Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-03T13:58:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AlminoAOP_DISSERT.pdf: 2473203 bytes, checksum: bef6a29e74144b9845b6ff4ab8398a69 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-09-13 / Fucans seaweed Lobophora variegata estructures are known for their chemical and biological properties. In this study, we analyzed, the action of fucans L. variegata and the fractions purified with acetone in Zymosan-induced arthritis. After differential fractionation with acetone, six fractions were obtained and named F0.3, F0.5, F0.8, F1, F1.5 and F2. The results showed that the fraction F1 showed high yield (51.9%) and was chosen for studies of antioxidant activity and induced arthritis. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) of 13C showed signals at 103.3 and 15.78 ppm that are assigned to links ?13 galactose and of the C6 methyl fucose, respectively. The infrared (IR) showed absorbance at 1238 and 850 cm-1 which are attributed to sulfate. The fraction F1 showed antioxidant activities in vitro. For analysis of inflammatory parameters chosen the polysaccharide was administered in different doses (25, 50 and 75 mg / kg ip, per body weight) and diclofenac sodium (5 mg / kg ip) and L-NAME (25 mg / kg ip) in groups of animals (n = 6). After 6 h, were analyzed for cellular influx and levels of nitrite. In experiment five days, were made analysis of swelling and serum TNF-?. Histopathological analysis were performed for confirmation of results. The fraction F1 (25, 50 and 75 mg / kg ip) reduced the cellular influx (52.1 to 96.7%) and nitric oxide levels (27.2 - 39%) compared to control group. The reduction of edema (63.4 - 100%) and serum TNF-? (p <0.001) were observed when the polysaccharide F1 administered at a dose (50 mg / kg) These results suggest that these heterofucanas of Lobophora variegata have besides the activity antioxidant and potential anti-inflammatory activity in arthritis induced by zymosan / Fucanas da alga Lobophora variegata s?o conhecidas por suas estruturas qu?micas e propriedades biol?gicas. Nesse estudo, analisou-se a a??o de fucanas de L. variegata e suas fra??es purificadas com acetona na artrite induzida por Zymosan. Ap?s fracionamento diferencial com acetona, 6 fra??es foram obtidas e nomeados F0.3, F0.5, F0.8, F1, F1.5 e F2. Os resultados mostraram que a fra??o F1 apresentou alto rendimento (51,9%) e foi escolhida para estudos da atividade antioxidante e artrite induzida. A resson?ncia magn?tica nuclear (RMN) de 13C mostrou sinais a 103,3 e 15,78 ppm que s?o atribu?dos ?s liga??es ?1 3 da galactose e metil do C6 da fucose, respectivamente. O infravermelho (IV) mostrou absorb?ncia a 1238 e 850 cm-1 que s?o atribu?das ao sulfato. A fra??o F1 apresentou atividades antioxidantes in vitro. Para an?lise de par?metros inflamat?rios a fra??o polissacar?dica escolhida foi administrada em diferentes doses (25, 50 e 75 mg/kg i.p, por peso corporal), assim como diclofenaco de s?dio (5 mg/kg i.p.) e L-NAME (25 mg/kg i.p.) em grupos de animais (n=6). Depois de 6 h, foram realizadas an?lises de influxo celular e n?veis de nitrito. Em experimento de cinco dias, foram efetuadas analises de edema e TNF-? s?rico. An?lises histopatol?gicas foram realizadas para confirma??o de resultados. A fra??o F1 (25, 50 e 75 mg/kg i.p.) reduziu o influxo celular (52,1 ? 96,7%) e os n?veis ?xido n?trico (27,2 ? 39%) em rela??o ao grupo controle. A redu??o do edema (63,4 - 100%) e TNF-? s?rico (p < 0,001) foram observadas quando administrado o polissacar?deo F1 na dosagem (50 mg/kg) Esses resultados sugerem que essas heterofucanas de Lobophora variegata possuem al?m da atividade antioxidante, potencial atividade anti-inflamat?ria na artrite induzida por zymosan

Arabidopsis thaliana, s’est adaptée à la variété des niveaux de Pi dans le sol en développant 9transporteurs de phosphates, membres de la famille PHT1, intervenant dans l’acquisition de cet ionpar les racines et sa translocation. Ces protéines révèlent une très forte homologie de séquence entre elles (plus que 61%). La présence de certains transporteurs de type PHT1 dans différents types d’organes ainsi que le chevauchement fréquent entre les divers membres de la famille PHT1 témoigne de la complexité de leurs rôles. De plus, leur redondance génétique et fonctionnelle empêche l’analyse de leur rôle spécifique. En vue de s’affranchir de ces obstacles, notre approche combine plusieurs stratégies génétiques avec l’insertion d’une construction RNAi inactivant plusieurs membres de la famille PHT1 et en particulier le cluster localisé sur le chromosome 5 (PHT1;1/1;2/1;3). Ces outils génétiques ont révélé aussi le fonctionnement des protéines PHT1 à la fois en tant que transporteurs à basse et à haute affinité, ce qui suggère que leur activité est contrôlée au niveau post-traductionnel. En cas de carence en Pi, ces lignées affichent des modifications physiologiques (biomasse, rendement,…) dues à une forte réduction affectant l’activité de l’influx en phosphate (80 à 96%). Ce travail suggère que la redondance génétique et les mécanismes de compensations pourraient protéger la plante de l’inactivation de PHT1. Il a aussi révélé que la perception systémique du Pi est déclenchée par des mécanismes en aval de l’activité des PHT1. / Arabidopsis thaliana absorb inorganic phosphate (Pi) from the soil through an active transport process mediated by the 9 members of the PHT1 family. These proteins share a high level of similarity (greater than 61%), with overlapping expression patterns. The resulting genetic and functional redundancy prevents the analysis of their specific roles. To overcome this difficulty, our approach combined several mutations with gene silencing to inactivate multiple members of the PHT1 family, including a cluster of genes localized on chromosome 5 (PHT1;1, PHT1;2 and PHT1;3). Physiological analyses of these lines established that these three genes, along with PHT1;4, are the main contributors to Pi uptake. Furthermore, PHT1;1 plays an important role in translocation from roots to leaves in high phosphate conditions. These genetic tools also revealed that some PHT1 transporters likely exhibit a dual affinity for phosphate, suggesting that their activity is posttranslationally controlled. These lines display significant phosphate deficiency-related phenotypes (e.g. biomass and yield) due to a massive (80 to 96%) reduction in phosphate uptake activities. These defects limited the amount of internal Pi pool, inducing compensatory mechanisms triggered by the systemic Pi starvation response. Such reactions have been uncoupled from PHT1 activity suggesting that systemic Pi sensing is most probably acting downstream of PHT1.

The increase in right wing populist parties in Europe combined with the sudden influx of asylum applicants has given rise to the debate regarding immigration both politically and within research. This paper sets out to examine the relation between asylum seeker group size and people’s attitudes towards immigration. Based on group threat theory and ethnic competition theory we hypothesize that countries´ increases in asylum seekers is correlated with decreases in attitudinal support for immigration. We test this hypothesis using cross- national time series survey data from the Eurobarometer from 2014 to 2017 and conducting a multilevel analysis. Despite the extensive theoretical arguments that strengthen the hypothesis, we find no evidence that the group size of asylum seekers is related to attitudes towards immigration from outside EU.

Magister Legum - LLM / South Africa

The aim of the presented diploma thesis called "Temporary protection of aliens in international and european law" is to introduce the concept of temporary refuge and temporary protection and tackle the various legal questions related to these concepts, both on the level and from the perspective of international law and the law of the European union. The first part of the thesis presents some (mainly doctrinal and UNHCR) defintions of temporary protection and temporary refuge as well as the definition of the concept of temporary protection enshrined in the EU's Temporary Protection Directive as the latter one represents the only case of regional and binding harmonisation of the temporary protection. The following part of the thesis deals with the minimum content requirements of temporary protection in international law, i. e. such requirements that should in every case be an inherent part of every legal instrument resembling temporary protection. This part focuses mainly on the issue of personal and temporal scope of temporary protection, the concept of mass influx is analysed in this part of the thesis as well as temporary protection as a legal instrument is usually intended to serve as a response to the situation of mass influx. Presented thesis also deals with the questions related to the extent...

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Bibliography: pages 344-361. / In this thesis I outline the history of Nyanga up to 1970. Diverse aspects are covered, including location politics, women's protests, rent arrears and boycotts, and gangsterism. There is a special focus on housing issues, for they were related to most facets of location life and demonstrated the contradictions within apartheid policy. Four themes are followed throughout the thesis. First, the extent to which the state achieved control of the African urban population is assessed, particularly in terms of its housing and influx control policies. I argue that the formulation and implementation of policies were influenced minimally by pressures "from below", and that central and local authorities achieved extensive control over the lives of urban Africans. Nevertheless, government officials did not succeed in curbing African urbanisation or controlling the residential movement of urban Africans, as witnessed by the high number of "illegal" Africans and consistently high tenancy turnover. A second topic that threads its way through the thesis is the role of African constables and clerks in Nyanga. I show that residents working with the location administration were attracted particularly to the material benefits of collaboration. Utilising their linguistic skills and knowledge of location inhabitants, they extracted money and sexual favours from Nyanga residents and were given first priority in the allocation of Old Location houses. They did not, however, form an identifiable social group as they came from diverse occupational and educational backgrounds and did not associate closely with one another. A third theme is the differential impact of apartheid laws on African women. I outline the laws that applied to urban African women and describe the actual process by which they were expelled from the Cape Peninsula. Arising from this, the changing nature and scope of women's demonstrations in Nyanga is described. My research shows that the protests of the early 1950s, which were small, infrequent, and centred on local issues, broadened in the late 1950s to include the application of pass laws to African women. The reasons for the change are shown to be both political and material in nature, with their origin in the forced removals from Peninsula shack settlements. Fourthly, I have concentrated on spatial dynamics at various points. There were significant differences in physical space between Mau-Mau and the Old Location, which contributed to the social distance between the two neighbourhoods. During the massive "black spot" clearance campaign of the 1950s, the authorities succeeded in gaining spatial control over Africans by forcing them into segregated, fenced locations where entry and exit was monitored. To counteract this, residents asserted their control over the transit camp by constructing shacks in such a way as to impede raiding pass officials and make administrative surveillance of their lives difficult. The contradictory effects of placing contract workers in accommodation next to families are also examined: on the one hand, there was considerable socialising and cooperation between the two groups; on the other, much friction developed over the relationships between women in the married quarters and men in the hostels.

Recent studies show that angiotensin II can act within the cell, possibly via intracellular receptors pharmacologically different from typical plasma membrane angiotensin II receptors. The signal transduction of intracellular angiotensin II is unclear. Therefore, we investigated the effects of intracellular angiotensin II in cells devoid of physiological responses to extracellular angiotensin II (A7r5 vascular smooth muscle cells). Intracellular delivery of angiotensin II was obtained by using liposomes or cell permeabilisation. Intracellular angiotensin II stimulated Ca2+ influx, as measured by 45Ca2+ uptake and single-cell fluorimetry. This effect was insensitive to extracellular or intracellular addition of losartan (angiotensin AT1 receptor antagonist) or PD123319 ((s)-1-(4-[dimethylamino]-3-methylphenyl)methyl-5-(diphenylacetyl)-4,5,6,7- tetrahydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine-6-carboxylate) (angiotensin AT2 receptor antagonist). Intracellular angiotensin II stimulated inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (Ins(1,4,5,)P3) production and increased the size of the Ins(1,4,5,)P3 releasable 45Ca2+ pool in permeabilised cells, independent of losartan and PD123319. Small G-proteins did not participate in this process, as assessed by using GDPβS. Intracellular delivery of angiotensin I was unable to elicit any of the effects elicited by intracellular angiotensin II. We conclude from our intracellular angiotensin application experiments that angiotensin II modulates Ca2+ homeostasis even in the absence of extracellular actions. Pharmacological properties suggest the involvement of putative angiotensin non-AT1-/non-AT2 receptors.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第19229号 / 医博第4028号 / 新制||医||1011(附属図書館) / 32228 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 髙橋 良輔, 教授 妻木 範行, 教授 井上 治久 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Le cadmium (Cd) est naturellement présent dans les sols qui sont aussi enrichis par l'activité humaine. Le Cd contamine les produits végétaux alimentaires car il est absorbé par les racines des plantes. Elément toxique pour les organismes vivants, les concentrations dans les produits consommés sont soumises aux règlementations pour l’alimentation humaine et animale. Il est donc nécessaire de comprendre le transfert sol-organe consommé du Cd, spécialement pour le tournesol (Helianthus annuus L.), notre plante modèle, pouvant accumuler plus de Cd que d’autre plantes cultivées. Ce travail a testé l'hypothèse que la quantité de Cd absorbée par le système racinaire du tournesol était liée à l'architecture de ce dernier. Nous avons caractérisé au niveau des racines individuelles une variation longitudinale de l’influx d'absorption du Cd2+ en lien avec le milieu de culture, l'ordre et l'âge des racines. Ces variations ont été attribuées à la dynamique de développement des barrières apoplasmiques (dépôts de cellulose lignine et subérine) qui limitent l'internalisation du Cd2+ dans le cytoplasme cellulaire. Par simulation, il a été montré que ces variations pouvaient théoriquement impacter l'absorption totale de Cd2+ en fonction de l'architecture racinaire en hydroponie mais beaucoup moins sur substrat solide (sable). En outre, une comparaison de 14 cultivars de tournesol cultivé en hydroponie a montré que la variabilité des teneurs en Cd dans les parties aériennes était plutôt liée à des différences d'absorption indépendantes de l'architecture racinaire et à des variations de répartition dans la plante. Les variations longitudinales d'absorption du Cd peuvent alors être considérées comme mineures face à des variations inter-cultivars dont l'origine reste à élucider. Dans une optique de modélisation du prélèvement total en conditions de sol, il serait alors possible de ne considérer qu’un influx moyen de Cd pour la totalité du système racinaire indépendamment de son architecture / Cadmium (Cd) is naturally occurring in soils that are also enriched by human activity. Cd contaminates food crops because of its absorption by plant roots. Because it is a toxic element for living organisms, its concentrations in food and feed plant products are subjected to regulatory limits. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the transfer of this metal from the soil to the edible plant part, especially for sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), our model plant that can accumulate more Cd than other crop species. This study tested the hypothesis that the amount of Cd absorbed by sunflower was related to the root architecture. We characterized, at the individual roots level, a longitudinal variation of the influx of Cd2+ absorption in relation with the culture medium, the order and the age of roots. These variations were attributed to the development of apoplastic barriers (cellulose, lignin and suberin deposition) that restrict the absorption of Cd2+ into the cytosol. By simulation, it has been shown that these variations could theoritically impact the total absorption of Cd2+ in hydroponics depending on the root architecture while in solid substrate (sand) the impact was much more limited. Furthermore, a comparison of 14 sunflower cultivars showed that the variability in Cd concentrations in shoots was rather due to differences in absorption independent of root architecture and in variations in the root to shoot distribution. The longitudinal variation in the Cd root influx can then be considered of minor importance compared to the between cultivar variability in Cd uptake, the origin of which remains to be determined. In the perspective of modelling the total uptake of Cd in soil conditions, it could then be possible to assume a global mean influx of Cd independent of the root architecture