Venture capital finances high-risk, high-return projects. In addition to financing, venture capitalists provide advice and expertise in management, commercialization, and development that enhance the value, success, and marketability of projects. Venture capitalists also have skills in selecting projects with potentially high returns. The first chapter investigates the contracting relationship between venture capitalists and entrepreneurs in a setting where the venture capitalist and entrepreneur contribute intangible assets (advice and effort) to a project that are non-contractible and non-verifiable. In general, in the private market equilibrium, advice provided by the venture capitalist and the number of projects funded are lower than the social optimum. Government tax and investment policies may alleviate these market failures. The impact of a capital gains tax, a tax on entrepreneur’s revenue, an investment subsidy to venture capitalists, and government run project enhancing programs are evaluated. Finally, we analyze the effects of a government venture capital firm competing with private venture capital. The second chapter focuses on competition in venture capital markets. We model a three-stage game of fund raising, investment in innovative projects and input of advice and effort, where fund raising is used as an entry deterrence mechanism. We examine the impacts of taxes and subsidies on venture capital market structure. We find that a tax on venture capitalist revenue and a tax on entrepreneur revenue increase the likelihood of entry deterrence and reduce the number of projects funded in equilibrium. A subsidy on investment reduces the likelihood of entry deterrence and increases the number of projects funded. The third chapter examines the venture capitalist's choice of investment in project selection skills and investment in managerial advice. We model, separately, a private venture capitalist and a labour-sponsored venture capitalist (LSVCC) with different objectives. A LSVCC is a special type of venture capitalist fund that is sponsored by a labour union. The private venture capitalist maximizes its expected profits, while the LSVCC maximizes a weighted function of expected profits and returns to labour. Consistent with empirical evidence, the quality of projects, determined by project selection skills and managerial advice, is higher for the private venture capitalist.

L'écosystème de la production audiovisuelle est structuré par la réglementation issue de la libéralisation de la télévision d'État (1984-86). Celle-ci accorde aux chaînes des fréquences hertziennes en échange d'obligations de financement et de diffusion. Il en résulte un système administré dont les règles ont très peu évolué en trente ans. Cette organisation industrielle s'essouffle: la part de marché des films français en salle stagne, tandis que le public vieillit. La rentabilité des chaînes de télévision s'effrite et les fictions qu'elles financent s'exportent mal. L'entrée des plateformes étrangères telles que Netflix fragmente encore l'audience. L'objectif de ce travail est d'étudier l'évolution de l'industrie audiovisuelle française et de sa régulation, depuis la libéralisation de la télévision d'État, ainsi que d'analyser l'effet de l'entrée des diffuseurs "over-the-top" sur l'écosystème historique. / The French ecosystem of audiovisual production has been structured by the liberalization of state television (1984-1986). Radio frequencies were granted to broadcasters in exchange for a commitment to invest a percentage of their turnover into French production. The result is a heavily regulated system whose rules have changed very little in thirty years. This industrial organization is showing its limits: the market share of French films in theaters is stagnant, while the audience is aging. The profitability of TV-channels crumbles and series they finance don't sell. The entry of foreign platforms such as Netflix fragments the audience even more. The purpose of this thesis is to study the creation of the industrial ecosystem of the French Television, its evolution and the impact of the entry of international players on the incumbents' strategies and on regulation.

This dissertation consists of four related, sole-authored chapters. It considers the microeconomic mechanisms for gains from trade in the presence of quality investments by firms. It shows within the framework of a quality-augmented heterogeneous firms model that the quality dimension matters for welfare gains from trade. It also provides novel empirical evidence on adjustment mechanisms of aggregate quality as a consequence of globalization. To the best of my knowledge, this is the first contribution to provide a comprehensive analysis of the role of endogenous product quality in the determination of gains from trade. I first offer an explanation for observed industry heterogeneity in trade-induced productivity gains and show that results depend on whether or not firms have the option to invest in quality. I then take a broader view of welfare gains from trade, looking beyond productivity improvements. I find that globalization can imply a quality-variety trade-off when consumer quality preference is strong - a finding which holds under firm heterogeneity and symmetry. Nevertheless, overall gains from trade are positive. With quality being itself an important channel for gains from trade, I also investigate the detailed mechanisms by which aggregate quality changes as a consequence of globalization. This is done within the same theoretical heterogeneous firms framework as well as empirically using firm-level export data matched with firm-level quality ratings. I argue that firm heterogeneity matters for gains from trade by giving rise to an additional welfare channel in the presence of variable elasticity of demand preferences: high quality firms expand sales disproportionately in a larger market, thereby raising aggregate quality. This theoretical prediction is confirmed by the data. Furthermore, I study the mechanisms for gains from trade in a symmetric firms version of the baseline model. This allows me to isolate the role of firm heterogeneity in driving earlier results. In addition, I analyse the efficiency properties of the market equilibrium for the symmetric firms case.

For several years, the literature has discussed whether a country’s particular economic circumstances should be taken into account in competition law and policy design. This thesis discusses whether economic growth should be considered as the guiding principle for Latin American Emerging Economies’ competition law and policy design. It specifically explains why having economic growth as competition policy’s guiding principle makes a difference in choosing superior rules and standards, among the large range of efficient rules. In order to explain how economic growth as a guiding principle has an impact on competition policy design, this thesis studies whether the analysis and application of the prohibitions and standards of abuse of dominance in emerging Latin American economies are appropriate, and why, having regard to economic growth, a different approach might be justified. To engage in the study of such questions this thesis centres on the regulation of dominance and the law governing abuse of dominance, in particular on predatory pricing and excessive pricing. After a careful analysis of such institutions, an optimal rule for the regulation of pricing abuses in these emerging economies is proposed. Similarly, having regard to economic growth as the policy’s guiding principle, the mainstream standards on excessive pricing and price predation are evaluated and a different approach is found to be justified. It is concluded that economic growth should be the principle guiding Latin American emerging economies’ competition law and policy design and it is demonstrated that this will grant these economies policy soundness and identity.

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo analisar comparativamente oito indicadores estruturais das indústrias brasileiras de alta e baixa tecnologia entre 1996 e 2011. Os oito indicadores estruturais são: margem de custos de operação, margem de custos de matérias-primas, margem de custos de trabalho, margem de custos de produção, produtividade do trabalho, margem líquida de excedente, margem de lucro da produção e mark-up. Para a divisão dos setores em alta ou baixa tecnologia foi utilizada a classificação proposta pela Organização para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico (OCDE). Para os dados da análise foi utilizada a Pesquisa Industrial Anual do IBGE. Inicialmente é retomado um breve histórico da evolução industrial no Brasil. Após é feita uma análise de estudos semelhantes. Na parte seguinte é feita uma explicação da metodologia utilizada na pesquisa. Em seguida é realizada uma análise de dados complementares para a análise dos indicadores estruturais. No capítulo seguinte é analisado efetivamente os indicadores estruturais, comparando os grupos de alta e baixa tecnologia e também a análise individual dos setores que formam cada grupo tecnológico. Por fim, resume-se os resultados encontrados no último capítulo. / This dissertation aims to analyze comparatively eight structural indicators of brazilian industries of high and low technology between 1996 and 2011. The eight structural indicators are: margin of operating costs, margin costs of raw materials , labor cost margin, margin production costs, labor productivity, net margin of surplus, profit margin of production and mark-up. To the division of sectors in high or low technology was used the classification proposed by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). For the data analysis was used the Annual Industrial Survey of IBGE. Initially was resumed a brief history of industrial development in Brazil. After is performed a review of similar studies. The next part was an explanation of the methodology used in the research. Then is performed an analysis of additional data for the analysis of structural indicators. The next chapter is effectively analyzed the structural indicators, comparing the groups of high and low technology and also the individual analysis of the sectors that form each technology group. Finally, it summarizes the results in the last chapter.

Este trabalho está voltado para o estudo da relação entre tecnologia e dinâmica industrial. Para tanto, utiliza-se o conceito de regimes tecnológicos com enfoque nas barreiras tecnológicas à entrada em detrimento das condições de apropriabilidade. As barreiras tecnológicas à entrada são as características próprias ao conhecimento necessário para inovar que limitam o seu acesso por concorrentes potenciais, ou seja, fazem uma distinção clara entre a concorrência potencial e a concorrência efetiva. Desta forma, as características do conhecimento e do processo inovativo determinam e condicionam a estrutura de mercado e a dinâmica industrial. O conceito de regimes tecnológicos permite agrupar os setores cujas características do processo inovativo e de dinâmica industrial sejam semelhantes. A tipologia de regimes tecnológicos adotada foi elaborada por Marsili (2001), a partir de indicadores extraídos dos países desenvolvidos. Considerando que o processo inovativo difere significativamente entre países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se esta tipologia é adequada ao estudo da indústria brasileira. Para alcançar este objetivo, foram utilizados métodos da análise estatística multivariada e indicadores sobre tecnologia, inovação, estrutura de mercado e dinâmica industrial. Os testes empíricos realizados mostraram que a taxonomia de regimes tecnológicos não formou grupos setoriais significativamente distintos, de modo que fosse possível identificá-los. Além disso, a análise de clusters evidenciou, através de novos agrupamentos setoriais, que a indústria brasileira possui regimes tecnológicos que diferem dos definidos para os países desenvolvidos. Portanto, os resultados obtidos reforçam a importância de aprofundar a literatura sobre as características da mudança técnica nos países em desenvolvimento. / This work concerns the study of the relationship between technology and industrial dynamics. To assess this relationship, the concept of technological regimes, centered in the technological entry barriers instead of the apropriability conditions, is used. The technological entry barriers are the characteristics belonging to the knowledge necessary to innovate that limit the accesses to this knowledge from potential competitors, that is, they make a clear distinction between potential and effective competition. This way, the knowledge’s characteristics and the innovative process determine and condition the market structure and the industrial dynamics. The concept of technological regimes allows the grouping of the sectors whose characteristics of innovative process and industrial dynamics are similar. The typology of technological regimes adopted was elaborated by Marsili (2001), who used indicators extracted from developed countries. Considering that the innovative process differs significantly between developed and developing countries, the objective of this work was to verify if this typology is adjusted to the study of the Brazilian industry. To reach this objective, methods of multivariate statistical analysis and indicators of technology, innovation, market structure and industrial dynamics were used. The empirical tests carried through showed that the taxonomy of technological regimes didn’t form significantly distinct sectorial groups, so that it could be possible to identify them. Moreover, the analysis of clusters evidenced, through new sectorial clusters, that the Brazilian industry has technological regimes that differs from the ones defined to the developed countries. Therefore, the obtained results strengthen the importance of deepening the literature on the characteristics of technical change in developing countries.

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo analisar comparativamente oito indicadores estruturais das indústrias brasileiras de alta e baixa tecnologia entre 1996 e 2011. Os oito indicadores estruturais são: margem de custos de operação, margem de custos de matérias-primas, margem de custos de trabalho, margem de custos de produção, produtividade do trabalho, margem líquida de excedente, margem de lucro da produção e mark-up. Para a divisão dos setores em alta ou baixa tecnologia foi utilizada a classificação proposta pela Organização para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico (OCDE). Para os dados da análise foi utilizada a Pesquisa Industrial Anual do IBGE. Inicialmente é retomado um breve histórico da evolução industrial no Brasil. Após é feita uma análise de estudos semelhantes. Na parte seguinte é feita uma explicação da metodologia utilizada na pesquisa. Em seguida é realizada uma análise de dados complementares para a análise dos indicadores estruturais. No capítulo seguinte é analisado efetivamente os indicadores estruturais, comparando os grupos de alta e baixa tecnologia e também a análise individual dos setores que formam cada grupo tecnológico. Por fim, resume-se os resultados encontrados no último capítulo. / This dissertation aims to analyze comparatively eight structural indicators of brazilian industries of high and low technology between 1996 and 2011. The eight structural indicators are: margin of operating costs, margin costs of raw materials , labor cost margin, margin production costs, labor productivity, net margin of surplus, profit margin of production and mark-up. To the division of sectors in high or low technology was used the classification proposed by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). For the data analysis was used the Annual Industrial Survey of IBGE. Initially was resumed a brief history of industrial development in Brazil. After is performed a review of similar studies. The next part was an explanation of the methodology used in the research. Then is performed an analysis of additional data for the analysis of structural indicators. The next chapter is effectively analyzed the structural indicators, comparing the groups of high and low technology and also the individual analysis of the sectors that form each technology group. Finally, it summarizes the results in the last chapter.

Este trabalho está voltado para o estudo da relação entre tecnologia e dinâmica industrial. Para tanto, utiliza-se o conceito de regimes tecnológicos com enfoque nas barreiras tecnológicas à entrada em detrimento das condições de apropriabilidade. As barreiras tecnológicas à entrada são as características próprias ao conhecimento necessário para inovar que limitam o seu acesso por concorrentes potenciais, ou seja, fazem uma distinção clara entre a concorrência potencial e a concorrência efetiva. Desta forma, as características do conhecimento e do processo inovativo determinam e condicionam a estrutura de mercado e a dinâmica industrial. O conceito de regimes tecnológicos permite agrupar os setores cujas características do processo inovativo e de dinâmica industrial sejam semelhantes. A tipologia de regimes tecnológicos adotada foi elaborada por Marsili (2001), a partir de indicadores extraídos dos países desenvolvidos. Considerando que o processo inovativo difere significativamente entre países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se esta tipologia é adequada ao estudo da indústria brasileira. Para alcançar este objetivo, foram utilizados métodos da análise estatística multivariada e indicadores sobre tecnologia, inovação, estrutura de mercado e dinâmica industrial. Os testes empíricos realizados mostraram que a taxonomia de regimes tecnológicos não formou grupos setoriais significativamente distintos, de modo que fosse possível identificá-los. Além disso, a análise de clusters evidenciou, através de novos agrupamentos setoriais, que a indústria brasileira possui regimes tecnológicos que diferem dos definidos para os países desenvolvidos. Portanto, os resultados obtidos reforçam a importância de aprofundar a literatura sobre as características da mudança técnica nos países em desenvolvimento. / This work concerns the study of the relationship between technology and industrial dynamics. To assess this relationship, the concept of technological regimes, centered in the technological entry barriers instead of the apropriability conditions, is used. The technological entry barriers are the characteristics belonging to the knowledge necessary to innovate that limit the accesses to this knowledge from potential competitors, that is, they make a clear distinction between potential and effective competition. This way, the knowledge’s characteristics and the innovative process determine and condition the market structure and the industrial dynamics. The concept of technological regimes allows the grouping of the sectors whose characteristics of innovative process and industrial dynamics are similar. The typology of technological regimes adopted was elaborated by Marsili (2001), who used indicators extracted from developed countries. Considering that the innovative process differs significantly between developed and developing countries, the objective of this work was to verify if this typology is adjusted to the study of the Brazilian industry. To reach this objective, methods of multivariate statistical analysis and indicators of technology, innovation, market structure and industrial dynamics were used. The empirical tests carried through showed that the taxonomy of technological regimes didn’t form significantly distinct sectorial groups, so that it could be possible to identify them. Moreover, the analysis of clusters evidenced, through new sectorial clusters, that the Brazilian industry has technological regimes that differs from the ones defined to the developed countries. Therefore, the obtained results strengthen the importance of deepening the literature on the characteristics of technical change in developing countries.

Este trabalho está voltado para o estudo da relação entre tecnologia e dinâmica industrial. Para tanto, utiliza-se o conceito de regimes tecnológicos com enfoque nas barreiras tecnológicas à entrada em detrimento das condições de apropriabilidade. As barreiras tecnológicas à entrada são as características próprias ao conhecimento necessário para inovar que limitam o seu acesso por concorrentes potenciais, ou seja, fazem uma distinção clara entre a concorrência potencial e a concorrência efetiva. Desta forma, as características do conhecimento e do processo inovativo determinam e condicionam a estrutura de mercado e a dinâmica industrial. O conceito de regimes tecnológicos permite agrupar os setores cujas características do processo inovativo e de dinâmica industrial sejam semelhantes. A tipologia de regimes tecnológicos adotada foi elaborada por Marsili (2001), a partir de indicadores extraídos dos países desenvolvidos. Considerando que o processo inovativo difere significativamente entre países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se esta tipologia é adequada ao estudo da indústria brasileira. Para alcançar este objetivo, foram utilizados métodos da análise estatística multivariada e indicadores sobre tecnologia, inovação, estrutura de mercado e dinâmica industrial. Os testes empíricos realizados mostraram que a taxonomia de regimes tecnológicos não formou grupos setoriais significativamente distintos, de modo que fosse possível identificá-los. Além disso, a análise de clusters evidenciou, através de novos agrupamentos setoriais, que a indústria brasileira possui regimes tecnológicos que diferem dos definidos para os países desenvolvidos. Portanto, os resultados obtidos reforçam a importância de aprofundar a literatura sobre as características da mudança técnica nos países em desenvolvimento. / This work concerns the study of the relationship between technology and industrial dynamics. To assess this relationship, the concept of technological regimes, centered in the technological entry barriers instead of the apropriability conditions, is used. The technological entry barriers are the characteristics belonging to the knowledge necessary to innovate that limit the accesses to this knowledge from potential competitors, that is, they make a clear distinction between potential and effective competition. This way, the knowledge’s characteristics and the innovative process determine and condition the market structure and the industrial dynamics. The concept of technological regimes allows the grouping of the sectors whose characteristics of innovative process and industrial dynamics are similar. The typology of technological regimes adopted was elaborated by Marsili (2001), who used indicators extracted from developed countries. Considering that the innovative process differs significantly between developed and developing countries, the objective of this work was to verify if this typology is adjusted to the study of the Brazilian industry. To reach this objective, methods of multivariate statistical analysis and indicators of technology, innovation, market structure and industrial dynamics were used. The empirical tests carried through showed that the taxonomy of technological regimes didn’t form significantly distinct sectorial groups, so that it could be possible to identify them. Moreover, the analysis of clusters evidenced, through new sectorial clusters, that the Brazilian industry has technological regimes that differs from the ones defined to the developed countries. Therefore, the obtained results strengthen the importance of deepening the literature on the characteristics of technical change in developing countries.

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo analisar comparativamente oito indicadores estruturais das indústrias brasileiras de alta e baixa tecnologia entre 1996 e 2011. Os oito indicadores estruturais são: margem de custos de operação, margem de custos de matérias-primas, margem de custos de trabalho, margem de custos de produção, produtividade do trabalho, margem líquida de excedente, margem de lucro da produção e mark-up. Para a divisão dos setores em alta ou baixa tecnologia foi utilizada a classificação proposta pela Organização para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico (OCDE). Para os dados da análise foi utilizada a Pesquisa Industrial Anual do IBGE. Inicialmente é retomado um breve histórico da evolução industrial no Brasil. Após é feita uma análise de estudos semelhantes. Na parte seguinte é feita uma explicação da metodologia utilizada na pesquisa. Em seguida é realizada uma análise de dados complementares para a análise dos indicadores estruturais. No capítulo seguinte é analisado efetivamente os indicadores estruturais, comparando os grupos de alta e baixa tecnologia e também a análise individual dos setores que formam cada grupo tecnológico. Por fim, resume-se os resultados encontrados no último capítulo. / This dissertation aims to analyze comparatively eight structural indicators of brazilian industries of high and low technology between 1996 and 2011. The eight structural indicators are: margin of operating costs, margin costs of raw materials , labor cost margin, margin production costs, labor productivity, net margin of surplus, profit margin of production and mark-up. To the division of sectors in high or low technology was used the classification proposed by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). For the data analysis was used the Annual Industrial Survey of IBGE. Initially was resumed a brief history of industrial development in Brazil. After is performed a review of similar studies. The next part was an explanation of the methodology used in the research. Then is performed an analysis of additional data for the analysis of structural indicators. The next chapter is effectively analyzed the structural indicators, comparing the groups of high and low technology and also the individual analysis of the sectors that form each technology group. Finally, it summarizes the results in the last chapter.