Anxiety associated with the COVID-19 pandemic and home confinement has been associated with adverse health behaviors, such as unhealthy eating, smoking, and drinking. However, most studies have been limited by regional sampling, which precludes the examination of behavioral consequences associated with the pandemic at a global level. Further, few studies operationalized pandemic-related stressors to enable the investigation of the impact of different types of stressors on health outcomes. This study examined the association between perceived risk of COVID-19 infection and economic burden of COVID-19 with health-promoting and health-damaging behaviors using data from the PsyCorona Study: an international, longitudinal online study of psychological and behavioral correlates of COVID-19. Analyses utilized data from 7,402 participants from 86 countries across three waves of assessment between May 16 and June 13, 2020. Participants completed self-report measures of COVID-19 infection risk, COVID-19-related economic burden, physical exercise, diet quality, cigarette smoking, sleep quality, and binge drinking. Multilevel structural equation modeling analyses showed that across three time points, perceived economic burden was associated with reduced diet quality and sleep quality, as well as increased smoking. Diet quality and sleep quality were lowest among respondents who perceived high COVID-19 infection risk combined with high economic burden. Neither binge drinking nor exercise were associated with perceived COVID-19 infection risk, economic burden, or their interaction. Findings point to the value of developing interventions to address COVID-related stressors, which have an impact on health behaviors that, in turn, may influence vulnerability to COVID-19 and other health outcomes. / New York University Abu Dhabi

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:55:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Manoel Lemes da Silva Neto.pdf: 1380264 bytes, checksum: f9c4e795fc4345dba2a5f4af30ee32e9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-12-15 / Objectives: To investigate the prevalence of nosocomial infections (NIs) occurring up to 30 days following renal transplant at the Hospital Santa Casa de Misericórdia in Goiânia and to analyze risk factors for the development of surgical site infection (SSI) in renal transplant recipients and the consequences of the infections. Methods: A retrospective study was performed from January 2004 to June 2006, which determined hospital infections occurring during the first 30 days following renal transplant and the risk factors for the development of SSI and its consequences. A form was designed as an instrument for data collection containing the patients clinical and demographic information from hospital admission to discharge. Result: 108 renal transplants were analyzed, 49 (45.4%) of which were performed in female patients and 59 (54.6%) in male patients. Grafts from live donors totaled 67 (62%) and constituted the majority. Grafts from deceased donors totaled 41 (38%). The mean age was 38.1 years old and the average time of hospital stay was 16 days. The incident rate of bacterial nosocomial infection (NI) in recipients was 35.18% and occurred in 28 (25.9%) patients. Nine of the recipients presented two or more episodes of infection during the time of hospital stay. In this review, 38 episodes of bacterial nosocomial infection were diagnosed, 20 (18.5%) cases of urinary tract infection (UTI), 9 (8.33%) cases of SSI, 3 (2.77%) cases of pneumonias, 5 (4.62%) cases of bloodstream infection (septicemia) and 1 (0.92%) case of other infections. During the first 30 days, no loss of graft or death was observed. The number of infection episodes was directly proportional to the increase in the average and the median time of hospital stay (p< 0.001). UTI was the most prevalent and recipients of grafts from deceased donors were more prone to developing UTI than were recipients receiving grafts from live donors; in addition, the former group had twice as many more chances of developing UTI (p<0.046; OR=2.363). Fifty-four (50%) recipients presented graft dysfunction, thirteen of whom reestablished renal function without the need for dialytic treatment and 41 (38%) of whom underwent it through hemodialysis in the absolute majority of cases. Organs from deceased donors were more susceptible to the occurrence of graft dysfunction (p=0.001), in a ratio almost twenty times higher (OR=19.600). In the multivariate analysis, the following were regarded as risk factors for the development of SSI: time of pre-transplant dialytic treatment, presence of graft dysfunction, need for post-transplant dialytic treatment and number in units in the use of hemoderivatives. Conclusions: The low levels of effective organ donation accounted for a smaller number of grafts from deceased donors during the study. Bacterial nosocomial infections (NI) increased the time of hospital stay. The time of duration of dialysis treatment, graft dysfunction, the need for post-transplant dialytic treatment and an increase in the volume of associated hemoderived infusion represented higher risk of SSI. Graft dysfunction was higher in corpse donors. UTI was the most prevalent, which was regarded as risk for the development of SSI. Recipients of grafts from corpse donors were more susceptible to UTI. Re-operations, urological complications and hematomas of operative wound predisposed to SSI. / Objetivos: Verificar a prevalência de infecções hospitalares (IHs) ocorridas até 30 dias após o transplante renal no Hospital Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Goiânia e analisar os fatores de risco para aquisição de infecção de sítio cirúrgico (ISC) em pacientes submetidos a transplante renal(Txr) e as conseqüências das infecções. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo no período que compreende janeiro de 2004 a junho de 2006, determinando as infecções hospitalares ocorridas nos primeiros 30 dias após o Txr, e os fatores de risco para a aquisição de ISC e suas conseqüências. Foi elaborada uma ficha como instrumento para a coleta de dados, contendo informações clínicas e demográficas dos pacientes desde a data da internação até a alta hospitalar. Resultados: Foram analisados 108 transplantados renais 49 (45,4%) do sexo feminino e 59 do sexo masculino (54,6%) e os enxertos de doador vivo foram a maioria, 67 (62%) e de doador cadáver 41 (38%). A média de idade foi de 38,1 anos e do período do tempo de internação hospitalar de 16 dias. A taxa de incidência de IH bacteriana nos receptores foi de 35,18% e ocorreu em 28 (25,9%) pacientes, e nove receptores tiveram dois ou mais episódios de infecção durante a internação. Nessa revisão diagnosticou-se 38 episódios de infecção hospitalar bacteriana, 20 (18,5%) casos de infecção do trato urinário (ITU), 9 (8,33 %) de ISC, 3 ( 2,77%) casos de pneumonias, 5 (4,62%) de infecção de corrente sanguínea (septicemia) e outras infecções 1 (0,92 %) caso. Nos primeiros 30 dias, não ocorreu perda de nenhum enxerto e não houve nenhum óbito. O número de episódios de infecção foi diretamente proporcional ao aumento da média e da mediana de internação (p< 0,001). ITU foi a infecção mais incidente e os receptores de enxerto de doador cadáver foram mais propensos á ITU do que os de doador vivo e tiveram mais do dobro de chance de contraí-la (p<0,046; OR=2,363). Cinqüenta e quatro receptores (50%) apresentaram disfunção do enxerto, treze recuperaram a função renal sem a necessidade do tratamento dialítico e 41 (38%) o realizaram fazendo hemodiálise na maioria absoluta dos casos. Órgãos de doador cadáver foram mais susceptíveis à ocorrência de disfunção de enxerto (p=0,001), numa razão de quase vinte vezes maior (OR= 19,600). Na análise multivariada, representaram risco a ISC; tempo de tratamento dialítico pré-tranplante, presença de disfunção de enxerto, necessidade de tratamento dialítico pós-transplante e quantidade em unidades no uso de hemoderivados. Conclusões: Os baixos índices na doação efetiva de órgãos significaram menor número de enxertos de doador cadáver no período de estudo. As IHs bacterianas prolongaram o período de tempo de internação hospitalar. Tempo de duração do tratamento dialítico, disfunção de enxerto, necessidade de tratamento dialítico pós-transplante e aumento no volume de infusão de hemoderivados associados, representaram maior risco a ISC. A disfunção de enxerto ocorreu em maior incidência nos enxertos de doador cadáver. A ITU foi a infecção mais incidente, significando risco para ocorrência de ISC. Receptores de enxerto de doador cadáver foram mais susceptíveis ITU. Reoperações, complicações urológicas e hematomas de ferida operatória, predispuseram à ISC.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Univ., 2003. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2002. / Härtill 6 uppsatser.

Submitted by (ana.araujo@ufrpe.br) on 2016-08-09T12:57:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Niedja Maristone Oliveira Barreto Queiroz.pdf: 2909360 bytes, checksum: 109caf21db04442310458a38ed638100 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-09T12:57:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Niedja Maristone Oliveira Barreto Queiroz.pdf: 2909360 bytes, checksum: 109caf21db04442310458a38ed638100 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-03-26 / Logistic regression has application in several fields as epidemiology, medical research, banks, market research and social research. One of its advantages is that the interpretation of the measure is possible through the " Odds Ratios” (OR), that are functions of the parameters of the model. In this study the binary regression model was used, with the objective of estimating the relationship between two variables, taking into account the presence of other factors. For his purpose a Bayesian approach was used to estimate those risk measures, and these results were compared with the corresponding classical results obtained by application of a stepwise backward process, using the maximum likelihood as criterion for exclusion of the variable of the model, and the Wald test as analysis of each parameter of the final model, both at the level of significance of 0,05. An application was performed using real data from a transverse study of 106.203 blood donor candidates, found apt by the clinical screening process performed at the blood bank Recife of the HEMOPE foundation. Measures of HIV infection association “OR” were estimated in relation with certain socio-demographic conditions, sorological markers for other Sexually Transmissible Diseases as well as the donation type. For the classical analysis thestatistical package SPSS version 10 was used, and for the bayesian analysis the Winbugs 14. The results indicated that OR obtained using the two methods are rather similar, in spite of the fact that the classical approach used Maximum likelihood and the bayesian approach used the Markov Chain Monte Carlo(MCMC), which are quite different methods. It was concluded, that the factors independently associated to the HIV infection risk among donors of blood in the observed period, for the bayesian estimate, were: age 18 to 28 years (2,45) and 29 to 39 years (2,79); illiteracy (8,17), primary school (3,31) and secundary school (3,29); positive Anti-Hbc (1,95), positive syphilis (3,14), residence in the Metropolitan Area of Recife (2,41) and type of voluntary donation (11,94). / Regressão logística tem aplicação em diversos campos como epidemiologia, pesquisa médica, bancos, pesquisa de mercado e pesquisa social. Uma de suas vantagens é que a interpretação da medida é possível através das “Odds Ratios” (OR), que são funções dos parâmetros do modelo. Neste estudo foi usado o modelo de regressão binária, com o objetivo de estimar a relação entre duas variáveis tendo em conta a presença de outros fatores. Utilizou-se para isso uma abordagem bayesiana para estimar essas medidas de risco, fazendo uma comparação com os resultados da abordagem clássica proveniente de um processo stepwise backward, utilizando o critério da razão de verossimilhança como exclusão da variável do modelo e o teste de Wald como análise de cada parâmetro do modelo final, ambos no nível de significância de 0,05. Realizou-se uma aplicação com dados reais proveniente de um estudo transversal de 106.203 doadores de sangue de 1ª doação aptos na triagem clínica no Hemocentro Recife da Fundação HEMOPE. Estimou-se medidas de associação “OR”, da infecção por HIV, com relação a algumas condições sócio-demográficas, marcadores sorológicos para outras Doenças Sexualmente Transmissíveis (DST) e tipo de doação. Para as análises no método clássico foi utilizado o pacote estatístico SPSS versão 10 e no método bayesiano o Winbugs 14. Os resultados indicaram que as OR estimadas, utilizando os dois métodos, foram bastante próximas, apesar do clássico utilizar o método de estimação por Máxima Verossimilhança, e o bayesiano utilizar os métodos de Monte Carlo Cadeia de Markov (MCMC), que são métodos diferentes. Concluiu-se, que os fatores independentemente associados ao risco de infecção por HIV entre doadores de sangue no período foram, pela estimativa bayesiana: idade 18 a 28 anos (2,45) e 29 a 39 anos (2,79); escolaridade: analfabeto (8,17), ensino fundamental (3,31) e médio (3,29); Anti-Hbc positivo (1,95); sífilis positivo (3,14); residir na Região Metropolitana do Recife (RMR) (2,41) e tipo de doação voluntária (11,94).

The spread of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) and multi-drug resistance in healthcare networks is a major public health issue. Evaluating the role of inter-facility patient transfers that form the structure of these networks may provide insights on novel infection control measures. Identifying novel infection control strategies is especially important for multi-drug resistant pathogens such as Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) due to limited treatment options. The increasing use of inter-individual contact and inter-facility transfer network data in mathematical modelling of HAI spread has helped these models become more realistic; however, they remain limited to a few settings and pathogens. The main objectives of this thesis were two-fold: 1) to better understand the structure of the healthcare networks of France and their impact on HAI spread dynamics; and 2) to assess the role of transfers on the spread of CPE in France during the 2012 to 2015 period. The French healthcare networks are characterized by centralized patient flows towards hubs hospitals and a two-tier community clustering structure. We also found that networks of patients with HAIs form the same underlying structure as that of the general patient population. The number of CPE episodes have increased over time in France and projections estimate that the number of monthly episodes could continue to increase with seasonal peaks in October. The general patient network was used to show that, since 2012, patient transfers have played an increasingly important role over time in the spread of CPE in France. Multiple spreading events of CPE linked to patient transfers were also observed. Despite subtle differences in the flows of patients with an HAI and the general patient population, the general patient network may best inform novel infection control measures for pathogen spread. The structure of healthcare networks may help serve as a basis for novel infection control strategies to tackle HAIs in general but also CPE in particular. Key healthcare hubs in large metropoles and key patient flows connecting hospital communities at the local and regional level should be considered in the development of coordinated regional strategies to control pathogen spread in healthcare systems. / La propagation des infections nosocomiales (IN), notamment liées aux bactéries multi-résistantes, au sein du réseau des hôpitaux, est un grand enjeu de santé publique. L’évaluation du rôle joué par les transferts inter-établissements des patients sur cette propagation pourrait permettre l’élaboration de nouvelles mesures de contrôle. L’identification de nouvelles mesures de contrôle est particulièrement importante pour les bactéries résistantes aux antibiotiques comme les entérobactéries productrices de carbapenemase (EPC) pour lesquelles les possibilités de traitement sont très limitées. L’utilisation des données de réseaux de contact inter-individus et de transferts inter-établissement dans la modélisation mathématique ont rendu ces modèles plus proches de la réalité. Toutefois, ces derniers restent limités à quelques milieux hospitaliers et quelques pathogènes. La thèse a eu pour objectifs de 1) mieux comprendre la structure des réseaux hospitaliers français et leur impact sur la propagation des IN ; et 2) évaluer le rôle des transferts sur la propagation des EPC.Les réseaux hospitaliers français sont caractérisés par des flux de patients vers des hubs et par deux niveaux de communautés des hôpitaux. La structure du réseau de transfert des patients présentant une IN n’est pas différente de celle du réseau général de transfert des patients. Au cours des dernières années, le nombre d’épisode d’EPC a augmenté en France et les prédictions prévoient une poursuite de cette augmentation, avec des pics de saisonnalité en octobre. Ce travail a également montré que, depuis 2012, les transferts de patients jouent avec les années un rôle de plus en plus important sur la diffusion des EPC en France. Des évènements de propagation multiple liée aux transferts sont également de plus en plus souvent observés.En conséquence, la structure du réseau des hôpitaux pourrait servir de base pour la proposition des nouvelles stratégies de contrôles des IN en général, et des EPC en particulier. Les hôpitaux très connectés des grandes métropoles et les flux des patients entre les communautés locale et régionale doivent être considérés pour le développement de mesures de contrôle coordonnées entre établissements de santé.