À l'heure où toute décision stratégique doit être conforme aux principes de la durabilité, l'évaluation des conséquences environnementales, économiques et sociales d'un choix d'ingénierie s'avère nécessaire. Parmi les outils d'évaluation des systèmes et de leurs conséquences, l'analyse de cycle de vie (ACV) dérivée de la pensée cycle de vie s'est imposée comme la méthode la plus adaptée à un tel niveau de décision. Historiquement focalisée sur les impacts environnementaux, l'ACV a naturellement étendue son champ d'évaluation aux aspects économiques, sociaux et d'ingénierie pour devenir une analyse de la durabilité (AdCV) des systèmes. L'AdCV est ainsi en train d'émerger et nécessite des propositions d'améliorations méthodologiques et des applications concrètes pour devenir robuste et applicable. Cette étude présente l'évaluation de la durabilité d'un système dans le contexte de l'agro-industrie oléicole. À cet effet, elle propose une approche intégrée d’évaluation de la durabilité basée sur l’AdCV couplée à la modélisation des processus et des procédés et, l'analyse multicritère pour l'aide à la décision. Une première partie traite des concepts de durabilité, d'ingénierie et d'agro-industrie oléicole à travers une analyse de la littérature scientifique. Dans la deuxième partie, l'approche d'évaluation de la durabilité proposée est décrite, formalisée et implémentée dans la solution logicielle « EcOlive » à l'aide d'outils empruntés à la modélisation des systèmes. Enfin, la troisième partie présente les résultats de l’application de l’approche à l’agro-industrie oléicole en s’appuyant sur un ensemble de données terrain récoltées dans le cadre du projet européen OiLCA. / Nowadays, any strategic decision must be in accordance with the sustainability principles. Therefore, companies need to evaluate the consequences of their activities and products onto environment, economy and society. Life cycle assessment (LCA) from Life cycle thinking (LCT) is one of the major environmental impact evaluation methods for product, process or service and the trends is to integrate economic and social aspects to become a life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA). However, LCSA is still in its infancy and needs methodological proposals to be applicable. This study presents sustainability assessment in the olive oil agro-industrial context. In doing so, a systemic approach based on the coupling between LCSA, enterprise modeling, chemical process modeling and multicriteria analysis is proposed. The approach is then validated by the development of the software solution “ Ecolive ” for sustainability assessment of olive oil production. This application relies on field data collected under the European OiLCA project.

Esta dissertação aborda o desenvolvimento e a implementação de um laboratório remoto para a disciplina \"SEL0431 - Laboratório de Controle de Processos Industriais\", a qual visa proporcionar aos alunos o contato direto com sistemas de controle e supervisão de processos industriais através de projetos desenvolvidos em uma planta didática industrial. O laboratório foi implementado em 2017 e é constituído por uma planta de escala reduzida, que contém instrumentos de campo, controladores lógicos programáveis, redes de comunicação digitais e um servidor, que conecta a rede local do laboratório à rede da Universidade. Os estudantes acessam este servidor através de aplicações de protocolo remoto RDP sobre VPN com portais online e ferramentas adicionais de suporte para que realizem seus experimentos à distância com a planta. Além de atuar como gateway entre a planta e as máquinas dos alunos, o servidor autentica seus usuários, gerencia acessos simultâneos e permite que os alunos visualizem e obtenham os dados da planta mais facilmente. Ao final de cada projeto, o autor deste trabalho conduziu um questionário para registrar a impressão dos estudantes sobre o uso do laboratório remoto e comparou os resultados apresentados pelos alunos da turma de 2016 e os da turma de 2017 desta disciplina. Esta análise indicou que a adição de um laboratório remoto apresentou um impacto positivo no desempenho acadêmico dos estudantes nesta disciplina: eles atingiram resultados mais completos, exploraram mais a fundo os recursos da planta e avaliaram positivamente o uso da ferramenta. Ademais, esta solução técnica adotada para desenvolver o laboratório remoto é replicável a outras disciplinas e possui a vantagem de permitir o controle total da planta pelos alunos sem abdicar da segurança durante os experimentos. / This thesis addresses the development and implementation of a remote laboratory for the discipline \"SEL0431 – Industrial Processes Control Laboratory\", which aims to provide students with direct contact with control and supervision systems of industrial processes through projects developed in a didactic plant. The laboratory was first implemented in 2017 and consists of a reduced scale plant, which contains field instruments, programmable logic controllers, digital communication networks and a server that connects the laboratory\'s local network to the University Wide Area Network (WAN). Students access the server through RDP applications over VPN and they are supported by online portals and additional tools to perform their remote experiments with the plant. In addition to serving as a gateway between the plant and the students\' machines, the server authenticates its users, manages simultaneous access and enables students to view and obtain plant data more easily. At the end of each project, the author of this paper conducted a survey to record the students\' impression of the use of the remote laboratory and compared the results presented by the students of 2016 classes and those of 2017 classes of this discipline. The analysis revealed the remote laboratory positively impacted on the academic performance of students in this discipline: they achieved more complete results, explored more deeply the plant resources and positively evaluated the use of such tool as a support for teaching industrial processes control and supervision. Furthermore, the technical solution is replicable to other practical courses and presents the advantage of enabling students to totally control the plant without forgoing the security during their experiments.

Esta dissertação aborda o desenvolvimento e a implementação de um laboratório remoto para a disciplina \"SEL0431 - Laboratório de Controle de Processos Industriais\", a qual visa proporcionar aos alunos o contato direto com sistemas de controle e supervisão de processos industriais através de projetos desenvolvidos em uma planta didática industrial. O laboratório foi implementado em 2017 e é constituído por uma planta de escala reduzida, que contém instrumentos de campo, controladores lógicos programáveis, redes de comunicação digitais e um servidor, que conecta a rede local do laboratório à rede da Universidade. Os estudantes acessam este servidor através de aplicações de protocolo remoto RDP sobre VPN com portais online e ferramentas adicionais de suporte para que realizem seus experimentos à distância com a planta. Além de atuar como gateway entre a planta e as máquinas dos alunos, o servidor autentica seus usuários, gerencia acessos simultâneos e permite que os alunos visualizem e obtenham os dados da planta mais facilmente. Ao final de cada projeto, o autor deste trabalho conduziu um questionário para registrar a impressão dos estudantes sobre o uso do laboratório remoto e comparou os resultados apresentados pelos alunos da turma de 2016 e os da turma de 2017 desta disciplina. Esta análise indicou que a adição de um laboratório remoto apresentou um impacto positivo no desempenho acadêmico dos estudantes nesta disciplina: eles atingiram resultados mais completos, exploraram mais a fundo os recursos da planta e avaliaram positivamente o uso da ferramenta. Ademais, esta solução técnica adotada para desenvolver o laboratório remoto é replicável a outras disciplinas e possui a vantagem de permitir o controle total da planta pelos alunos sem abdicar da segurança durante os experimentos. / This thesis addresses the development and implementation of a remote laboratory for the discipline \"SEL0431 – Industrial Processes Control Laboratory\", which aims to provide students with direct contact with control and supervision systems of industrial processes through projects developed in a didactic plant. The laboratory was first implemented in 2017 and consists of a reduced scale plant, which contains field instruments, programmable logic controllers, digital communication networks and a server that connects the laboratory\'s local network to the University Wide Area Network (WAN). Students access the server through RDP applications over VPN and they are supported by online portals and additional tools to perform their remote experiments with the plant. In addition to serving as a gateway between the plant and the students\' machines, the server authenticates its users, manages simultaneous access and enables students to view and obtain plant data more easily. At the end of each project, the author of this paper conducted a survey to record the students\' impression of the use of the remote laboratory and compared the results presented by the students of 2016 classes and those of 2017 classes of this discipline. The analysis revealed the remote laboratory positively impacted on the academic performance of students in this discipline: they achieved more complete results, explored more deeply the plant resources and positively evaluated the use of such tool as a support for teaching industrial processes control and supervision. Furthermore, the technical solution is replicable to other practical courses and presents the advantage of enabling students to totally control the plant without forgoing the security during their experiments.

Dans la perspective du présent scénario énergétique, ce travail de thèse propose une méthodologie qui associe la méthode du pincement à l’analyse exergétique de manière à dépasser leurs limitations individuelles aboutissant à une conception améliorée aux deux niveaux : paramètres opératoires et topologie. Une méthodologie globale, consistant à hybrider les deux méthodes thermodynamiques dans une approche entrelacée avec des règles heuristiques et une optimisation numérique, est donc évoquée. À l'aide de nouveaux critères d'optimisation basés sur l’exergie, l'analyse exergétique est utilisée non seulement pour évaluer les pertes d’exergie mais également pour guider les améliorations potentielles des conditions de fonctionnement et de structure des procédés industriels. En plus, au lieu de considérer uniquement l’intégration de la chaleur pour satisfaire des besoins existants, la méthodologie proposée étend la méthode de pincement pour inclure d’autres formes d’exergie récupérables et exploiter de nouvelles voies de synergie via des systèmes de conversion. Après avoir présenté les lignes directrices de la méthodologie proposée, l’approche est démontrée sur deux systèmes industriels, un procédé d’hydrotraitement de gasoil sous vide et un procédé de liquéfaction de gaz naturel. L’application du cadre méthodologique à des processus réalistes a montré comment ajuster les conditions opératoires de chaque procédé et comment mettre en œuvre des systèmes de conversion générant des économies d’énergie substantielles. / In the perspective of the prevailing and alarming energy scene, this doctoral work puts forward a methodology that couples pinch and exergy analysis in a way to surpass their individual limitations in the aim of generating optimal operating conditions and topology for industrial processes. A global methodology, a hybrid of the two thermodynamic methods in an intertwined approach with heuristic rules and numerical optimization, is therefore evoked. Using new optimizing exergy-based criteria, exergy analysis is used not only to assess the exergy losses but also to guide the potential improvements in industrial processes structure and operating conditions. And while pinch analysis considers only heat integration to satisfy existent needs, the proposed methodology allows including other forms of recoverable exergy and explores new synergy pathways through conversion systems. After exhibiting the guidelines of the proposed methodology, the entire approach is demonstrated on two industrial systems, a vacuum gasoil hydrotreating process and a natural gas liquefaction process. The application of the methodological framework on realistic processes demonstrated how to adjust each process operating conditions and how to implement conversion systems ensuing substantial energy savings.

This thesis describes the design and implementation of a control system for testing line using ultrasonic testing and magnetic particle testing. The test line is designed for non-destructive testing of railway wheels with detection and localization of surface and subsurface defects. The thesis describes the design and operating principles of the test line. On this basis, the design of a control system that controls various processes throughout the test line is clearly described. The proposed control system was implemented in the industrial application.

Bei einer Reihe bedeutsamer industrieller Prozesse, wie dem Stahl-Strangguss oder der Kristallzucht für die Photovoltaik, ist die Strömung flüssiger Metalle oder Halbleiter entscheidend für den Energieaufwand bei der Herstellung und die Qualität des Endproduktes. Eine gezielte, berührungslose Einwirkung von Lorentzkräften auf die heißen Schmelzen kann dabei die Ressourceneffizienz eines Prozesses signifikant steigern. Die komplexe Interaktion von elektrisch leitfähigen Fluiden und magnetischen Wechselfeldern wird dazu in der Magnetohydrodynamik (MHD) durch Experimente im Labormaßstab an niedrigschmelzenden Metallen untersucht. Die dabei auftretenden instationären, dreidimensionalen Strömungsfelder erfordern eine nicht-invasive, bildgebende Strömungsmesstechnik für opake Fluide mit hoher Orts- und Zeitauflösung, welche derzeitig nicht für die MHD zur Verfügung steht. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit soll mit den Mitteln der Elektrotechnik eine für MHD-Modellexperimente geeignete Messtechnik basierend auf dem Ultraschall-Doppler-Prinzip geschaffen werden. Dabei wird der Ansatz verfolgt, die Komplexität eines Messsystems vom mechanischen Aufbau hin zur Rechentechnik zu verlagern, um durch die dort in jüngster Zeit verfügbaren Ressourcen neuartige Signalverarbeitungsmethoden und eine höhere Flexibilität zu ermöglichen. Mit dem Ultrasound Array Doppler Velocimeter (UADV) wurde ein flexibles Messsystem für MHD-Modellexperimente geschaffen, welches eine mehrkomponentige Mehrebenenmessung durch Sensordatenfusion von bis zu neun linearen Wandlerarrays im kombinierten Zeit- und Ortsmultiplex erreicht. Die Signalverarbeitung ist durch eine auf einem Field Programmable Gate Array implementierte Datenkompression onlinefähig. Sie reicht trotz geringer rechentechnischer Komplexität bis auf Faktor 3 an die fundamentale Grenze der Messunsicherheit, die Cramér-Rao-Schranke, heran. Das UADV wurde über ein Kalibrierexperiment mit interferometrischer Referenzmessung auf die SI-Einheiten zurückgeführt. Das UADV wurde an einer magnetfeldgetriebenen Strömung in einem kubischen Gefäß angewandt. Numerische Simulationen sagen dort nicht-deterministisch einsetzende Instabilitäten im Übergangsbereich des laminaren zum turbulenten Strömungsregimes vorher. Durch eine simultane Zweiebenenmessung mit hoher örtlicher (3 ... 5 mm) und zeitlicher Auflösung (Bildrate 11,2 Hz) bei gleichzeitig langer Aufnahmedauer (> 1000 s) konnten die Instabilitäten erstmals experimentell charakterisiert werden. Eine Hauptkomponentenanalyse identifizierte ein gekoppeltes Paar von Strömungsmoden, welche eine spontan anfachende harmonische Oszillation mit der Frequenz f = 0,072 Hz beschreiben und durch komplexe Wirbel gekennzeichnet sind. Die Analyse der Messunsicherheit für das gegebene Experiment ergab, dass diese mit σ v,rel = 13,9 % hauptsächlich durch das räumliche Auflösungsvermögen bestimmt wird. Das Schallfeld ist bei ultraschallbasierten Messverfahren ausschlaggebend für die Eigenschaften der Bildgebung. Mit dem Phased Array Doppler Velocimeter (PAUDV) wurde ein modulares Messsystem mit adaptiven Schallfeld aufgebaut, wobei durch digitale Strahlformung die örtliche und zeitliche Auflösung signifikant erhöht werden kann. Eine aktive Kontrolle des Schallfeldes ermöglicht zudem die Messung durch Objekte mit komplexen, unbekannten Ausbreitungseigenschaften. Mit dem Time Reversal Virtual Array (TRVA) wird dabei eine effiziente Methode zur Bildgebung vorgestellt und auf die Strömungsmessung durch einen Multimode-Wellenleiter angewandt. Damit kann die Beschränkung bildgebender Ultraschallmesstechnik hinsichtlich der Betriebstemperatur der Wandler umgangen und heiße Schmelzen industrieller und technischer Prozesse für nichtinvasive In-Prozess-Bildgebung zugänglich gemacht werden. / In many important industrial processes, such as continuous steel casting or crystal growth for photovoltaic silicon, the flow of liquid metals or semiconductors determines the energy consumption of the process and the quality of the product. Influencing the hot melts contactlessly through Lorentz forces for a targeted flow control can significantly improve the resource-efficiency of a process. The complex interaction of electrically conductive fluids and alternating magnetic fields is investigated in the field of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) through laboratory-scale experiments in low melting metals. The emerging instationary, three-dimensional flows require a temporally and spatially high-resolved non-invasive flow imaging system, which currently is not available for MHD research. In this work, a flow instrumentation for MHD experiments based on the ultrasound Doppler principle is created through means of electrical engineering. The general approach is to shift the complexity of a system from mechanics over electronics to an algorithmic implementation in order to exploit the recent computational advances, enabling novel signal processing methods and increasing the flexibility. The ultrasound array Doppler velocimeter (UADV) has been created as a flexible instrumentation system for MHD experiments. It supports multicomponent, multiplane velocity measurements through sensor fusion of up to nine linear transducer arrays with spatiotemporal multiplexing. An online signal processing is realized through data compression on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA). It achieves an uncertainty as low as a factor 3 of the Cramér-Rao lower bound despite a low computational complexity of the algorithm. The UADV has been applied to a magnetically-driven flow in a cubic vessel. Numerical simulations predicted a non-deterministic instability in the transitory region between laminar and turbulent flow regimes. A simultaneous two-dimensional two-component flow measurement with high spatial (3 ... 5 mm) and temporal resolution (frame rate 11,2 Hz) over long durations (> 1000 s) allowed to characterize those instabilities experimentally for the first time. A principal component analysis identified a pair of coupled modes with a complex vortex structure that performs a spontaneously onsetting oscillation at f = 0,072 Hz. The measurement uncertainty for the experiment has been evaluated to be σ v,rel = 13,9 % and is primarily caused by the spatial resolution of the system. The properties of ultrasound-based imaging are primarily determined by the sound field. The phased array Doppler velocimeter (PAUDV) has been developed as a modular flow instrumentation system with an adaptive sound field, which allows to increase the spatial and temporal resolution. Furthermore, an active control of the sound field enables measurements despite a complex, unknown sound propagation. A method to image through strong aberrations efficiently has been proposed with the time reversal virtual array (TRVA). It has been applied to flow imaging through a multimode waveguide, thus allowing to circumvent the limitation of common ultrasound imaging systems regarding their maximum operating temperature. This paves the way for in-process flow imaging of hot, opaque liquids in technical and industrial processes.

Transitioning the industrial sector’s energy system to renewable sources is crucial to reduce climate change. There is no exception for China, currently having the highest absolute levels of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the world. The industrial sector accounts for about two thirds of the national energy consumption and coal is the country’s most important energy source. The integration of alternative energy sources such as solar can help transitioning the country’s energy system. By presenting a techno-economic analysis, this thesis gives an indication for profitability and in what extent there is a potential to cover the steam demand with a decentralized solar heat technology for two industries, fish and textile, in the Zhejiang province in eastern China. The used solar technology is a system with parabolic trough collectors (PTCs) with an integrated gas fired boiler. The PTC-system is compared with a coal-fired centralized supplier. The analyzed factors were roof area, solar irradiation, solar fraction, cost for steam from the centralized suppliers and cost of coal and natural gas. The maximum CO2 reduction is found to be dependent on the potential installation area. The greater area installed, the larger is the capacity and thus also the CO2 savings. The share of total steam demand covered by solar is directly proportional to the demand in relation to the installed solar capacity. The fish industry, having the lowest steam demand in relation to the roof area, is found to be able to save the largest relative proportion of CO2 emissions. Different scenarios are presented, modifying the fuel cost and fuel type for the PTC-system’s boiler, adjusting the steam cost from the centralized suppliers and using two different solar fractions of 35% and 50%. The CO2 savings depends on what fuel is being used and the solar fraction. Larger CO2 reductions are possible with a gas fired boiler compared to a coal fired one. But using a coal fired boiler makes it more economically profitable, matching the low coal price used for the centralized supplier. The scenario with most CO2 reductions is attained when using a high solar fraction of 50% and a natural gas fired boiler. The annual CO2 savings is then ranging from 15 tons per year for the company having the lowest steam capacity, up to 2090 tons/year for the company with one of the highest. Another significant factor is the companies’ seasonal activity. For the company having the least amount of active days per year (84 out of 365 days), the PTC-system is unprofitable whichever scenario. However, fuel costs for the boiler is found to be one of the most significant factors for the outcome determining if the investigated PTC-system is profitable or not. For all of the companies, there was only one that could provide all its steam demand with the PTC-system. This indicates that other energy sources need to be integrated to provide the steam demand of the enterprises with a renewable energy system. / Att omvandla industrins energisystem med förnyelsebara energikällor är väsentligt för att bromsa klimatförändringarna. Det är inget undantag för Kina, som nuvarande har de största absoluta nivåerna av utsläpp av växthusgaser i världen. Industrin står för ca två tredjedelar av den nationella energiförbrukningen och kol är landets största energikälla. Integrerandet av andra alternativ såsom solenergi kan dock hjälpa till i landets energiomvandling. Denna rapport syftar till att presentera en tekno-ekonomisk analys av en decentraliserad solfångare och ge indikation på lönsamhet samt i vilken grad tekniken kan förse behovet av ånga för två industrier, textil och fiske, i Zhejiang provinsen i östra Kina. Den solfångarteknik som används är ett system med Parabolic trough collectors (PTCs) med integrerad gaseldad ångpanna. Systemet jämförs med kraftvärmeverk som drivs med kol. De analyserade faktorerna är takytan, solar fraction, solinstrålning, kostnad för ånga samt ångpannans bränslekostnader. Besparingarna för CO2-utsläpp beror på den potentiella installationsytan. Ju större installationsyta, desto högre kapacitet och därmed högre CO2-besparingar. Andelen av behovet ånga som kan förses med solfångare är i direkt proportion till takytan och det totala behovet. Fiskeindustrin, som har lägre ångbehov i relation till takyta, visar sig kunna spara den största relativa mängden CO2-utsläpp. Olika scenarier presenteras, där bränslekostnaden och typ av bränsle för PTC-systemets ångpanna modifieras, kostnaden för ånga från de centraliserade leverantörerna justeras och solar fraction ändras mellan 35% och 50%. Besparingarna i CO2-utsläpp beror på vilket bränsle som används samt solar fraction. Större CO2-reduktion är möjlig med en gaseldad panna jämfört med en koleldad. Dock är en koleldad panna lönsammare när den matchar det låga priset på kol som används för de centraliserade leverantörerna. Scenariot med de största CO2-besparingarna uppnås med en hög solar fraction på 50% och en naturgaseldad panna. De årliga CO2-besparingarna varierar från 15 ton per år för det företag som har den lägsta ångkapacitet, upp till 2090 ton per år för ett företag med en av den högsta kapaciteten ånga. En annan viktig faktor är företagens aktivitet per år. Företaget som har minst aktiva dagar per år (84 av 365 dagar), är ej lönsamt i något av de testade scenarierna. Bränslekostnaderna för pannan har emellertid visat sig vara en av de viktigaste faktorerna för resultatet som avgör om det undersökta PTC-systemet är lönsamt eller inte. Bland alla företagen fanns det bara ett som kunde förse hela sitt ångbehov, med PTC-systemet. Detta indikerar att andra energikällor måste införas för att förse företagens ångbehov med ett förnybart energisystem.

[ES] Durante la presente tesis doctoral se ha desarrollado un proceso de mejora parcial in-situ en superficie de un crudo extrapesado que ha permitido obtener un buen rendimiento a un crudo sintético que cumple con las especificaciones necesarias para ser transportado a través de un oleoducto, esto es, un crudo sintético con una gravedad API superior a 19, una viscosidad inferior a los 300 cSt y libre de asfaltenos. Además, se ha conseguido eliminar prácticamente el 99% en peso de los metales, níquel y vanadio, presentes en el crudo de partida, lo que facilita el posterior procesado de este crudo sintético en una refinería. Las reacciones necesarias para desarrollar este proceso se han llevado a cabo utilizado una unidad Micro-Downer (MDU). Dicha unidad consta de un reactor de lecho transportado descendente y permite obtener resultados a nivel de laboratorio similares a los que se obtendrían al procesar cualquier crudo en un reactor tipo FCC a escala industrial. Se han estudiado las condiciones de reacción (temperatura, tiempo de residencia y relación sólido a carga) más adecuadas para llevar a cabo el craqueo térmico de un crudo extrapesado en este tipo de reactores. Asimismo, se ha encontrado que entre varios materiales sólidos con diferentes propiedades ácidas y texturales, es con el caolín, una arcilla natural con un cierto grado de porosidad residual en su estructura cristalina, con el que se obtiene el mayor rendimiento a productos líquidos que cumplen los requisitos de densidad y viscosidad necesarios para poder ser transportados a través de un oleoducto. Estos resultados se han obtenido tras llevar a cabo la reacción en condiciones no severas (530ºC, 0,3 s de tiempo de residencia y una relación sólido a carga de 8 g g¿1), y que por tanto no requieren de un elevado gasto energético. En contrapartida, se ha detectado que con cada uno de los sólidos utilizados y en cualquiera de las condiciones de operación estudiadas, todos los crudos sintéticos recogidos son inestables con respecto a la floculación de los asfaltenos. Con el fin de subsanar esta limitación de la tesis doctoral, en el apartado siguiente se ha intentado eliminar la fracción de asfaltenos de los líquidos finales. Para ello se ha utilizado, ya sea como sustituto del caolín o como aditivo junto a él, un material sólido con actividad para el craqueo de fondo (BCA, del inglés Bottom Cracking Additive). De este modo se pretende eliminar esta fracción de asfaltenos mediante craqueo catalítico, dando lugar a la formación de otras fracciones más ligeras de crudo, y/o mediante reacciones de condensación dan- do lugar a la formación de coque. En este apartado ha quedado demostrado que la presencia de un cierto grado de acidez, aunque residual, en el sólido de intercambio de calor empleado para procesar un crudo extrapesado como el utilizado para realizar este estudio, conlleva un incremento en el rendimiento a coque cuya principal consecuencia es una importante bajada en el rendimiento a crudo sintético final sin que, en contrapartida, se consiga eliminar el problema de la presencia de asfaltenos en los líquidos finales. Tras comprobar que para obtener crudos sintéticos estables con respecto a la fioculación de los asfaltenos es necesario eliminar la fracción residuo, es decir, los hidrocarburos con puntos de ebullición superior a los 537ºC, el siguiente paso se ha centrado en encontrar una combinación de etapas con las que sea posible convertir, o reciclar hasta la extinción, esta fracción residuo. Con este fin se han ideado tres estrategias de procesos de mejora y se han llevado a cabo estimaciones teóricas que nos han permitido conocer la mejor estrategia de procesado para obtener el mayor rendimiento a crudo sintético estable. Finalmente, la validez de este nuevo procesos se ha estimado comparando estos resultados experimentales obtenidos a escala de laboratorio con los generados al procesar este mismo crudo extrapesado en una planta piloto de delayed coking. / [CA] Durant la present tesi doctoral s'ha desenvolupat un procés de millora parcial in-*situ en superfície d'un cru extrapesado que ha permès obtenir un bon rendiment a un cru sintètic que compleix amb les especificacions necessàries per a ser transportat a través d'un oleoducte, això és, un cru sintètic amb una gravetat API superior a 19, una viscositat inferior als 300 cSt i lliure de asfaltenos. A més, s'ha aconseguit eliminar pràcticament el 99% en pes dels metalls, níquel i vanadi, presents en el cru de partida, la qual cosa facilita el posterior processament d'aquest cru sintètic en una refineria. Les reaccions necessàries per a desenvolupar aquest procés s'han dut a terme utilitzat una unitat Micro-Downer (MDU). Aquesta unitat consta d'un reactor de llit transportat descendent i permet obtenir resultats a nivell de laboratori similars als que s'obtindrien en processar qualsevol cru en un reactor tipus FCC a escala industrial. S'han estudiat les condicions de reacció (temperatura, temps de residència i relació sòlid a càrrega) més adequades per a dur a terme el craqueig tèrmic d'un cru extrapesado en aquest tipus de reactors. Així mateix, s'ha trobat que entre diversos materials sòlids amb diferents propietats àcides i texturales, és amb el caolí, una argila natural amb un cert grau de porositat residual en la seua estructura cristal·lina, amb el qual s'obté el major rendiment a productes líquids que compleixen els requisits de densitat i viscositat necessaris per a poder ser transportats a través d'un oleoducte. Aquests resultats s'han obtingut després de dur a terme la reacció en condicions no severes (530 °C, 0,3 s de temps de residència i una relació sòlid a càrrega de 8 g g1), i que per tant no requereixen d'una elevada despesa energètica. En contrapartida, s'ha detectat que amb cadascun dels sòlids utilitzats i en qualsevol de les condicions d'operació estudiades, tots els crus sintètics arreplegats són inestables respecte a la floculació dels asfaltenos. Amb la finalitat d'esmenar aquesta limitació de la tesi doctoral, en l'apartat següent s'ha intentat eliminar la fracció de asfaltenos dels líquids finals. Per a això s'ha utilitzat, ja siga com a substitut del caolí o com a additiu al costat d'ell, un material sòlid amb activitat per al craqueig de fons (BCA, de l'anglès Bottom Cracking Additive). D'aquesta manera es pretén eliminar aquesta fracció de asfaltenos mitjançant craqueig catalític, donant lloc a la formació d'altres fraccions més lleugeres de cru, i/o mitjançant reaccions de condensació donen- do lloc a la formació de coc. En aquest apartat ha quedat demostrat que la presència d'un cert grau d'acidesa, encara que residual, en el sòlid d'intercanvi de calor emprada per a processar un cru extrapesado com l'utilitzat per a realitzar aquest estudi, comporta un increment en el rendiment a coc la principal conseqüència del qual és una important baixada en el rendiment a cru sintètic final sense que, en contrapartida, s'aconseguisca eliminar el problema de la presència de asfaltenos en els líquids finals. Després de comprovar que per a obtenir crus sintètics estables respecte a la fioculación dels asfaltenos és necessari eliminar la fracció residu, és a dir, els hidrocarburs amb punts d'ebullició superior als 537 °C, el següent pas s'ha centrat en trobar una combinació d'etapes amb les quals siga possible convertir, o reciclar fins a l'extinció, aquesta fracció residu. A aquest efecte s'han ideat tres estratègies de processos de millora i s'han dut a terme estimacions teòriques que ens han permès conèixer la millor estratègia de processament per a obtenir el major rendiment a cru sintètic estable. Finalment, la validesa d'aquest nou processos s'ha estimat comparant aquests resultats experimentals obtinguts a escala de laboratori amb els generats en processar aquest mateix cru extrapesado en una planta pilot de delayed coking. / [EN] During this doctoral thesis it has been developed an in-situ extra-heavy crude oil partial upgrading process that has allowed to obtain a good yield to a synthetic crude oil that meets the requirements of density and viscosity to be transported through a pipeline, that is, a synthetic crude with an API gravity grater than 19, a viscosity of less than 300 cSt and free of asphaltenes. Furthermore, practically all the metals, nickel and vanadium, have been removed from the starting extra-heavy crude oil, which greatly facilitates the further processing of this syncrude in a refinery. In order to develop this process a study has been conducted to determine the ideal reaction conditions (temperature, residence time and solid to oil ratio) to carry out the thermal cracking reaction of an extra-heavy crude oil in a downflow transported bed reactor. Moreover, it has been found that among several solid materials with different acidities and textural properties, it is the Kaolín, a natural clay with a small degree of porosity in its crystalline structure, which yields the largest amount of synthetic crude with the density and viscosity values required to be transported through an oil pipeline. These results have been obtained after performing the reaction under non-severe conditions (530ºC, 0.3 seconds and 8g g¿1) and therefore do not require a high energy expenditure. However, the liquids collected after each of the reactions carried out are unstable with respect to asphaltene flocculation, regardless of the solid heat exchanger or the reaction conditions used. To overcome this shortcoming, the next step has focused on eliminating asphaltenes from the synthetic crude. To do so, it has been employed, either alone or as an additive together with kaolin, a heat exchange solid with a certain grade of activity to performe the catalytic cracking of heavy molecules (BCA, Bottom Cracking Additive). This would allow asphaltenes removal by means of catalytic cracking reactions, giving rise to lighter hydrocarbons formation, and/or by means of condensation reactions, giving rise to coke formation. In this section it has been concluded that, due to the characteristics of the composition of the extraheavy crude oil used in the present study, the presence of any kind of acidity on the solid used as heat exchanger lead to a such increase in coke yield, with the concomitant reduction in the yield to syncrude, that made its used inadvisable. In addition, asphaltene flocculation continues to be observed within the reduced amount of liquids collected. So that, after assuming that in order to obtain stable liquids respect asphaltenes flocculation it is mandatory to get a syncrude free of residue fraction, hydrocarbon products with boiling points higher than 537ºC, in the next section has been analyzed the combination of different process steps to either thermally convert or recycle to extinction this heavy hydrocarbons fraction. Three different strategies of improvement processes have been schematized and the best one to produce the greatest amount of stable synthetic crude has been determined through theoretical calculations. Finally, this new partial upgrading process has been assessed by comparing these results obtained experimentally in the laboratory with the ones obtained after processing the same extraheavy crude oil in a Delayed Coking pilot plant. / Corresa Mateu, E. (2023). Aprovechamiento y mejora de crudos extrapesados [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/198857

The research in this thesis considers novel innovative developments in established industrial processes that involve the use of recyclable polymeric particles as a partial replacement for aqueous media and chemicals. The application of the technology typically leads to water savings of over 80% and chemical savings of over 25%. These industrial processes may be characterised in that are considered inefficient and wasteful but nevertheless are considered economically vital. These diverse industries including laundry cleaning, leather manufacturing, textile garment processing, effluent treatment and metal beverage can manufacture. The outcomes of this research have made significant contributions to industrial best practice in such industries. In terms of academic research, the knowledge created in this thesis provides the basis for the application of CFD-DEM modelling to understand complex multi-phase and multi-component systems. In particular, the thesis advocates the application of the Free Surface Lattice Boltzmann Method for creating highly accurate simulations of multi-phase flow. In addition, the thesis offers opportunities for further research in novel plasma micro-reactors and their applications in diverse fields such as chemical synthesis, chemical engineering and biotechnology. The nature of the research is multi-disciplinary, and involved investigations across several fields including applied mathematics, biochemistry, chemistry, physics, and engineering. The projects also involved scale up from laboratory, pilot plant and full commercial scale production trials. Primary objectives were investigated through a series of six published patents. The three patents relating to the development of novel leather and textile processes were solely conceived and executed by the author. The patent related to the development of the plasma micro-reactor for ozone synthesis was conceived and executed jointly by the author and Professor Will Zimmerman (Sheffield University). The two patents related to the development of a novel metal cleaning and treatment process was conceived and executed jointly by the author and Dr. Robert Bird (Xeros Technology Group Limited).

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / With the globalization and the competitiveness in all the levels of the industrial sector, the final product quality search became higher. On the other hand, energy saving became another important factor in modern industry. The consumption of electric energy in the industrial sector represents 45.5% of the total consumption of the country. The motor force represents most of this consumption, arriving to be superior of 80% in the textile, paper and cellulose sectors. This work presents two strategies of control, auto-adjustable PID and fuzzy controller, the objectives are a better final product quality and the energy saving. Ventilation and compression industrials process are used in this work. An analysis of limit cyclesâ presence through the descriptive function of the fuzzy controller is carried through, providing a previously validation of fuzzy controllerâs parameters by simulations, saving time in the adjust phase. Set-point changes are easily made and on-line, still the process is running, in the two considered controllers. Comparisons of energy consumption are made between the conventional strategies and the two strategies considered in this work. / Com a globalizaÃÃo e a competitividade em todos os nÃveis do setor industrial, a qualidade do produto final se tornou de importÃncia crescente. Por outro lado, a conservaÃÃo de energia no setor industrial se tornou outro fator importante na indÃstria moderna. O consumo de energia elÃtrica do setor industrial representa 45,5% do consumo total do paÃs. A forÃa motriz representa a maior parte deste consumo, chegando a ser superior a 80% nos setores tÃxtil, de papel e celulose. Este trabalho apresenta duas estratÃgias de controle, PID auto-ajustÃvel e controlador nebuloso, e tÃm como objetivos tanto a qualidade do produto final quanto a eficiÃncia energÃtica. SÃo utilizados processos de ventilaÃÃo e de compressÃo em escala industriais. Uma anÃlise da presenÃa dos ciclos limites atravÃs da funÃÃo descritiva do controlador nebuloso à realizada, de forma que os parÃmetros do controlador nebuloso podem ser previamente validados atravÃs de simulaÃÃes, poupando tempo na fase de ajuste dos parÃmentros do controlador. MudanÃas de set-point sÃo facilmente realizadas de forma online e sem que o funcionamento do processo seja descontinuado, nos dois controladores propostos. ComparaÃÃes quanto ao consumo de energia sÃo realizadas usando as estratÃgias de controle convencionais e as proposta neste trabalho.