Notre thèse propose l’analyse de l’information selon la théorie de la GrammaireCognitive (Langacker 1987, 1991). En fournissant des exemples du français, del ‘anglais et du grec moderne, nous avons recherché les unités pertinentes pour unfiltrage de l’information. Une fonction est définie comme une opération impliquant unmorphème dépendant, p. ex. un verbe ou un suffixe, et un morphème autonome, p. ex.un nom ; certaines fonctions sont primaires, dans le sens qu’elles sontpsychologiquement plus saillantes ; il s’agit des morphèmes dépendants verbaux oudéverbaux, qui profilent différemment une même scène processuelle. Afin d’en arriver àun filtrage automatique de l’information au niveau phrastique, il faut d’abord préparerdes dictionnaires de flexion et de dérivation déverbale. Nous faisons les premiers pas enanalysant exhaustivement la flexion verbale de l’anglais, du français et du grec moderneet en constituant des dictionnaires électroniques de toutes les formes fléchies verbales. / Our thesis proposes data mining within the framework of Natural Language Processing(NLP) according to the theory of Cognitive Grammar (Langacker 1987, 1991).Providing examples from French, English and Modern Greek, we investigate theappropriate units for data mining. A function is defined as an operation involving adependent morpheme, for ex. a verb or a suffix, and an autonomous morpheme, for ex.a noun ; certain functions are primary in the sense that they are psychologically moresalient ; these are verbal or deverbal dependent morphemes that profile differently onesame processual scene. In order to get an automatic data mining at the phrastic level, wefirst need to prepare dictionaries of inflection and of deverbal derivation. We are takingthe first steps by analysing exhaustively the verbal inflection of English, French andModern Greek and we build electronic dictionaries of all their inflected forms.

Thesis (MComm)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In the new economy, many industries - more specifically those that can be replaced electronically - are generally believed to be in peril of strategic inflection points. Scrutiny of available researches on the drivers of discontinuity indicates that some strategic inflection points can be foreseen, but many cannot be anticipated, because initially inflection points emerge very small, and can often be missed, but then they suddenly strike hard without warning. A strategic point of inflection occurs when existing ways of doing business and industry structure subtly but profoundly change. This study proposed to review the application of the complexity theory to strategic management for enabling industry inflection and corporate innovation. The study describes a couple-phased complexity approach for enabling industry inflection. The first phase starts by building organisational fitness through designing complex adaptive systems, internal to the organisation, and nurturing healthy co-evolution with external key players. The application of "communities of practice" into complex adaptive systems of organisational design is demonstrated as an essential means to drive the organization to the edge of chaos through which new businesses may evolve that can potentially trigger an inflection point. The co-evolutionary approach is explained as a process to develop patterns of co-adaptation with key players, whereby co-adapters collaborate to adapt effectively, although they still remain free to compete for a prime-movers hip position. This is hypothetically postulated to be space transition at the edge of chaos at the socio-cultural business system level, where active members, driven by the moving self-organization, engage in exploratory dialogue to explore space possibilities for systemic innovations. The second phase is described in four strategic stages for enabling industry inflection and corporate innovation. The strategic inflection point begins with a definition of a customer value proposition. This leads to the co-experimentation stage where co-creators jointly experiment with diverse new business models comprising a variety of customer value propositions that appeal to different segments. The success of new business model may cause industry inflection, subsequently leading to the third stage where the inflection point creates uncertainty to both the co-creators and their competitors, because the final success of a proactive strategic inflection point depends on the market dynamics. The salient conclusion of this study is that the complexity theory does not guarantee the complete success of a proactive strategy for enabling industry inflection. An inflection point can barely result from a deliberate strategic process only. Neither is a strategic inflection point a function of perfectly unexplainable market factors. Recommendations have been provided for further research to address, among others, the conceptual gap between the scientific analysis and the non-linear assumption of the complexity theory. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Daar word in die hedendaagse ekonomie algemeen aanvaar dat baie nywerhede - in die besonder dié wat elektronies vervang kan word - gevaar loop van strategiese invalspunte. Noukeurige ondersoek van beskikbare navorsing oor die aanvoorders van diskontinuïteit dui daarop dat sommige strategiese invalspunte verwag kan word, maar baie kan nie geantisipeer word nie, aangesien invalspunte aanvanklik baie klein voorkom, en dan dikwels misgekyk kan word, maar dan slaan hulle vinnig toe, sonder waarskuwing. 'n Strategiese invalspunt kom voor wanneer bestaande maniere van sake doen en die struktuur van die industrie subtiel, maar wesenlik verander. Met hierdie navorsing is beoog om 'n oorsig te kry van die toepassing van die kompleksiteitsteorie op strategiese bestuur ten einde geleentheid te verskaf vir industrieinfleksie en korporatiewe innovering. Die navorsing beskryf 'n aantal gefaseerde kompleksiteitsbenaderings om industrie-infleksie aan te help. Die eerste fase begin met die opbou van organisatoriese geskiktheid deur die ontwerp van komplekse aanpasbaarheidstelsels wat intern aan die organisasie is en deur die kweek van gesonde koevolusie met eksterne sleutelrolspelers. Die toepassing van "algemeen aanvaarde praktyk" in komplekse aanpasbaarheidstelsels van organisatoriese ontwerp word gedemonstreer as 'n essensiële middelom die organisasie tot op die rand van chaos te dryf waardeur nuwe ondernemings kan ontwikkel wat moontlik 'n invalspunt kan veroorsaak. Die ko-evolusionêre benadering word verduidelik as 'n proses om patrone vir ko-adaptasie met sleutelrolspelers te ontwikkel, waardeur medebewerkers saamwerk om doeltreffend aan te pas, alhoewel hulle steeds vry is om vir 'n posisie as hoofkragbron mee te ding. Daar word hipoteties gepostuleer dat dit paradigmatiese oorgang op die rand van chaos op die sosiokulturele sakevlak is, waar aktiewe lede, gedryf deur die vinnig bewegende self-organisasie, betrokke raak by verkennende dialoog om die paradigmatiese moontlikhede vir sistemiese innovering te verken. Die tweede fase word in vier strategiese stadia beskryf om industrie-infleksie en korporatiewe innovering moontlik te maak. Die strategiese invalspunt begin met 'n definisie van 'n aanbieding van kliëntwaarde. Dit lei tot die ko-eksperimentele stadium waar medeskeppers gesamentlik eksperimenteer met diverse nuwe sakemodelle wat bestaan uit variasies op aanbiedings van kliëntwaarde wat vir verskillende segmente aanloklik is. Die sukses van 'n nuwe sakemodel kan moontlik industrie-infleksie veroorsaak, wat dan lei tot die derde stadium waar die invalspunt onsekerheid skep vir die medeskeppers en hulle mededingers, aangesien die finale sukses van 'n proaktiewe strategiese invalspunt van die markdinamiek afhanklik is. Die belangrikste gevolgtrekking na aanleiding van hierdie navorsmg IS dat die kompleksiteitsteorie nie die algehele sukses van 'n proaktiewe strategie verseker om industrie-infleksie te bemagtig nie. 'n Invalspunt kan beswaarlik slegs uit 'n doelbewuste industrie-infleksie voortspruit. Die strategiese invalspunt is ook nie 'n funksie van volkome onverklaarbare markfaktore nie. Aanbevelings word gemaak vir verdere navorsing wat aandag kan gee aan, onder andere, die konseptueie gaping tussen die wetenskaplike analise en die nie-lineêre aanname van die kompleksiteitsteorie.

INTRODUÇÃO: Pouco se conhece sobre aspectos morfológicos da linguagem, o que representa uma lacuna no cenário das relações cérebro-mente. Os escassos estudos foram realizados em línguas anglo-saxônicas, com características diferentes do português brasileiro. Estudos dos aspectos morfológicos, em sujeitos com alterações neurológicas, demonstram efeitos do desempenho em tarefas de linguagem. Alguns estudos apontam que a flexão de verbos regulares e irregulares pode estar associada a mecanismos e processamentos cerebrais diferentes. A pesquisa sobre o comportamento de indivíduos sadios falantes do português brasileiro pode colaborar para a construção de referências que permitirão estudos futuros sobre sujeitos com alterações de linguagem. OBJETIVOS: verificar a produção morfológica em Língua Portuguesa do Brasil de sujeitos cognitivamente saudáveis por meio de um teste de flexão de verbos e pseudoverbos. MÉTODO: A amostra foi composta por sujeitos sadios, com idade entre 40 a 80 anos. Foi considerado o nível de escolaridade pelo número de anos em escola formal: o Grupo 1 (G1) entre 0 a 7 anos de estudo, e o Grupo 2 (G2) acima de 8 anos de estudo. O Teste foi composto por frases-alvo com verbos e pseudoverbos, balanceadas em tempo verbal, conjugação dos verbos e tipo do verbo (regular/irregular). As frases alvo foram apresentadas em áudio por meio de um software e o sujeito foi solicitado a completar a frase. RESULTADOS: As respostas dos sujeitos foram analisadas e descritas com perfis de desempenho dos grupos em relação à escolaridade. Nos verbos reais irregulares foi observado pior desempenho para o G1 em relação ao G2, com diferença estatística. Nos pseudoverbos foi observada diferença estatística em todas as flexões verbais, com desempenho pior para o G1. A análise qualitativa das respostas revelou efeito de lexicalização do pseudoverbo, ausência de respostas e transformações fonológicas mais frequentes nas respostas do G1. CONCLUSÃO: O presente estudo, realizado com uma amostra populacional cognitivamente saudável pode contribuir como referência para futuras pesquisas envolvendo pacientes com diferentes alterações de linguagem / Introduction: Little is known about the morphological aspects of language, which represents a gap in the brain-mind relationship scenario. The scarce studies were produced in Anglo-Saxon languages, with different characteristics from the Brazilian Portuguese. Studies on morphological aspects in subjects with neurological disorders have shown worst performance related to language tasks. A few studies indicate that the inflexion of regular and irregular verbs may be associated with different mechanisms and cerebral processes. The research about healthy Brazilian Portuguese speakers\' behavior may collaborate as reference for future studies with subjects with language disorders. Purpose: to verify the morphological production in the Portuguese language in healthy subjects through a verb and pseudoverb inflexion test. Methods: the sample was composed by cognitively healthy individuals with ages ranging between 40 to 80 years old. The years of formal education were considered as the educational level; the Group 1 (G1) between 0 to 7 years of study and the Group 2 (G2) above 8 years of study. The test consisted of 213 target-phrases with different verbal tenses. The sentences were built with real verbs and pseudoverbs. A program was designed to play the target-phrases in audio and the subjects had to complete the given sentence. Results: the subjects\' answers were transcribed and analyzed by their performance on the test and also through the type of answer presented to each stimulus. Subjects were then compared by their performance and educational level. For the real irregular verbs it was observed a worse performance by G1 than G2, with a marked statistical significance. For the pseudoverbs it was observed a statistical significance in all verb inflexions, with worse performance by G1. Qualitative analysis of the responses revealed a pseudoverb lexicalization effect, absence of answer and a more frequent phonological transformation for G1 answers. Conclusion: there is an education influence in the morphological production performance in cognitively healthy individuals. This study may contribute as a reference for future researches involving patients with language disorders in Brazil

Cette recherche traite de trois figures, la grille orthogonale, la trame tissée et le réseau aléatoire. Tout en étant constituées de lignes, ces figures caractériseraient des pratiques plastiques et approches théoriques diverses. Chacune constituerait un modèle conceptuel, un paradigme pour l’art et pour l’architecture. La grille orthogonale, modèle du strié, serait à la fois division spatiale, mode d’assemblage, matière immatérielle, figure géométrique flexible et universelle, symbole de la modernité et de l’anti-modernité, structure rythmique, trace de rationalité, structure langagière, écriture du discontinu et signe de l’universel. La trame tissée tirerait sa texture de logiques mathématiques. Cette dialectique entre structure / ornement se retrouverait dans la peinture. Le tissage serait un modèle d’hybridation et d’unicité. Les entrelacs mouvants représenteraient des chemins initiatiques et serviraient de modèle pour l’architecture tout comme le tissage dans divers procédés. La trame souple permettrait des déformations, des inflexions et des plis. Modèle relationnel, omniprésent dans l’univers et la philosophie, le réseau aléatoire signifierait le nomadisme. Il tracerait sur des cartes cette vision circulatoire du monde. Labyrinthe, il représenterait l’imaginaire. Diagramme, il ferait émerger par ses mises en relations, du sens en art Il serait aussi un modèle d’interactions et d’intersubjectivité. Les artistes simuleraient les réseaux chaotiques de la nature, pour générer des formes réticulaires. Le réseau, modèle des bifurcations situationnistes et ludiques, serait également celui des flux en architecture. / This research deals with three figures, the orthogonal grid, the woven wefts and the random network. While consisting of lines, these figures characterize plastics practices and various theoretical approaches. Each would be a conceptual model, a paradigm in art and in architecture. The orthogonal grid, pattern of striated, would be both spatial division, assembly mode, immaterial matter, flexible and universal geometric figure, symbol of modernity and antimodernity, rhythmic structure, trace of rationality, language structure, writing the discontinuous and sign of the universal. The woven weft would draw its texture from mathematical logic. This dialectic between structure / ornament would be present in painting. Weaving would be a model of hybridization and uniqueness. Intertwining would represent initiatory paths and serve as a model for architecture as well as weaving in various processes. The flexible weft would allow deformations, inflections and folds. Relational model, omnipresent in the universe and philosophy, random network would mean nomadism. It would trace on maps that circulatory worldview. Maze, it would represent the imagination. Diagram, by its connections, he would reveal meaning in art. It would be also a model of interactions and intersubjectivity. Artists would simulate the chaotic network of nature to generate lattice forms. The network model of Situationists and fun bifurcations, would also be flow in architecture.

INTRODUÇÃO: Pouco se conhece sobre aspectos morfológicos da linguagem, o que representa uma lacuna no cenário das relações cérebro-mente. Os escassos estudos foram realizados em línguas anglo-saxônicas, com características diferentes do português brasileiro. Estudos dos aspectos morfológicos, em sujeitos com alterações neurológicas, demonstram efeitos do desempenho em tarefas de linguagem. Alguns estudos apontam que a flexão de verbos regulares e irregulares pode estar associada a mecanismos e processamentos cerebrais diferentes. A pesquisa sobre o comportamento de indivíduos sadios falantes do português brasileiro pode colaborar para a construção de referências que permitirão estudos futuros sobre sujeitos com alterações de linguagem. OBJETIVOS: verificar a produção morfológica em Língua Portuguesa do Brasil de sujeitos cognitivamente saudáveis por meio de um teste de flexão de verbos e pseudoverbos. MÉTODO: A amostra foi composta por sujeitos sadios, com idade entre 40 a 80 anos. Foi considerado o nível de escolaridade pelo número de anos em escola formal: o Grupo 1 (G1) entre 0 a 7 anos de estudo, e o Grupo 2 (G2) acima de 8 anos de estudo. O Teste foi composto por frases-alvo com verbos e pseudoverbos, balanceadas em tempo verbal, conjugação dos verbos e tipo do verbo (regular/irregular). As frases alvo foram apresentadas em áudio por meio de um software e o sujeito foi solicitado a completar a frase. RESULTADOS: As respostas dos sujeitos foram analisadas e descritas com perfis de desempenho dos grupos em relação à escolaridade. Nos verbos reais irregulares foi observado pior desempenho para o G1 em relação ao G2, com diferença estatística. Nos pseudoverbos foi observada diferença estatística em todas as flexões verbais, com desempenho pior para o G1. A análise qualitativa das respostas revelou efeito de lexicalização do pseudoverbo, ausência de respostas e transformações fonológicas mais frequentes nas respostas do G1. CONCLUSÃO: O presente estudo, realizado com uma amostra populacional cognitivamente saudável pode contribuir como referência para futuras pesquisas envolvendo pacientes com diferentes alterações de linguagem / Introduction: Little is known about the morphological aspects of language, which represents a gap in the brain-mind relationship scenario. The scarce studies were produced in Anglo-Saxon languages, with different characteristics from the Brazilian Portuguese. Studies on morphological aspects in subjects with neurological disorders have shown worst performance related to language tasks. A few studies indicate that the inflexion of regular and irregular verbs may be associated with different mechanisms and cerebral processes. The research about healthy Brazilian Portuguese speakers\' behavior may collaborate as reference for future studies with subjects with language disorders. Purpose: to verify the morphological production in the Portuguese language in healthy subjects through a verb and pseudoverb inflexion test. Methods: the sample was composed by cognitively healthy individuals with ages ranging between 40 to 80 years old. The years of formal education were considered as the educational level; the Group 1 (G1) between 0 to 7 years of study and the Group 2 (G2) above 8 years of study. The test consisted of 213 target-phrases with different verbal tenses. The sentences were built with real verbs and pseudoverbs. A program was designed to play the target-phrases in audio and the subjects had to complete the given sentence. Results: the subjects\' answers were transcribed and analyzed by their performance on the test and also through the type of answer presented to each stimulus. Subjects were then compared by their performance and educational level. For the real irregular verbs it was observed a worse performance by G1 than G2, with a marked statistical significance. For the pseudoverbs it was observed a statistical significance in all verb inflexions, with worse performance by G1. Qualitative analysis of the responses revealed a pseudoverb lexicalization effect, absence of answer and a more frequent phonological transformation for G1 answers. Conclusion: there is an education influence in the morphological production performance in cognitively healthy individuals. This study may contribute as a reference for future researches involving patients with language disorders in Brazil

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-15T11:46:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1908357 bytes, checksum: 3762912e093a6400855708f530b6cd4d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / We study the geometry of surfaces immersed in R4 through the singularities of their families of height functions. Inflection points on the surfaces are shown to be umbilic points from their families of height functions. Furthermore, we see that inflection points of imaginary type are isolated points of the curve --1(0). As a consequence we prove that any dive generic convexly embedded S2 in R4 has inflexion points. / Neste trabalho estudamos a geometria das superfícies em R4 através da variedade canal e das singularidades das famílias de funções altura das superfícies. Provaremos que os pontos de inflexão das superfície são os pontos umbílicos das famílias de funções altura. Além disso, veremos que pontos de inflexão do tipo imaginário serão pontos isolados da curva --1(0). Como uma consequência deste estudo provaremos que qualquer mergulho genérico convexo de S2 em R4 tem pelo menos um ponto de inflexão.