Les systèmes aquifères constituent la partie souterraine du cycle hydrologique. Ils transfèrent les pluies infiltrées à travers les sols sur des distances variables. Après un temps caractéristique de l’ordre du mois au millier d’années, les eaux souterraines regagnent la surface en alimentant les rivières et en satisfaisant en partie l’évapotranspiration. Les aquifères sont ainsi une ressource en eau majeure pour l’Homme et les écosystèmes. La prédiction de leur réponse aux pressions anthropiques et climatiques se heurte à deux difficultés (1) la faible densité d’informations directes sur les milieux géologiques et leur grande hétérogénéité (2) la complexité des échanges entre la surface et la profondeur. L’enjeu est donc de développer des modèles représentant au mieux les processus aux différentes échelles spatiotemporelles. Pour aborder cette question, nous étudions le contenu informatif de différents types d’observables (piézométrie, débit de rivière, déformation de surface...) afin de déterminer comment ils peuvent améliorer la paramétrisation des modèles. Notre travail s’appuie sur la modélisation hydrologique du site de Ploemeur (échelle locale) et du bassin du Rhin (échelle continentale). Dans les deux cas, des modèles simples sont développés en utilisant des solutions analytiques et numériques. Le modèle ModFlow a également été couplé à un modèle hydrologique. À petite échelle, les résultats illustrent l’intérêt de différents types de données transitoires pour contraindre les processus. À grande échelle, le modèle développé ainsi que les observables permettent d’affiner le rôle des systèmes aquifères dans la disponibilité de l’eau en surface. Les deux approches illustrent un contrôle des flux à différentes échelles par la topographie, la géologie et l’hétérogénéité. / Groundwater systems (GW) constitute an important part of the hydrological cycle. GW transfer water infiltrated through soils on variable distances. After a characteristic time ranging from the month to thousand of years, GW reach the surface supporting rivers and evapotranspiration. Thus, they are a major resource for human and ecosystems. PredictingGWresponse to human and climate pressures is limited by (1) the scarcity of direct information on the highly heterogeneous geological media (2) the complexity of surface-depth exchanges. So, it seems necessary to develop models representing at best the processes at different spatiotemporal scales. To address this issue, we study the informative content of different observation types (piezometry, streamflow, surface deformation. . . ) to assess how they can improve models parametrization. Our work is based on GW modeling of the Ploemeur site (local scale) and of the Rhine basin (continental scale). For both approaches, simple models are developed, using analytical or numerical solutions. Also, the ModFlow model was coupled to an hydrological model. At small scale, results show the interest of temporal and multidisciplinary data to better constrain processes. At large scale, the developed model, as well as observations, allows to precise the role ofGWfor water availability on surface. Both approaches highlight a flows control at different scales by topography, geology and heterogeneity.

Submitted by Noeme Timbo (noeme.timbo@metodista.br) on 2016-08-19T00:52:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RobertaViegas.pdf: 1798005 bytes, checksum: 8ab8eedbe4c67424d638bd6e19084b26 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-19T00:52:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RobertaViegas.pdf: 1798005 bytes, checksum: 8ab8eedbe4c67424d638bd6e19084b26 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-23 / The objective of this study is check how works the internet users collaboration in the informative content of “Portal R7” since the web 2.0 was creation in 2004. The term web 2.0 appeared to qualify a second generation of services and communities, in a new interaction and participation environment that includes several languages. With the growth of digital technology accession, some barriers that limited the collaboration in informative contents were overcome and the communication environment becomes an experience exchange local and daily practices.In this scenario, the surfers now have a near relationship in the media processes present in the digital support, in which citizens can express, be more visible and relate from the moment that his produce, post and share any type of content, could be informative or entertainment.The literature review covers the authors such as Ciro Marcondes Filho, José Marques de Melo, Nelson Traquina, Alex Primo, Ana Brambilla, Marcelo Träsel, Raquel Recuero, Polyana Ferrari, Squirra, among others.The research method used is qualitative, through a descriptive exploratory research, like a case study.The instruments for research were the direct observation and the semi-structured interview (or semi-open). The main result is that the collaborate web journalism in the “Portal R7” it is primarily induced by social networks, in specially Facebook and Twitter inspired by call for action like a strategy to call the collaboration.The journalist practices are intrinsically dependent on user’s actions, and the journalist adds to the check practices a new stage related a relationship with the Portal user to assemble and retain the audience, enhancing the cooperation in all production stages / Este estudo procura verificar como ocorre a colaboração dos usuários no conteúdo informativo do Portal R7, a partir da nova configuração da internet, a web 2.0, criada em 2004. O termo web 2.0 surgiu para qualificar uma segunda geração de comunidades e serviços, em um ambiente de interação e participação que engloba diversas linguagens. Com o crescimento da adesão à tecnologia digital, algumas barreiras que limitavam a colaboração nos conteúdos informativos foram superadas e o ambiente comunicacional tornou-se um espaço de intercâmbio para experiências e práticas do cotidiano. Nesse cenário, os internautas passam a ter uma relação mais aproximativa nos processos midiáticos presentes no suporte digital, no qual o cidadão pode se expressar, ter maior visibilidade e se relacionar a partir do momento em que ele produz, publica e compartilha qualquer tipo de conteúdo, seja de caráter informativo ou de entretenimento. A revisão bibliográfica abrangeu autores como Ciro Marcondes Filho, José Marques de Melo, Nelson Traquina, Alex Primo, Ana Brambilla, Marcelo Träsel, Raquel Recuero, Polyana Ferrari, Squirra, entre outros. O método de investigação utilizado é o qualitativo, por meio de uma pesquisa exploratória descritiva, do tipo estudo de caso. Os instrumentos para a investigação foram a observação direta assistemática e a entrevista semiestruturada (ou semiaberta). O principal resultado obtido é que o webjornalismo colaborativo no Portal R7 é prioritariamente induzido pelas redes sociais, especialmente o Facebook e o Twitter, inspirado no “call for action”, como estratégia para chamar à colaboração. As práticas jornalísticas estão intrinsicamente dependentes da ação do usuário, sendo que o jornalista agrega às práticas de checagem uma nova etapa, a de relacionamento com o usuário do Portal, para agregar e fidelizar a audiência, valorizando a colaboração em todas as etapas de produção.

本研究蒐集經濟日報、聯合報、與聯合晚報的新聞文章，以中研院的中文斷詞性統進 行結構性的處理，參考並延伸Tetlock、Saar-Tsechansky和Macskassy(2008)的研究方法，檢驗 使用一個簡單的語言量化方式是否能夠用來解釋與預測個別公司的會計營收與股票報酬。有 以下發現： 1. 正面詞彙(褒義詞)在新聞報導中的比例能夠預測高的公司營收。 2. 公司的股價對負面詞彙(貶義詞)有過度反應的現象，對正面詞彙(褒義詞)則有效率地充分 反應。 綜合以上發現，本論文得到，新聞媒體的文字內容能夠捕捉到一些關於公司基本面難 以量化的部份，而投資者迅速地將這些資訊併入股價。 / This research collects all of the news stories about China Steel Corporation from Economic Daily News, United Daily News, and United Evening News. These articles I collect are segmented by a Chinese Word Segmentation System of Academia Sinica and used by the methodology of Tetlock, Saar-Tsechansky, and Macskassy(2008). I examine whether a simple quantitative measure fo language can be used to predict individual firms’ accounting sales and stock returns. My two main findings are: 1. the fraction of positive words (commendatory term) in firm-specific news stories forecasts high firm sales; 2. firm’s stock prices briefly overreaction to the information embedded in negative words (Derogatory term); on the other hand, firm’s stock prices efficiently incorporate the information embedded in positive words (commendatory term). All of the above, we conclude this linguistic media content captures otherwise hard-toquantify aspects of firms’ fundamentals, which investors quickly incorporate into stock prices.