgânicos e consumo de açúcares tenham sido detectadas. Os resultados deste estudo mostraram que o CAP possui potencial prebiótico frente a cepas de Lactobacillus. Estes resultados podem estimular o setor agro-industrial para valorizar os subprodutos do processamento do pendúnculo do caju como um ingrediente com valor agregado para a indústria de alimentos.

[Truncated abstract] Standard AOAC methods of chemical analysis have been used to characterize and evaluate the industrial byproducts; partly burnt chicken litter ash (CLA), totally burnt chicken litter ash (CLAT), wood ash (WA) and iron smelting slag for use as a combined liming agent and phosphate fertilizer. Rock phosphate has this function and was included for comparison purposes. All the byproducts had pH values above 9 and a liming capacity above 90% of pure lime, as a result, these materials will be effective as liming agents. Total P concentrations for CLA, CLAT, slag, and WA were 3.6%, 4.75%, 0.26%, and 0.44% respectively indicating that they could be used as P fertilizers when applied at the high rates required for liming soils. ... The RE values for all the materials relative to monocalcium phosphate (100%) for the first harvest are as follows, 50% for dicalcium phosphate, 31% for rock phosphate, 7% for partly burnt chicken litter ash, 7% for totally burnt chicken litter ash and 1% for wood ash and slag. The RE values for the second harvest were 100% for monocalcium phosphate, 80% for dicalcium phosphate, 40% for rock phosphate, 10% for partly burnt chicken litter ash, 8% for totally burnt chicken litter ash and 2% for wood ash and slag. Data for subsequent harvests are not reported due to the death of many plants. Clearly chicken litter ash has appreciable value as a phosphate fertilizer whereas wood ash and slag are ineffective. Explanations for these differences in effectiveness are discussed in the text. An evaluation of the liming effect of the byproducts indicates that they may be used as a soil amendment on acid soils and are nearly as effective as standard lime (CaCO3). Byproducts are also sources of other plant nutrients so they may be regarded as a form of compound fertilizer and liming agent.

[ES] Una alternativa para reducir el consumo de materias primas y los impactos ambientales derivados del cemento Portland es la sustitución parcial del clínker por adiciones minerales de subproductos agroindustriales. El objetivo de este trabajo fue investigar los efectos de la extracción de potasio sobre la reactividad de las biopuzolanas a partir de cenizas puras de caña de azúcar y caña energética, y evaluar las ganancias ambientales potenciales en compuestos de cemento Portland, buscando producir cenizas reactivas y sostenibles, y potasio para su aplicación como fertilizante. La caña energética y la caña de azúcar se caracterizaron morfológicamente mediante microscopio electrónico de barrido y EDS, se analizó el suelo recolectado durante la extracción de ambas variedades. Ambas cañas fueron calcinadas a una temperatura de 600 °C con una velocidad de 4 °C/min y un tiempo de exposición de 120 min. Las cenizas fueron lavadas para la extracción de potasio, cloro y azufre, y molidas para obtener el mismo rango granulométrico, luego se realizó el análisis de la solución extraída del lavado, y, por otra parte, sobre las cenizas se llevaron a cabo los análisis de masa específica real, granulometría, fluorescencia de rayos X, pérdida al fuego, difracción de rayos X, termogravimetría, microscopía electrónica de barrido con EDS, y determinación de sílices amorfa y cristalina. En pastas de hidróxido de calcio y puzolanas se realizó análisis de fijación de cal por termogravimetría, microscopía electrónica de barrido con EDS, evaluación de reactividad puzolánica por conductividad y pH, y método de Frattini. En las pastas de puzolanas y cemento se realizó la prueba de porosidad por intrusión de mercurio. Se evaluó la influencia de las cenizas y humo de sílice en el comportamiento de los morteros de cemento Portland, con ensayos de masa específica, absorción de agua, porosidad aparente, resistencia a la compresión y carbonatación acelerada. Se utilizó la técnica de Evaluación del Ciclo de Vida para evaluar los impactos ambientales potenciales de los morteros con reemplazo parcial de ceniza de caña energética, de caña de azúcar y humo de sílice en comparación con el mortero de referencia (sin reemplazos). La quema de caña energética genera un 78% más de ceniza en comparación con la caña de azúcar. Las cenizas de hoja de la caña energética presentaron mayor cantidad de sílice que las de caña de azúcar; por otro lado, los tallos presentaron un alto contenido de potasio. El análisis de la solución de lavado de ceniza indicó la posibilidad de utilizar esta solución en fertirrigación debido a los altos valores de potasio y azufre en el agua. El humo de sílice, la ceniza de paja de caña de azúcar, la ceniza de paja de caña energética y la mezcla de cenizas de caña energética (tallo y paja) fueron las muestras que presentaron alta puzolanicidad. Los morteros con sustitución del 10% de cenizas, fueron los que presentaron mejores resultados en cuanto a resistencia mecánica. En general, la sustitución de contenidos superiores al 10% de ambas cenizas mejora considerablemente el comportamiento ambiental de los morteros, debido al menor consumo de cemento, y a la generación de los subproductos de la extracción de sacarosa, (como el residuo filtrado y vinaza) y el potasio extraído del lavado de las cenizas, que evitan la producción de agroquímicos para la agricultura. Teniendo en cuenta el comportamiento ambiental y la resistencia a la compresión, los morteros con mejores resultados son aquellos con un 10% de ceniza de caña energética, ya que alcanzan los valores más altos de resistencia a la compresión y buenos valores de desempeño ambiental. Por lo tanto, la ceniza de la caña de azúcar y de la caña energética se pueden utilizar para su incorporación en materiales cementantes, especialmente la ceniza de caña energética. Sin embargo, el potasio y el cloro deben extraerse hasta que estén dentro de los niveles aceptables para su uso en compuestos de cemento. / [CA] L'alternativa per a reduir el consum de matèries primeres i els impactes que origina la producció de ciment Pòrtland implicaria substituir parcialment el clínquer per minerals obtinguts de subproductes agroindustrials. L'objectiu d'aquest treball és investigar els efectes de l'extracció del potassi en la reactivitat de les bioputzolanes, a partir de les cendres de la canya de sucre i de la canya energètica, i a més a més avaluar els beneficis ambientals com a component del ciment Pòrtland. La finalitat seria produir cendres reactives més sostenibles que podran ser utilitzades com a putzolanes, així com potassi com a fertilitzant. La canya de sucre i la canya energètica es caracteritzaren morfològicament mitjançant microscòpia electrònica de rastreig amb espectroscòpia d'energia dispersiva de raigs X, i es va analitzar el sòl després de la recol·lecció de les plantes. Ambdues canyes foren calcinades a 600¿°C de temperatura, a una velocitat d'escalfament de 4¿°C/min durant un temps màxim d'exposició de 120 minuts. Després de la calcinació, les cendres foren rentades per a extraure el potassi, el clor i el sofre i a continuació foren moltes fins a obtindre la granulometria adequada. Finalment, es va fer l'anàlisi de la solució aquosa del rentat, i diferents anàlisis de les cendres: massa específica real, granulometria làser, fluorescència de raigs X, pèrdua al foc, difracció de raigs X, termogravimetria, microscòpia electrònica de rastreig amb espectroscòpia d'energia dispersiva de raigs X, avaluació de reactivitat putzolànica per conductivitat i pH, i mètode Frattini. Les pastes de putzolana i de ciment se'n van sotmetre a la prova de porositat per intrusió de mercuri. Es va avaluar com influeix la cendra de la canya de sucre, la cendra de la canya energètica i el fum de sílice en els morters de ciment Pòrtland, amb assajos de massa específica, absorció d'aigua, porositat aparent, resistència a la compressió i carbonatació accelerada. La tècnica d'Avaluació del Cicle de Vida, va ser utilitzada per a valorar els impactes ambientals possibles dels morters amb substitució parcial de cendra de canya de sucre, cendra de canya energètica i fum de sílice i comparar-los amb els morters de referència (sense reemplaçaments). La canya energètica genera un 78% més de cendra per hectàrea que la canya de sucre tradicional, per altra banda, les cendres de les fulles de la canya energètica tenen un major contingut de sílice i la tija una gran quantitat de potassi. Els resultats de l'anàlisi de les solucions de les cendres rentades, ens indiquen que és possible utilitzar aquesta solució en fertirrigació per l'alt contingut en potassi i sofre. El fum de sílice, la cendra de la palla de la canya de sucre, la de la palla de canya energètica i LA de la mescla de canya energètica (tija i palla) foren les mostres amb millors resultats de reactivitat putzolànica. Els morters substituïts amb un 10% de cendra de canya de sucre i de cendra de canya energètica són els que presentaren millors resultats de resistència mecànica. En general, amb substitucions superiors al 10% de les cendres de canya de sucre i de canya energètica millora considerablement el comportament ambiental dels morters, gràcies a un menor consum de ciment, i a la generació de subproductes de l'extracció de sacarosa (com residus de filtres i vinassa), i del potassi obtingut de rentar les cendres que eviten la producció de productes químics per a l'agricultura. Si tenim en compte el comportament ambiental i la resistència a la compressió, els morters amb un 10% de cendra de canya energètica són els que presenten millors resultats, ja que registren els valors més alts a la compressió. En resum, podem afirmar que les cendres de la canya de sucre i de la canya energètica poden ser utilitzades per a afegir-les als materials cimentants, especialment, la cendra de canya energètica, sempre que els nivells de potassi i clor estiguen dins dels nivells permesos per al seu ús en el ciment. / [EN] An alternative to reduce the consumption of raw materials and the environmental impacts arising from the production of Portland cement is the partial replacement of clinker by mineral additions using agro-industrial by-products. The present research aimed to investigate the effects of potassium extraction on the reactivity of biopozzolans from from sugarcane and energy cane, and to evaluate the potential environmental gains of its use in Portland cement composites, seeking to produce reactive and sustainable ash that can be used as pozzolan and potassium for application as a fertilizer. Energy cane and sugar cane were morphologically characterized using a scanning electron microscope and X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy, and the soil ,in which both varieties grew, analyzed. Both canes were calcined at a temperature of600 °C with a heating rate of 4 °C/min and a maximum exposure time of 120 min. After burning, the ashes were washed for the extraction of potassium, chlorine and sulfur and, then ground to obtain the same granulometric range; the analysis of the solution extracted from the washing was carried out, and, for the obtained ashes, real specific mass, laser granulometry, X-ray fluorescence, loss on fire, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry, scanning electron microscopy with X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy and determination of amorphous and crystalline silica were carried out. In calcium hydroxide/ash pastes, the lime fixation analysis by thermogravimetry, scanning electron microscopy with X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy, pozzolanic reactivity evaluation by conductivity and pH, and Frattini method were performed. In cement/ash pastes, the porosity test by mercury intrusion was carried out. The influence of energy cane ash, sugar cane and silica fume on the performance of Portland cement mortars was evaluated, by means specific mass, water absorption, apparent porosity, compressive strength and accelerated carbonation tests. The Life Cycle Analysis technique was used to assess the potential environmental impacts of mortars with partial replacement of energy cane ash, sugar cane ash and silica fume compared to the reference mortar (without replacements). The burning of energy cane generates 78% more ash per hectare compared to conventional sugarcane, the leaf ashes of the energy cane had a higher amount of silica than the sugar cane one; on the other hand, the stalks showed high potassium content. The analysis of the ash washing solution indicated the possibility of using this solution in fertigation due to the high values of potassium and sulfur that were solubilized in the water. Silica fume, sugar cane straw, energy cane straw, and the mixture of energy cane (stem and straw) were the ashes that showed high pozzolanicity. The mortars with replacement of 10% of sugarcane ash, and 10% of energy cane, were the ones that presented the best results in terms of mechanical strength. In general, the substitution of contents above 10% of sugarcane and energy cane ashes improves the environmental performance of mortars considerably, due to the lower consumption of cement, the co-products generated in the extraction of sucrose, such as filter and vinasse, and the potassium extracted from washing the ash, which avoid the production of agrochemicals for agriculture. Taking into account environmental performance and compressive strength, the mortars with the best results are those with 10% energy cane ash, as they achieve the highest compressive strength and good environmental performance values. Thus, ashes from sugarcane and energy cane can be used for incorporation into cementitious composites, especially energy cane ash. However, potassium and chlorine must be extracted until they are within acceptable levels for the use of ashes in cementitious composites. / Pitolli Lyra, G. (2023). Aplicação das cinzas da indústria sucroalcooleira como biopozolanas e Kfertilizante: cana-de-açúcar e cana-energia [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/193853