Orientador: Angela Maria Carneiro Araujo / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T06:23:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lopes_EdmarAparecidodeBarrae_D.pdf: 4218800 bytes, checksum: 502aab55d01ffa10c75ae4ca8af4c957 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: As transformações no mundo do trabalho nos anos 70 e, sobretudo, a partir dos 80 e 90, resultaram em uma crise do fordismo e na consolidação de novas tendências no mundo do trabalho, caracterizadas por processos de redução do número de operários (trabalhadores industriais tradicionais), aumento da terceirização, heterogeneização crescente com a ampliação de mulheres operárias e intensificação da proletarização, caracterizada pelas novas modalidades contratuais que implicam em empregos precários e em tempo parcial. De modo geral, a literatura especializada tem apontado para o fato de que um dos principais impactos da reestruturação produtiva na dinâmica do mercado de trabalho e no cotidiano de vida dos trabalhadores é a crise do ¿trabalho protegido¿ e suas interfaces com o crescimento das atividades ¿informais¿. Nesse sentido, a grande questão que conduziu esta pesquisa se expressa nas seguintes inquietações: estão ocorrendo mudanças na informalidade da região central de Goiânia em função desse quadro de transformações? Em caso positivo, o que há de novo nessa nova informalidade? O que muda no perfil dos ambulantes? Quais novos processos caracterizariam sua inserção na economia? Como as mudanças produtivas, associadas às novas tecnologias, as têm afetado? A crise do emprego, a reestruturação produtiva e a precarização do mercado de trabalho formal contribuem para a constituição de uma nova heterogeneidade? Ainda, o que há de novo na relação desse setor informal da região central de Goiânia-GO com o poder público a partir dos anos 80 e 90? / Abstract: The transformations in the world of the work in the 70s and, over all, from the 80s and 90s, had resulted in a crisis of the ¿Fordism¿ and in the consolidation of new trends in the world of the work, characterized by processes of reduction of the number of laborers (traditional industrial workers), increase of the outsourcing process, increasing heterogeneity with the magnifying of women in labor and intensifying of the proletariat process, characterized by the new contractual modalities that imply in precarious jobs and partial time. In a general way, the specialized literature has pointed to the fact that one of the main impacts of the productive reorganization in the dynamics of the work trade and in the daily life of the workers is the crisis of the "protecting work" and its interfaces with the growth of "the informal" activities. In this direction, the great question that leads this research expresses itself in the following fidgets: are changes in the informality of the central region of Goiânia occurring in function of this kind of transformations? In positive case, what is new in this new informality? What does it change in the profile of the ambulant ones? What would new processes characterize their insertion in the economy? How have the productive changes, associated to the new technologies, affected them? Do the crisis of the job, the productive reorganization and the precarious conditions of the formal work trade contribute for the constitution of a new heterogeneity? And, what is new in the relation of this informal sector of the central region of Goiânia-GO with the public power from the 80s and 90s? / Doutorado / Doutor em Ciências Sociais

Orientadores: Silvia Maria Santiago, Heleno Rodrigues Corrêa Filho / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T11:46:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Balista_SalmaReginaRodrigues_D.pdf: 1242471 bytes, checksum: a390bf729fbf36857fc1e2cfd895467e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Essa pesquisa objetiva analisar a atenção em saúde ao trabalhador do mercado informal pelo SUS, no município de Campinas, SP. No mercado informal podem estar presentes riscos e incidências ainda maiores do que no mercado formal; soma-se a isso a falta de proteção previdenciária, o que os caracteriza como um grupo vulnerável, ao qual devem ser dirigidas ações de saúde. O SUS desempenha papel estratégico de inclusão, na medida em que se constitui em política pública com capilaridade capaz de oferecer a integralidade e a universalização da atenção à saúde dos trabalhadores, com ações individuais e coletivas, e estimular e promover o controle social por parte dos trabalhadores. Os objetivos do estudo são identificar quais as categorias de trabalhadores informais que mais demandam atenção em saúde no SUS Campinas, quais os serviços de saúde mais procurados, que ações de caráter individual e coletivo foram dirigidas aos trabalhadores, quais dificuldades os serviços têm em reconhecer o usuário como trabalhador do mercado informal, em notificar os agravos à saúde desses trabalhadores e em desenvolver ações para a atenção integral desse grupo. Pela complexidade da questão, a abordagem metodológica escolhida foi a triangulação de métodos. Os sujeitos da pesquisa são gestores e trabalhadores de saúde, dirigentes sindicais e trabalhadores informais. Para a coleta de dados, utilizamos inquérito em serviços de saúde com utilização de formulário e entrevistas semiestruturadas. Os resultados apontaram a atenção fragmentada; a inexistência de ações de vigilância em saúde voltadas para esse grupo; a forma solitária de construção do itinerário terapêutico pelo trabalhador, passando por vários tipos de serviços de saúde e tendo o serviço de urgência e emergência como importante porta de entrada do sistema; a importância do tempo para seu cuidado; a autonomia dos trabalhadores informais relacionada à sua recuperação para o trabalho; a existência de maior vínculo com profissionais de serviços de referência em reabilitação e saúde do trabalhador; o comprometimento do cuidado integral pela insuficiência da rede de atenção; solidariedade dos profissionais de saúde ao sofrimento / Abstract: This research analyzes the health care worker by SUS, in the informal market, in Campinas/SP. The informal market presents risks and implications even greater than in the formal market, besides that, there is lack of social security protection, which characterizes them as a vulnerable group, to which should be directed health actions. SUS plays the strategic role of inclusion, as it constitutes public policy with capillarity able to offer an integral and universal health care to the workers, with individual and collective actions, and to stimulate and promote social control by workers. The research objectives are to identify which categories of informal workers require more health care in SUS Campinas, which are the most searched health services, which individual and collective actions are done for workers, which difficulties the services have in recognizing the user as workers in the informal market, notifying the health problems of these workers and developing integral care for these workers. Due to the complexity of the issue, the methodological approach chosen was triangulation of methods. The subjects in this research were managers and health workers, union leaders and informal workers. To collect data, we used survey on health services with forms and semi-structured interviews. The results pointed to fragmented care; the lack of health surveillance actions aimed to this group; the lonely way the workers constructs their therapeutic itinerary , going through several types of health services and having the urgency and emergency department as important gateway system; the importance of time to their care; the autonomy of informal workers related to their recovery to work; the greater bond with professional reference services in rehabilitation and occupational health; the commitment of integral care by insufficient care network the solidarity of health professionals to suffering / Doutorado / Saude Coletiva / Doutora em Saúde Coletiva

Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy: Business Administration, Durban University of Technology, 2017. / This study explored humanistic management philosophy in governance with specific reference to Port Shepstone minibus taxi industry, KwaZulu-Natal. The study arose from a concern that there is no governance model which addresses the challenges of small businesses. Informal businesses like minibus taxi industry are facing a phletora of challenges, namely fatal accidents, corruption and fraud, disregard of stakeholders, taxi wars, poor service delivery and failure by the government to formalise the sector. The study discusses humanistic management philosophy in governance using Ubuntu theory as the theoretical framework. The researcher adopted the mixed method methodology which is embedded in the post- positivist research paradigm. The post-positivist research paradigm explains the way things are and views objectivity as an ideal that can never be achieved, however research should be conducted with greater awareness of subjectivity. By combining qualitative and quantitative methodologies (Triangulation mixed method approach), it assisted the study to strike a balance and avoid being subjective on issues of humanistic management leadership, humanistic management strategy, humanistic management culture and humanistic management ethics. The research methods used in this study include questionnaires, interviews and observations. The findings from qualitative and quantitative data were integrated to come up with a generalisation. The findings of the study showed that there are limitations in the implementation of humanistic management philosophy for minibus taxi industry governance. Although the minibus taxi leaders were aware of their humanistic management leadership role and responsibilities, they were not applying them. The Minibus taxi industry leadership were applying non humanistic management leadership styles. Moreover, humanistic management strategy formulation, implementation and evaluation were not being done. Humanistic management ethics were found to be a challenge within the minibus taxi industry when governing their businesses. The study revealed that the minibus taxi industry was adopting a different culture from their community which affected their humanistic management culture and the reputation of the minibus taxi industry governance. This was not inline with the Ubuntu principles practised by the society in which the minibus taxi industry operated. Possible areas for future research were highlighted and recommendations were made, for example the researcher recommends minibus taxi operators should be educated on humanistic management philosophy in governance which makes their businesses legitimate in society’s view. Minibus taxi operators should be encouraged to use stakeholder approach in the humanistic management strategy formulation, implementation and evaluation. Support and monitoring systems should be in place for proper implementation of code of conducts. Whistleblowers should be protected by the taxi associations and the police force. A humanistic management culture should be developed and implemented with the incorporation of community inputs. The taxi association should develop and enforce a human resource policy to safeguard the interests of the minibus taxi industry employees. The study identified a possible alternative model for the implementation of humanistic management philosophy in governance. The model can be applied to all informal and formal sectors. / D

M.Tech. (Architectural Technology) / The City of Johannesburg has no formal recycling strategy and waste is simply dumped as collected in designated landfill sites. Yet these landfill sites, reportedly, will be good for no more than another eight years. Throughout the city there is an informal network of waste collectors commonly known as trolley pushers who, together with the private buy-back and recycle centres, form the only real system of recycling in Johannesburg. There is no infrastructure for the trolley pushers, men and women who perform a vital function. There are no dedicated spaces and very little tolerance from the residents of Johannesburg. The trolley pushers sleep amongst their collection of waste, or travel far to start each day in the very early hours of the morning. They roll their improvised trolleys full of goods in the street among the traffic of commuters, hindering and being hindered. They store their messy waste, when they can in unsafe and public spaces, such as under bridges and on the side of some roads. Storage is such a problem for trolley pushers that often they’re forced to sell their goods as soon as they collect them, when the fluctuating prices may be too low. They are always essentially at the mercy of the privately-owned buyback centres. Their days are long and they have no ablution facilities, no designated space to catch their breath, eat, obtain drinking water, network or socialise. This project is about changing that by facilitating the informal recycling sector, providing the convenient infrastructure without formalising the process. The term ‘convenient’ in this context encompasses spaces close to the buy-back centre, with low tech, low maintenance, mixed-use facilities. These facilities include secure sorting and storage spaces, sleeping, ablution and social spaces. The essence of this project is to encourage, empower and improve work and income potential in the informal waste recycling sector through simple, appropriate architectural interventions that are essentially selfmaintaining.

M.Com. (Marketing Management) / The majority of resources in the distribution channels for the perishable market in South Africa, have mostly been directed towards the formal sector. Since macro statistics showed that the informal sector's growth rate is 5 % to the 0,5 % per annum for the formal sector, companies have started to allocate resources towards distribution channels in the informal sector. Distribution channels in the informal sector are mainly characterised by two factors: Firstly a lack of knowledge concerning distribution channel management and strategies by the perishable market and in particular the organisation that was selected as focus, namely Sacca, and secondly, a lack of workable systems and infrastructure. The purpose of this study is, firstly to determine the level of distribution channel management in the perishable market of Southern Africa. This will enable organisations to formulate a framework for a distribution channel strategy to develop the informal sector. Secondly, to determine the potential of such a distribution channel into the informal sector. The methodology used to meet the above mentioned objectives consisted of a literature survey that defined the study and set out the current state of knowledge on the subject. Secondly field visits were conducted with business leaders from Sacca and with leaders in the field of informal sector studies to collect specific information on selected issues. Personal observation followed with a comparative analysis of Sacca in the areas of channel management and strategies were carried out. The major findings of the study are, firstly that traditional channel management is still being practised by the majority of organisations. Organisations are not correctly positioned to create the necessary structure whereof responsibility is a part. Secondly trends can be identify to make it easier for the organisation to enter the market. Thirdly organisations have limited knowledge about the informal sector's structure, opportunities and threats. Lastly that the importance of a distribution channel strategy framework can never be overestimated.

The main objective of the study was to analyze the potential tax collection from the informal rental housing market in Zambia, using household level rental housing data collected for the Lusaka Urban District by the Central Statistical Office (CSO) as a basis for computation and extrapolation to the national level. This data was used to analyze household monthly expenditure on housing (rent), the total number of households in rented accommodation, and the tax regime applicable on rental income, to estimate the potential tax revenue that could be realized from this emerging sector. The estimates indicate that about K9.7 billion revenue could be collected on income from rental housing in Lusaka Urban District alone and a total of K83 billion nationally per annum. This represents about 0.4 percent of the country’s GDP in 2007. Compliance needs to be improved and legislation revised to ensure that the landlords are compelled to remit tax to the Zambia Revenue Authority. The current legislation makes enforcement and compliance difficult as it places the statutory tax burden on tenants, who are very mobile. It is, therefore, recommended that the landlord is made responsible for the payment of taxes due on rental income and that any compliance requirements be enforced against the real estate/property that is generating the income. This study also examines the performance of the presumptive taxation regime in Zambia The study uses data from the Zambia Revenue Authority on revenue collection from presumptive taxes which were introduced to capture income from the informal sectors. The presumptive taxes already introduced in Zambia include: base tax, advance income tax and turnover tax for minibuses and taxi operators. To analyze the performance of the presumptive tax regime, the study utilizes data on imports made by those not registered for taxes, to estimate how much revenue could be generated by imposing a 3 percent turnover tax on the value of their imports at importation. The analysis shows that the Zambia Revenue Authority increased revenue collection from K5.3 billion in 2004 to K33.5 billion in 2007. This improvement in revenue collection is far below the potential, however, which is estimated at over K501 billion on imports of unregistered traders alone. To collect this revenue and expand the tax base, the tax authority needs to improve the administration of advance income tax on unregistered importers, and raise the advance income tax rate to a level where the importer is indifferent between paying the advance tax at the border and paying turnover tax inland.

This study examines the nature and characteristics of the informal sector within the Makana municipal area in South Africa. The focus is on the socio-economic characteristics of the informal sector operatives; operational characteristics of the microenterprises that we studied, such as longevity, employment generation, growth potential, and linkages of the informal sector with the formal sector of the economy. Extensive studies on the informal sector have been conducted in many parts of the world relative to South Africa. The key finding in most of these researches is that the informal sector is highly heterogeneous. These studies provide us with the parameters for analysing the nature and characteristics of the informal sector in the Makana Municipality. The results of the thesis show that the majority of people in Makana Municipality join the informal sector as a result of such push factors as unemployment, retrenchment and the need to survive. While there is evidence of lucrative activities amongst the surveyed enterprises, most of the informal sector micro-enterprises are concentrated in the lower segment of the sector where earnings are very low. Results from this study reveal that employment generation (beyond owner-operator) is very limited. The co-existence of a small number of remunerative activities alongside a large proportion of relatively unproductive activities is not only a sign of restricted economic potential but, most importantly, it points to the heterogeneous nature of the informal sector. Precisely, the informal sector encompasses activities which are different in terms of asset holdings, earnings, etc. From the study, it is also evident that the informal sector micro-enterprises play a crucial role in distributing goods produced in the formal sector. Evidence indicates that these micro-enterprises are Iinked to the formal sector. The idea of a 'second economy' devoid of linkages with the 'first economy' is of limited heuristic value. Thus, the 'second economy' is an extension of the first.

The aim of this study was to determine an appropriate positioning strategy for a car wash business in Port Elizabeth to promote its competitive advantage in the market place. To meet this aim the customers' perceptions of the business were examined. It has been widely acknowledged by researchers and development agencies that Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises (SMMEs) and entrepreneurs play a crucial role in the economic development of a nation. This is particularly significant for a developing nation such as South Africa to address its critical challenges of unemployment and poverty which impact on social stability. Research reveals that the failure rate of SMMEs in South Africa is an alarming 75 percent. In this context, the need to explore innovative strategies to support and sustain the SMME sector has become increasingly important. A detailed survey of relevant literature revealed that the attributes of a firm that relate to the quality of service, pricing, attitudes of staff, image of the firm etc. can be considered as important variables which customers use to differentiate a business from its competitors. It is suggested that the success of a firm largely depends on its ability to position itself in a competitive environment by focusing on attributes which customers value the most in relation to similar businesses. This case study was approached from a positivist paradigm and data from 61 customers of the car wash were collected. The quantitative data were statistically analysed to examine the attributes of the business which the respondents of the survey perceived as offering the most value to them when compared to other car washes in the area. These attributes were then used to develop a positioning map for the business. The results showed that the attribute of the business which was most valued by the respondents was the manual washing of vehicles. A positioning strategy for the car wash based on this finding is suggested.

This study describes and analyzes the impact of Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) on the Jos women in the informal sector, as well as the strategies women adopt to ensure the survival of their businesses and families. Studies that have investigated the impact of SAP on women in the informal sector tend to take a rather disparate approach. Against this background, the present study develops a coherent conceptual framework for understanding the impact of SAPs on women in the sector. From an interview survey conducted with one hundred and fifty (150) Jos women in the informal urban sector, the study elicited data on the activities of the women and the ways SAPs affect their access to productive and reproductive resources, as well as on the responses of the women to SAPs-engendered socio-economic hardships. The data reveal that the Jos women engage in numerous income-generating activities, mostly in small-scale, low-income circulatory and service activities which are largely marginalized and bereft of institutionalized resources. In addition to their productive and income-generating activities, the Jos women perform the bulk of the reproductive and domestic work necessary for the support of the family. As well, the women perform some extra-household work for the welfare of the community and environment. The study shows that the Jos women are adversely affected by SAPs. Structural Adjustment Programmes are further limiting their access to business commodities, credit, stalls, information and training, food, healthcare, education and transportation facilities. Consequently, women are finding it difficult to maintain their businesses and families. Amidst the adverse effects of SAPs, the women are resiliently and innovatively responding to SAPs through numerous business and familial survival strategies. In addition to the responses of the Jos women, the Nigerian State, is attempting to reduce poverty among women through its various women-centered programmes. The study attributes the adverse and limiting effects of SAPs on the Jos women's access to resources to a number of forces. These include (a) the Nigerian limited and discriminatory opportunity structures which predispose women to the largely marginalized informal activities, (b) the small-scale and low-income nature of women's informal activities, (c) the unequal and exploitative relationship between the informal and formal sectors in which women provide consumer goods at low-cost for the regeneration of capitalist labour, (d) the circulatory and service nature of women's informal activities, (e) the gender- and class-biased structures inherent in SAPs, as well as in SAPs' implementing mechanisms and institutions and (f) women's altruistic and selfless attitudes. The study observes that the responses of both the Jos women and the Nigerian State to SAPs-engendered hardships are, at best, palliative or even cosmetic. The responses do not address the strategic needs of women. Hence the study makes a case for a transformatory strategy through the empowerment of women. / Arts, Faculty of / Anthropology, Department of / Graduate

The study focuses on the regulation of informal trading, specifically street traders, within Polokwane Local Municipality. Municipalities required to manage street trading, and to deal with the challenge of increasing numbers of informal traders, which is affecting the formal trading economy. A small income and the limited ability of the government and the formal business sector to provide sufficient employment opportunities to people in the economically active age categories are two of the main reasons for informal trading in South African cities. As a result, the informal street trading sector plays an important role in providing a security net for millions of unemployed in the South African economy. However, informal street trading is not without its problems (Willemse, 2011:7). Often people blame government for not creating employment. When government is unable to provide sustainable employment to all the people, informal jobs emerge. Thus informal trading has become the only option for survival. Informal trading is a major source of income for the majority of the urban poor and therefore requires a properly regulated environment to address issues of income and unemployment for the poor. This study undertook to investigate how Polokwane Local Municipality regulates informal trading in the city of Polokwane. The research method employed in this study is qualitative. The main finding of the study is that because informal trading plays a significant role in creating employment, it must be well regulated and supported by the municipality in order to be organised. The main recommendation on the basis of this finding is that there should be a new approach, especially in terms of enforcement of by-laws. Most informal traders have applied for permits and have been waiting for a response from the Polokwane Local Municipality for years. In this regard, most of the informal traders are dissatisfied with municipal treatment of informal trading in the city. This dissatisfaction is also caused by lack of consultation.