Two contour weep berms systems were designed and implemented to evaluate their performance at mitigating water quantity problems from a horse muck composting operation. The field-scale study focused on the hydrologic response of a standard contour weep berm and a modified contour weep berm. The modified contour weep berm incorporated a woodchip trench upgradient of a typical standard contour weep design. Monitoring occurred from July 2011 through spring 2012. Eight storm events produced measureable runoff for the standard contour weep berm; however, only five storm events produced measurable runoff for the modified contour weep berm. The largest storm event occurred on November 27, 2012 with rainfall depth of 49.0 mm. This storm event generated a total runoff volume of 183.1 m3 and 188.5 m3 for the standard and modified contour weep berms, respectively. All runoff produced from the storm events during the monitoring period was completely detained and infiltrated. No runoff was released from the horse muck composting facility through the passive dewatering system to down-gradient vegetative filter strips during the monitoring period.

AIM: The aim of this study is to compare, in a randomized clinical trial, the appearance improvement of white spot carious lesions (WSL) treated with resin infiltration (RI) – ICON®, 5% sodium fluoride (22,600 parts per million (ppm) with fluoride varnish (FV), and to assess the synergistic effect of adding Casein Phosphopeptide-Amorphous Calcium Phosphate- MI Paste® (MIP) to these treatment modalities. METHODS: Forty subjects with unrestored WSL, after debanding fixed orthodontic appliances, were recruited from the Department of Orthodontics, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University. A randomized, split-mouth, and double-blind clinical trial design was used to allocate subjects to resin infiltration and fluoride varnish without MI Paste® (RI and FV), 20 patients, and resin infiltration and fluoride varnish with MI Paste® (RI-MIP and FV-MIP), 20 patients. Patients in the MI Paste® present treatment group given 6-weeks supply of MI Paste®. The assessment methods were: 1) patient self-assessment, 2) expert panel subjective assessment, 3) clinical caries assessment using the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS), and 4) actual lesion size assessment. Treatment efficacy was assessed after 4-6 weeks of application. The appearance improvement was analyzed at α level of 5% and a power of 90%. RESULTS: Over 4-6 weeks, RI treatment appeared to have a higher mean difference between baseline and follow-up compared to fluoride varnish with a statistically significant difference across all assessment methods. The patient self-assessment mean difference was 1.07 (±1.49); 95% CI [0.59 - 1.55], the expert panel subjective assessment mean difference was 0.75 (±1.06); 95% CI [0.61 - 0.88], the ICDAS mean difference was 0.38 (± 0.43); 95% CI [0.24 - 0.52], and the actual size assessment mean difference was 0.07 (±0.16); 95% CI [0.01 - 0.12]. There was no statistically significant difference between the mean differences between RI and RI-MIP, nor between FV and FV-MIP across all assessment methods. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that RI is significantly better in improving the appearance of WSLs when compared to FV. There is little evidence that use of MIP adds to the improvement of the appearance of WSL in conjunction with either modality. / 2019-09-26T00:00:00Z

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar in vitro a capacidade seladora de alguns materiais odontológicos em retrobturações e para tanto, utilizou-se o MTA Ângelus® Branco, MBPc, CPM® e Pasta Lysanda®, através da análise da infiltração do Enterococcus faecalis. Noventa dentes humanos unirradiculares extraídos e instrumentados, tiveram seu ápice radicular cortado num plano perpendicular ao longo eixo onde foram preparadas cavidades retrógradas com 3mm de profundidade, para selamento com os materiais em teste já relacionados. Culturas específicas de Enterococcus faecalis foram preparadas e inoculadas nos condutos radiculares dos dentes previamente fixados em aparatos especiais que tinham do lado oposto um meio de cultura estéril e específico para a bactéria em questão, separados apenas pelas retrobturações dos grupos de materiais em teste. Diariamente, o meio estéril era checado para constatar sua possível turvação; caso ocorresse demonstrava a passagem bacteriana pela retrobturação. Os quatro grupos experimentais apresentaram ao menos um espécime com infiltração bacteriana logo nas primeiras 24 horas do teste, entretanto, o número de espécimes que apresentavam turvação foi diminuindo numericamente no decorrer do período experimental, que foi de 120 dias. Os cimentos MTA Ângelus® Branco, MBPc e CPM® mostraram capacidade seladora eficaz e também comportamento semelhante entre si, pois a turvação das poucas amostras ocorreu logo nos três primeiros dias. A pasta Lysanda® apresentou o maior número de amostras infiltradas (18), em maior período de tempo. / The objective of this study was to in vitro evaluate the sealing ability of some dental retrofilling material and for that, we used the White MTA Angelus®, MBPc, CPM® cements and Lysande® paste, by examining Enterococcus faecalis infiltration. Ninety human extracted single-rooted teeth were instrumented, had their apex cut perpendicular to the long axis where the retrograde cavities were prepared with 3 mm deep, sealed with the retrofilling materials used on the study. Specific cultures of Enterococcus faecalis were prepared and inoculated into the teeths root canals previously fixed in special apparatuses that had in their opposite side a sterile type of culture specific for the bacteria in question, separated only by the retrofilling materials under test. Daily, the sterile culture was checked to verify their possible turbidity; and when there was, it demonstrated the bacterials passage by the retrofilling material. All experimental groups showed at least one specimen with bacterial infiltration in the very first 24 hour testing, however, the number of specimens that showed turbidity had decreased numerically during the trial period of 120 days. White Angelus MTA®, CPM® and MBPC cements showed effective sealing capacity and also similar behavior among themselves, because the turbidity of the few samples occurred just in the first three days. Lysanda® paste presented the greatest number of samples infiltrated (18), in a greater period of time.

Escorregamentos de taludes no Sudeste do Brasil são causados principalmente, pelo efeito da água proveniente das chuvas. Nos últimos anos, vem se incrementando o número de desastres naturais, ao passo são registradas mudanças climáticas, que podem exercer influência na ocorrência de chuvas extremas. Muitas encostas permanecem grande parte do ano com o solo em estado não saturado, porém variações nas condições ambientais podem ocasionar mudanças bruscas da sucção, reduzindo ou até mesmo eliminando-a e gerando pressões neutras positivas. A dissertação apresenta, um estudo sobre a influência das chuvas, consideradas extremas, no processo de infiltração e de este nos eventos de escorregamentos, considerados catastróficos pela sua dimensão, e que causaram prejuízos ambientais, econômicos e sociais no Brasil. Para o estudo foram selecionados dois eventos de escorregamentos translacionais rasos relativamente típicos, considerados catastróficos, um deles aconteceu na região da Serra de Cubatão em janeiro do ano 1985, e o outro na Região Serrana do Rio de Janeiro em janeiro de 2011. Estes dois eventos apresentaram características de precipitações e mecanismos de escorregamentos próprios, que permitem ilustrar os diferentes mecanismos atuantes em cada caso. / Landslide in southeastern Brazil, are mainly caused by the effect of water from rainfall in infiltration process, in recent years has been increasing the number of natural disasters, while climate change that may exercising influence on the occurrence of extreme rainfall are recorded . Many slopes remain a large part of the year with unsaturated soil condition; however, changes in environmental conditions can cause sudden changes of suction, reducing or even deleting it and generate positive pore pressures. This dissertation presents a study about the influence of rainfall, considered extreme in the infiltration process and this one in the events regarded by their size of catastrophic landslides, which caused environmental, economic and social losses in Brazil. For the study were selected two events of shallow translational landslides relatively typical, considered catastrophic, one of them occurred in the Serra de Cubatão region on January 1985 and the other in the mountainous region of Rio de Janeiro on January 2011. Both events exhibit characteristics of rainfall and sliding mechanisms themselves, allowing illustrate the different mechanisms active in each case.

O crescimento dos centros urbanos e o processo de urbanizaÃÃo das Ãltimas dÃcadas em todo mundo tÃm causados diversos impactos no meio ambiente, principalmente no ciclo hidrolÃgico, trazendo consigo um aumento na quantidade e magnitude de cheias urbanas. O presente estudo teve como objetivo principal avaliar o processo de urbanizaÃÃo de uma Ãrea do municÃpio de Crato-CE, analisando o escoamento superficial gerado e propondo uma soluÃÃo para sua diminuiÃÃo atravÃs do emprego de trincheiras de infiltraÃÃo, implantadas no passeio pÃblico, recebendo apenas as Ãguas provenientes dos telhados dos lotes. Utilizou-se para as simulaÃÃes o programa computacional Storm Water Management Model â SWMM, com parÃmetros retirados da literatura. Foram estudados dois cenÃrios, o primeiro simulou toda a Ãrea em estudo, urbanizada na sua situaÃÃo limite. No segundo cenÃrio, foram incluÃdas as trincheiras no modelo anterior e analisados os resultados. As simulaÃÃes realizadas demonstraram que o local, apÃs total urbanizaÃÃo, poderà ter problemas com o escoamento superficial e que a soluÃÃo proposta atravÃs do uso de trincheiras de infiltraÃÃo se demonstra eficiente na diminuiÃÃo dos picos de vazÃo, se mostrando na maioria dos casos capaz de reduzir em pelo menos 70% do escoamento gerado pelos lotes. Analisando a Ãrea como um todo, nÃo foram observados retardos de picos devido a influÃncia do escoamento gerado pelas ruas, ocorrendo em todos os casos apÃs 12 minutos de precipitaÃÃo. Destaca-se, por fim, que atravÃs do uso das prÃticas de drenagem Low Impact Development (LID) os benefÃcios vÃo muito alÃm de tratar os problemas das cheias na regiÃo de instalaÃÃo, podendo tambÃm diminuÃ-las em outras Ãreas a jusante e favorecer o incremento das reservas de recursos hÃdricos subterrÃneos local. / The growth of urban centers and the process of urbanization in recent decades worldwide have caused many impacts on the environment, especially the water cycle, bringing with it an increase in the number and magnitude of urban flooding. This study aimed to assess the process of urbanization of an area of Crato-CE municipality, analyzing the generated runoff and proposing a solution for its reduction through the use of infiltration trenches, deployed on the promenade, getting only water from the roofs of the lots. Was used for the simulations the computer program Storm Water Management Model - SWMM with parameters taken from the literature. Two scenarios were studied, the first simulated the entire study area, urbanized in its extreme situation. In the second scenario, the trenches were included in the previous model and analyzed the results. Simulations have shown that the place by total urbanization can cause problems with the runoff and the proposed solution by using infiltration trenches is demonstrated effective in reducing peak flows, showing in most cases able to reduce at least 70% of the flow generated by batches. Analyzing the area as a whole we are not observed delays of peaks due to the influence of the flow generated by the streets, occurring in all cases after 12 minutes by precipitation. Stands out, finally, that through the use of drainage practices Low Impact Development (LID) the benefits go far beyond addressing the problems of flooding in the installation area, and may also reduce them in other areas downstream and favor the increase in water site underground resources reserves.

Cria-se, nesta pesquisa, as ferramentas de estudo de uma alternativa inovadora de irrigação localizada superficial, que consiste na escavação do terreno ao redor da base da planta na forma de um anel grosso que produza bulbos úmidos equivalentes aos gerados por qualquer um gotejador. Estas bacias deverão ser conectadas por meio de sulcos compactados que, além de servir como condutores semi-impermeáveis, criam um micro sistema de coleta de água. Capas radiculares podem ser colocadas dentro das bacias com o intuito de eliminar as perdas por evaporação, evitar o crescimento de ervas daninhas e até incrementar o rendimento da colheita. Desenvolve-se para este fim um modelo matemático misto do tipo balanço volumétrico e onda cinemática modificado com a teoria de onda de choque, que utiliza um modelo de infiltração baseada na inédita aplicação do princípio da maximização da entropia multidirecional. Este novo modelo de infiltração em comparação com os modelos de Horton, Philips e Kostiakov determina, além de menores erros padrões, maiores coeficientes de correlação, em média de 1.2% e 8.9 % e máximos de 2.5% e 68% nos infiltrômetros por sulcos e anel duplo, respectivamente. / The doctorate research creates the tools for study a new alternative of localized superficial irrigation. The system purposed consists in a ground excavation around the plant base. The form of this is same as a big ring, that produces an humid bulb in the root zone equivalent to a drooping system. This cavities need to be connected by furrows that\'s beyond serves for being a semi impermeable conductor of water creates a micro-system of water harvesting. Root layers can be placed inside of the cavities with intention to eliminate the losses for evaporation, to prevent the growth of harmful grass and until to improve the collect income. For this ending development a modify volumetric balance and cinematic wave model that incorporated a new infiltration model. This infiltration model is based in the in edit maximization of the multidirectional entropy. Comparing the new entropic model with the models of Horton, Philips and the modified model of Kostiakov, the entropic one, it was determined a lesser standard error and a bigger correlation coefficient, in average of 1.2% and 8.9 % for the furrows and double ring infiltrometers respectively and a maximum of 2.5% and 68%.

Orientador: José Anderson do Nascimento Batista / Dissertação (mestrado] - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo. / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T02:23:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bossarino_Danilo_M.pdf: 1760894 bytes, checksum: ee8724892eb6c348cf45c3b4722dbdf8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Um dos mais importantes atributos físicos do solo é a curva de retenção. Diante das dificuldades de determinar este atributo em laboratório, devido ao comportamento histerético da curva em relação aos diferentes efeitos gerados pelo umedecimento e pelo secamento, recorre-se a modelos matemáticos. Assim, esta dissertação estudou a representatividade do modelo de van Genuchten de retenção de água no solo, modelo este amplamente difundido nas Ciências do Solo. Com o objetivo de estimar os parâmetros de ajuste deste modelo, efetuou-se a calibração do mesmo, utilizando seis métodos de otimização de funções não lineares, empregando os dados experimentais de curvas de retenção em solos com perfis profundos. Os resultados demonstraram que o método de Nelder-Mead obteve menores resíduos de ajuste do modelo nos dois tipos de solos estudados, com qualidade de ajuste superior aos de calibração manual. Em alguns casos, os melhores resultados entre menor erro, menos tempo computacional e menor número de chamadas, foram obtidos pelo método de Levenberg-Marquardt. A análise de sensibilidade demonstrou que os parâmetros de umidade de saturação e o expoente da carga mátrica são os decisivos para o sucesso da calibração / Abstract: One of the most important soil physical attributes is the retention curve. Due to the difficulties of determining this attribute in laboratories because of hysteretic behavior of the curve, one may recur to mathematical models. This dissertation studied the representation of van Genuchten model of soil water retention, which is being widely disseminated in Soil Science. With the objective to estimate the fitting parameters of this model, we performed the calibration, using six methods of optimization of nonlinear functions, using the experimental data retention curves in soils with deep profiles. The results showed that the method of Nelder-Mead found lower residues of model fit in both types of soils, with higher quality than those from manual calibration. In some cases, best results in terms of smallest error, less computational time and a smaller number of calls have been obtained using the method of Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. The sensitivity analysis showed that the parameters of saturation moisture and the numerical exponent in the matric potential variable are decisive for the success of the calibration / Mestrado / Recursos Hidricos, Energeticos e Ambientais / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Les bassins d’infiltration sont de plus en plus utilisés en milieux urbains pour la réduction des eaux de ruissellement et la recharge des nappes phréatiques. Toutefois, leur fonctionnement est souvent affecté par des problèmes de colmatage, physiques, chimiques et/ou biologiques, qui conduisent à une diminution des capacités d’infiltration et à une altération potentielle de la qualité des eaux infiltrées. Aussi, la prévention de ce risque devient-elle un enjeu majeur pour garantir la pérennité des ouvrages d’infiltration et la qualité des eaux infiltrées. Si les mécanismes impliqués dans le colmatage sont décrits assez finement dans le cas des processus purement physiques ou géochimiques, les verrous scientifiques sont encore importants pour comprendre la contribution du compartiment biologique (biofilms, végétation, invertébrés). Ce travail de thèse avait ainsi pour objectif de quantifier l’influence du compartiment biologique sur les processus de colmatage et de décolmatage dans des bassins d’infiltration. Pour cela, il était composé de deux grands volets : (i) le premier visait à évaluer la contribution relative du biofilm et de l’accumulation de particules fines sur les paramètres hydrodynamiques du milieu poreux support d’infiltration, ceci dans 2 bassins aux caractéristiques contrastées, (ii) le second avait pour objectif d’évaluer les potentialités de processus écologiques (bioturbation, broutage, allélopathie) à décolmater les bassins par l’introduction de macro-organismes (invertébrés et macrophytes) en mésocosmes ou par encagements in situ. Les résultats ont mis en évidence le rôle déterminant de la composante phototrophe des biofilms sur la dégradation de perméabilité des supports d’infiltration. Un effet seuil de la biomasse phototrophe a été observé sur le rayon moyen des pores hydrauliquement fonctionnels, avec pour conséquences des effets non-linéaires sur la perméabilité. Face à ce colmatage biologique, les résultats obtenus en mésocosmes ont clairement montré que la présence de macrophytes tels que Vallisneria spiralis L. et Chara globularis L. permettait de réduire la biomasse algale par allélopathie. Par la suite, l'introduction par encagement dans un bassin d'infiltration de l’espèce V. spiralis a démontré sa potentialité à réduire le phénomène de colmatage en affectant la physiologie du biofilm algal. De plus, l'introduction du gastéropode aquatique Viviparus viviparus qui se nourrit directement du biofilm permettait de maintenir et même d’améliorer les capacités d’infiltration du bassin. Ces résultats offrent des perspectives intéressantes pour le développement futur de techniques d’ingénierie écologique dans la gestion et l’amélioration de la durée de vie des ouvrages d’infiltration. / Infiltration basins are increasingly used in urban areas for stormwater management or groundwater recharge. However, their functions are often affected by physical, chemical and / or biological clogging, leading to a decrease in infiltration rate and a potential alteration of infiltrated water quality. The prevention of clogging is therefore becoming a major challenge to ensure the sustainability of infiltration devices and the quality of infiltrated water. Although the mechanisms involved in clogging are accurately described for purely physical and geochemical processes, scientific obstacles still prevent from understanding the contribution of biological compartment (i.e. biofilms, vegetation, invertebrates). The aim of this work was to quantify the influence of biological compartment on clogging/unclogging processes in infiltration basins. It was divided in two objectives: (i) To assess the relative contribution of biofilm and fine particle accumulation on the hydrodynamic parameters of the porous media in two basins with contrasting characteristics. (ii) To assess the potential of ecological processes (bioturbation, grazing, allelopathy) to unclog the basins, by the introduction of macro-organisms (invertebrates and macrophytes) in mesocosms or in situ enclosures. Results highlighted the critical role of the phototrophic component of biofilms on the degradation of infiltration media permeability. A threshold effect of algal biomass was observed on the hydraulically functional pore size, with non-linear consequences on the permeability. Faced with this biological clogging, the results obtained with mesocosm experiments clearly showed that the presence of the macrophytes Vallisneria spiralis L. and Chara globularis L. could reduce algal biomass by allelopathy. The introduction of V. spiralis by enclosure in an infiltration basin then demonstrated its potential to reduce the clogging by affecting algal biofilm physiology. In addition, the introduction of the aquatic gastropod Viviparus viviparus, which feeds directly on the biofilm, allowed to maintain, and even improve, the infiltration capacity of the basin. These outcomes offer interesting perspectives for the future development of ecological engineering techniques, to manage and improve the lifetime of infiltration devices.

In this study, a comprehensive approach including mathematical, numerical and experimental study has been taken in order to develop new models for describing free surface flow behavior in porous media. The study suggested that modeling free-surface flow in porous media is possible using a single equation capable of showing proper transition between inertial and classical Darcian flow, based on the similarity distribution functions of depth and velocity. The developed integral model inherits both the flow regimes as depicted in the analysis. For both laminar and turbulent flows through porous media, the integral models give satisfactory results. Also the proposed algorithm for numerical simulation is capable of solving various problems of free-surface flow through porous media. This study adds a new dimension to fluid flow in porous media by replacing Darcy's equation with new models that are capable of representing both Darcy and non-Darcy flow behaviors. These are new nonlinear ordinary differential equations inherited both the flow regimes investigated. Integral formulations for unsteady depth distribution, velocity and front speed under constant water level and constant flux discharge inlet conditions have been developed based on similarity law. The formulations presented provide additional analytical insight about the intrusion dynamics. It is pointed out that, based on the self-similarity analysis, the temporal intrusion processes can be categorized into the inertia-pressure (IP) and the pressure-drag (PD) regimes. The early inertia-pressure regime is followed by the pressure-drag regime. In addition, the integral models proposed can be successfully used for the solution of a host of other nonlinear problems that admit self-similarity. The analytical and numerical solutions for constant inlet water level condition are verified with experimental observations. The unsteady distributions of flow depth, inflow velocity and front speeds are compared for various porous media characterized by its corresponding porosity and permeability. Analyses indicate that the integral models clearly represent the nonlinear flow behavior in porous media both in laminar and turbulent flow conditions. The integral model results are in agreement with those obtained by similarity solution for the temporal change of velocity, depth at inlet and front positions. The thesis also presents a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model developed for the analysis of unsteady free-surface flows through porous media. Vertical two-dimensional numerical simulations are carried out for the free-surface flow inside the porous media governed by a set of Navier-Stokes equations extended for porous media flow. This model includes the convective and local inertia terms along with viscous diffusion term and resistance term comprising Darcy's linear resistance and Forchheimer's inertial resistance terms. The Finite volume method is applied using constrained interpolated propagation (CIP) method and highly simplified marker and cell (HSMAC) type pressure solver for the numerical solution. The evolution of moving free surface is governed by volume of fluid (VOF) method, adapted for the flow through porous media. To prevent the spurious oscillation and generate diffusion-free sharp interface, a third order monotone upstream-centered schemes for conservation laws (MUSCL) type total variation diminishing (TVD) schemes is used to solve the VOF convection equation. The power law derivation and validation for the general flux inflow condition are made for a channel having a backward facing step. The result of theoretical analysis is compared with that of the numerical simulation and it shows a good agreement. The model can be a tool for the proposition of some empirical flow relationships using multivariate correlation. In the case of rapid vertical infiltration of water through a vertical column filled with porous media, a number of experiments and analytical investigations are carried out to see the effect of acceleration in the intrusion process. It is concluded that the conventional infiltration models like Green-Ampts infiltration model cannot account for the acceleration effect in the case of high velocity flow. It is revealed that it takes certain time for intruding water to be accelerated to its peak velocity before decreasing to almost constant velocity. The investigations are made for two different cases: constant water level and variable water level above the porous media. For porous media having low permeability, the effect of acceleration was not so significant. In the case of dam break flow over horizontal porous strata, the model is applied to a complicated domain regarding both geometry and flow boundary conditions. Single set of governing equation is implemented to simulate the complex phenomenon. The model shows its capability in simulating the flow where interface between pressurized and open channel flow moves forward. The vertical acceleration has a significant effect on the rapid vertical infiltration which the shallow water equations cannot account for. In particular, it is shown that vertical two dimensional numerical solution that couples the fluid and solid systems simultaneously at macroscopic scale are feasible and extremely beneficial, shedding a new light into the phenomena unavailable otherwise. It is also found that the proposed numerical model can be used for the determination of storm water storage in porous sub-base in a typical road section. The capability of the model is assessed by using the unsteady inflow condition so as to simulate the condition during high precipitation. The model could be a promising tool for planners and decision makers for effective drainage calculations to mitigate urban flood. The model successfully simulates the free surface flow in the bulk fluid as well as in the porous region. The velocities and stresses are assumed to be continuous at the interface of free and porous media so that a single set of governing equations could be solved. The robustness of the model is demonstrated by the capability of the numerical approach proposed in this thesis. / Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第14916号 / 工博第3143号 / 新制||工||1471(附属図書館) / 27354 / UT51-2009-M830 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市社会工学専攻 / (主査)教授 細田 尚, 教授 戸田 圭一, 准教授 岸田 潔 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

Magister Scientiae - MSc / The primary origin of this project is due to a high demand for freshwater supply in the Berg Water Management Area (WMA). Most of the Berg WMA`s freshwater supply does not live up to the high ecological standards. This is mainly due to high sediments loading in the Berg River which is one of the water supplies to the Berg WMA. The project was conducted on a small-scale catchment at Langgewens experimental farms in Swartland district. The focus of this study was to address some of the hydrological processes active in the research catchment: infiltration, run-off and sediment mobilization on different soil types under wheat and canola vegetation cover. This was done to investigate the origin of sediments in the Berg River. Considering the results, one might conclude that the decayed root systems from the canola and wheat vegetation covers, organic matter content, soil cracks, slope orientation, and soil composition, all played a major role in influencing the ability of the soil to absorb the simulated rainfall. Because the infiltration was calculated using the difference between the incoming simulated rainfall and the measured run-off, there was an inverse relationship between run-off and infiltration. When run-off was low, the infiltration was high and vice versa. iv Factors that governed sediment mobilisation within the ring area are micro topography within the ring area, the slope gradient and vegetation covers. Considering the results, vegetation cover played a pivotal role and it must be maintained at all times. It is advisable that the land users leave crop residual cover behind after the annual harvest and not expose the land surface in bare form for too long as this will generate more run-off and increase sediment mobilisation. The analyses showed that wheat crop protects the soil from rain drop impact than on canola crop.