Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-03T13:58:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AlminoAOP_DISSERT.pdf: 2473203 bytes, checksum: bef6a29e74144b9845b6ff4ab8398a69 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-09-13 / Fucans seaweed Lobophora variegata estructures are known for their chemical and biological properties. In this study, we analyzed, the action of fucans L. variegata and the fractions purified with acetone in Zymosan-induced arthritis. After differential fractionation with acetone, six fractions were obtained and named F0.3, F0.5, F0.8, F1, F1.5 and F2. The results showed that the fraction F1 showed high yield (51.9%) and was chosen for studies of antioxidant activity and induced arthritis. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) of 13C showed signals at 103.3 and 15.78 ppm that are assigned to links ?13 galactose and of the C6 methyl fucose, respectively. The infrared (IR) showed absorbance at 1238 and 850 cm-1 which are attributed to sulfate. The fraction F1 showed antioxidant activities in vitro. For analysis of inflammatory parameters chosen the polysaccharide was administered in different doses (25, 50 and 75 mg / kg ip, per body weight) and diclofenac sodium (5 mg / kg ip) and L-NAME (25 mg / kg ip) in groups of animals (n = 6). After 6 h, were analyzed for cellular influx and levels of nitrite. In experiment five days, were made analysis of swelling and serum TNF-?. Histopathological analysis were performed for confirmation of results. The fraction F1 (25, 50 and 75 mg / kg ip) reduced the cellular influx (52.1 to 96.7%) and nitric oxide levels (27.2 - 39%) compared to control group. The reduction of edema (63.4 - 100%) and serum TNF-? (p <0.001) were observed when the polysaccharide F1 administered at a dose (50 mg / kg) These results suggest that these heterofucanas of Lobophora variegata have besides the activity antioxidant and potential anti-inflammatory activity in arthritis induced by zymosan / Fucanas da alga Lobophora variegata s?o conhecidas por suas estruturas qu?micas e propriedades biol?gicas. Nesse estudo, analisou-se a a??o de fucanas de L. variegata e suas fra??es purificadas com acetona na artrite induzida por Zymosan. Ap?s fracionamento diferencial com acetona, 6 fra??es foram obtidas e nomeados F0.3, F0.5, F0.8, F1, F1.5 e F2. Os resultados mostraram que a fra??o F1 apresentou alto rendimento (51,9%) e foi escolhida para estudos da atividade antioxidante e artrite induzida. A resson?ncia magn?tica nuclear (RMN) de 13C mostrou sinais a 103,3 e 15,78 ppm que s?o atribu?dos ?s liga??es ?1 3 da galactose e metil do C6 da fucose, respectivamente. O infravermelho (IV) mostrou absorb?ncia a 1238 e 850 cm-1 que s?o atribu?das ao sulfato. A fra??o F1 apresentou atividades antioxidantes in vitro. Para an?lise de par?metros inflamat?rios a fra??o polissacar?dica escolhida foi administrada em diferentes doses (25, 50 e 75 mg/kg i.p, por peso corporal), assim como diclofenaco de s?dio (5 mg/kg i.p.) e L-NAME (25 mg/kg i.p.) em grupos de animais (n=6). Depois de 6 h, foram realizadas an?lises de influxo celular e n?veis de nitrito. Em experimento de cinco dias, foram efetuadas analises de edema e TNF-? s?rico. An?lises histopatol?gicas foram realizadas para confirma??o de resultados. A fra??o F1 (25, 50 e 75 mg/kg i.p.) reduziu o influxo celular (52,1 ? 96,7%) e os n?veis ?xido n?trico (27,2 ? 39%) em rela??o ao grupo controle. A redu??o do edema (63,4 - 100%) e TNF-? s?rico (p < 0,001) foram observadas quando administrado o polissacar?deo F1 na dosagem (50 mg/kg) Esses resultados sugerem que essas heterofucanas de Lobophora variegata possuem al?m da atividade antioxidante, potencial atividade anti-inflamat?ria na artrite induzida por zymosan

Arabidopsis thaliana, s’est adaptée à la variété des niveaux de Pi dans le sol en développant 9transporteurs de phosphates, membres de la famille PHT1, intervenant dans l’acquisition de cet ionpar les racines et sa translocation. Ces protéines révèlent une très forte homologie de séquence entre elles (plus que 61%). La présence de certains transporteurs de type PHT1 dans différents types d’organes ainsi que le chevauchement fréquent entre les divers membres de la famille PHT1 témoigne de la complexité de leurs rôles. De plus, leur redondance génétique et fonctionnelle empêche l’analyse de leur rôle spécifique. En vue de s’affranchir de ces obstacles, notre approche combine plusieurs stratégies génétiques avec l’insertion d’une construction RNAi inactivant plusieurs membres de la famille PHT1 et en particulier le cluster localisé sur le chromosome 5 (PHT1;1/1;2/1;3). Ces outils génétiques ont révélé aussi le fonctionnement des protéines PHT1 à la fois en tant que transporteurs à basse et à haute affinité, ce qui suggère que leur activité est contrôlée au niveau post-traductionnel. En cas de carence en Pi, ces lignées affichent des modifications physiologiques (biomasse, rendement,…) dues à une forte réduction affectant l’activité de l’influx en phosphate (80 à 96%). Ce travail suggère que la redondance génétique et les mécanismes de compensations pourraient protéger la plante de l’inactivation de PHT1. Il a aussi révélé que la perception systémique du Pi est déclenchée par des mécanismes en aval de l’activité des PHT1. / Arabidopsis thaliana absorb inorganic phosphate (Pi) from the soil through an active transport process mediated by the 9 members of the PHT1 family. These proteins share a high level of similarity (greater than 61%), with overlapping expression patterns. The resulting genetic and functional redundancy prevents the analysis of their specific roles. To overcome this difficulty, our approach combined several mutations with gene silencing to inactivate multiple members of the PHT1 family, including a cluster of genes localized on chromosome 5 (PHT1;1, PHT1;2 and PHT1;3). Physiological analyses of these lines established that these three genes, along with PHT1;4, are the main contributors to Pi uptake. Furthermore, PHT1;1 plays an important role in translocation from roots to leaves in high phosphate conditions. These genetic tools also revealed that some PHT1 transporters likely exhibit a dual affinity for phosphate, suggesting that their activity is posttranslationally controlled. These lines display significant phosphate deficiency-related phenotypes (e.g. biomass and yield) due to a massive (80 to 96%) reduction in phosphate uptake activities. These defects limited the amount of internal Pi pool, inducing compensatory mechanisms triggered by the systemic Pi starvation response. Such reactions have been uncoupled from PHT1 activity suggesting that systemic Pi sensing is most probably acting downstream of PHT1.

The increase in right wing populist parties in Europe combined with the sudden influx of asylum applicants has given rise to the debate regarding immigration both politically and within research. This paper sets out to examine the relation between asylum seeker group size and people’s attitudes towards immigration. Based on group threat theory and ethnic competition theory we hypothesize that countries´ increases in asylum seekers is correlated with decreases in attitudinal support for immigration. We test this hypothesis using cross- national time series survey data from the Eurobarometer from 2014 to 2017 and conducting a multilevel analysis. Despite the extensive theoretical arguments that strengthen the hypothesis, we find no evidence that the group size of asylum seekers is related to attitudes towards immigration from outside EU.

Magister Legum - LLM / South Africa

The aim of the presented diploma thesis called "Temporary protection of aliens in international and european law" is to introduce the concept of temporary refuge and temporary protection and tackle the various legal questions related to these concepts, both on the level and from the perspective of international law and the law of the European union. The first part of the thesis presents some (mainly doctrinal and UNHCR) defintions of temporary protection and temporary refuge as well as the definition of the concept of temporary protection enshrined in the EU's Temporary Protection Directive as the latter one represents the only case of regional and binding harmonisation of the temporary protection. The following part of the thesis deals with the minimum content requirements of temporary protection in international law, i. e. such requirements that should in every case be an inherent part of every legal instrument resembling temporary protection. This part focuses mainly on the issue of personal and temporal scope of temporary protection, the concept of mass influx is analysed in this part of the thesis as well as temporary protection as a legal instrument is usually intended to serve as a response to the situation of mass influx. Presented thesis also deals with the questions related to the extent...

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Bibliography: pages 344-361. / In this thesis I outline the history of Nyanga up to 1970. Diverse aspects are covered, including location politics, women's protests, rent arrears and boycotts, and gangsterism. There is a special focus on housing issues, for they were related to most facets of location life and demonstrated the contradictions within apartheid policy. Four themes are followed throughout the thesis. First, the extent to which the state achieved control of the African urban population is assessed, particularly in terms of its housing and influx control policies. I argue that the formulation and implementation of policies were influenced minimally by pressures "from below", and that central and local authorities achieved extensive control over the lives of urban Africans. Nevertheless, government officials did not succeed in curbing African urbanisation or controlling the residential movement of urban Africans, as witnessed by the high number of "illegal" Africans and consistently high tenancy turnover. A second topic that threads its way through the thesis is the role of African constables and clerks in Nyanga. I show that residents working with the location administration were attracted particularly to the material benefits of collaboration. Utilising their linguistic skills and knowledge of location inhabitants, they extracted money and sexual favours from Nyanga residents and were given first priority in the allocation of Old Location houses. They did not, however, form an identifiable social group as they came from diverse occupational and educational backgrounds and did not associate closely with one another. A third theme is the differential impact of apartheid laws on African women. I outline the laws that applied to urban African women and describe the actual process by which they were expelled from the Cape Peninsula. Arising from this, the changing nature and scope of women's demonstrations in Nyanga is described. My research shows that the protests of the early 1950s, which were small, infrequent, and centred on local issues, broadened in the late 1950s to include the application of pass laws to African women. The reasons for the change are shown to be both political and material in nature, with their origin in the forced removals from Peninsula shack settlements. Fourthly, I have concentrated on spatial dynamics at various points. There were significant differences in physical space between Mau-Mau and the Old Location, which contributed to the social distance between the two neighbourhoods. During the massive "black spot" clearance campaign of the 1950s, the authorities succeeded in gaining spatial control over Africans by forcing them into segregated, fenced locations where entry and exit was monitored. To counteract this, residents asserted their control over the transit camp by constructing shacks in such a way as to impede raiding pass officials and make administrative surveillance of their lives difficult. The contradictory effects of placing contract workers in accommodation next to families are also examined: on the one hand, there was considerable socialising and cooperation between the two groups; on the other, much friction developed over the relationships between women in the married quarters and men in the hostels.

Recent studies show that angiotensin II can act within the cell, possibly via intracellular receptors pharmacologically different from typical plasma membrane angiotensin II receptors. The signal transduction of intracellular angiotensin II is unclear. Therefore, we investigated the effects of intracellular angiotensin II in cells devoid of physiological responses to extracellular angiotensin II (A7r5 vascular smooth muscle cells). Intracellular delivery of angiotensin II was obtained by using liposomes or cell permeabilisation. Intracellular angiotensin II stimulated Ca2+ influx, as measured by 45Ca2+ uptake and single-cell fluorimetry. This effect was insensitive to extracellular or intracellular addition of losartan (angiotensin AT1 receptor antagonist) or PD123319 ((s)-1-(4-[dimethylamino]-3-methylphenyl)methyl-5-(diphenylacetyl)-4,5,6,7- tetrahydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine-6-carboxylate) (angiotensin AT2 receptor antagonist). Intracellular angiotensin II stimulated inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (Ins(1,4,5,)P3) production and increased the size of the Ins(1,4,5,)P3 releasable 45Ca2+ pool in permeabilised cells, independent of losartan and PD123319. Small G-proteins did not participate in this process, as assessed by using GDPβS. Intracellular delivery of angiotensin I was unable to elicit any of the effects elicited by intracellular angiotensin II. We conclude from our intracellular angiotensin application experiments that angiotensin II modulates Ca2+ homeostasis even in the absence of extracellular actions. Pharmacological properties suggest the involvement of putative angiotensin non-AT1-/non-AT2 receptors.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第19229号 / 医博第4028号 / 新制||医||1011(附属図書館) / 32228 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 髙橋 良輔, 教授 妻木 範行, 教授 井上 治久 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

The emergency departments in Sweden have today a heavy flow of patients which leads to long patient lead time. This development requires the emergency departments to increase their efficiency to be able to receive the major influx of patients. More and more emergency departments are beginning to look over the emergency department processes to create a more efficient patient flow and shorter patient lead times. This study took place at the emergency department at Vrinnevi Hospital in Norrköping. This emergency department´s patient lead times are too long especially for patients which become hospitalized. The purpose of the study was to map which activities creates waiting time, this was done with a value stream analysis. Since there is a big difference in the influx of patients and capacity, the day was divided into four intervals, night, morning, afternoon, and evening. The value streams were also divided into two patient groups, home and hospitalized, to demonstrate the differences in patient lead times. Through analysis of the value streams, improvement suggestions were developed. The study identified several activities that created waiting time and prolonged the patient lead time. Since some of these activities were affected by outer factors and some only by inner factors, the suggestions were divided into improvement suggestions that take place outside the hospital and improvements that take place inside the hospital. Outer improvements that could improve the patient lead time are, amongst others, the implementation of an urgent care center and improved communication with the municipality. The urgent care center serves to ease the overcrowding at the emergency department by tending to patients with non-life-threatening conditions. Improved communication aims to release hospital beds faster by making the work of establishing a care plan more efficient. Improvements that take place inside the hospital are amongst others improvement of the booking system for transport and an increase in the number of assessment personnel. The improvement of the booking system for the transport of patients from the emergency department to a ward leads to a shorter waiting time at the emergency department. Increasing the number of assessment personnel would lead to less waiting time to access and labs could be taken quicker. A big problem that leads to long patient lead times, is the shortage of hospital beds at the hospitals in Sweden. The number of hospital beds cannot continue to decrease, it should increase to meet the demand for health care. To sum up, Swedish health care needs to be invested in to increase patient safety, decrease patient lead times, and give the health care workers a reasonable working environment. / Akutmottagningarna i Sverige idag har stora inflöden av patienter vilket leder till långa patientledtider, denna utveckling ställer krav på att akutmottagningarna behöver öka effektiviteten för att kunna ta emot det stora inflödet av patienter. Allt fler akutmottagningar börjar därför se över processerna på sina akutmottagningar för att skapa effektivare patientflöden och kortare patientledtider. Denna studie utfördes på akutmottagningen på Vrinnevisjukhuset i Norrköping. Akutmottagningen har för långa patientledtider på akutmottagningen och speciellt för de patienter som sedan blir inlagda. Syftet med studien var att kartlägga vilka aktiviteter som skapar väntetid i form av en värdeflödesanalys. I och med stora skillnader i inflöde och kapacitet delades dygnet in i fyra intervall, natt, förmiddag, eftermiddag och kväll. Värdeflödena delades även in i patientgrupp hemgående och inlagda för att visa på skillnader i patientledtider. Genom att analyserna värdeflödena utformades förbättringsförslag. Studien visade på flera aktiviteter som skapade väntetid och förlängde patientledtiden. Då vissa aktiviteter påverkades av yttre faktorer och vissa endast av inre faktorer delades förbättringsförslag in i: 1) förbättringsförslag som sker på sjukhuset och 2) förbättringsförslag som sker utanför sjukhuset. Vid yttre förbättringar som kan förbättra patientledtiden föreslås bland annat införande av en lättakut samt förbättrad kommunikation med kommunen. Lättakuten syftar till att avlasta akutmottagningen genom att ta emot patienter med lägre vårdbehov. En förbättrad kommunikation syftar till att frigöra vårdplatser snabbare genom att arbetet med vårdplan kan effektiviseras. Förbättringar som sker inom sjukhuset är bland annat förbättring av bokningssystem för transport och utökad bemanning på bedömningen. Förbättring av bokningssystemet för transport av patienter till avdelning leder till kortare väntetid på akutmottagningen. En utökad bemanning på bedömning skulle leda till kortare väntetid samt att prover kan tas snabbare. Ett stort problem som leder till långa patientledtider är vårdplatsbristen på sjukhusen i Sverige. Antalet vårdplatser kan inte fortsatta att minska utan bör snarare öka för att möta vårdbehovet. Sammanfattningsvis behöver den svenska sjukvården investeras i för att öka patientsäkerheten, minska patientledtider samt för att ge vårdpersonal rimliga arbetsförhållanden.