Much interest has recently accumulated of the role of adult stem cells in both normal tissue homeostasis and carcinogenesis. Whereas normal and cancerous mammary epithelial stem cells have been identified and isolated from bulk primary tissue, little remains known about their regulation in vivo. Here we describe the molecular profile of mammary epithelial stem cells cultured in vitro and that of their tumourigenic counterparts, breast cancer stem cells. Our studies of gene transcription reveal potential mechanisms that may cooperate in the regulation of normal and cancer stem cells in vitro, and may also reflect their in vivo behaviour. These data bear consequences for the design of novel breast cancer therapeutics, as cancer stem cells are thought to resist conventional treatments and persist thereafter, causing disease relapse and seeding metastases. To address this issue we have devised a functional genomics approach to screen for novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets of breast cancer modeled in vitro; this culture system is centered on bona fide stem cells and may therefore offer improved relevance to human disease when compared with breast cancer cell lines. / Thesis / Master of Science (MS)

Brain tumors represent a leading cause of cancer mortality, of which medulloblastoma (MB) and glioblastoma (GBM) represent the most frequent malignant pediatric and adult brain tumors, respectively. The identification of a rare clonal population of cells, termed cancer stem cells (CSCs) or brain tumor-initiating cells (BTICs), as having the ability to initiate, proliferate, and maintain tumor growth has offered a developmental framework for studying MB and GBM. Evidence in support of cell signaling programs carried forward from brain development into oncogenesis have provided opportunities for BTIC-directed therapies targeting the key BTIC property of self-renewal. Given that neural stem cells (NSCs) must maintain a relative balance between self-renewal and differentiation, brain tumorigenesis may be conceptualized as a disease of unregulated BTIC self-renewal. In this work, I aim to demonstrate the re-emergence of self-renewal genes that regulate NSCs in BTICs, use the Wnt pathway as a model by which these genes may be regulated in a context-specific manner, and identify clinically tractable therapies directed at the overall BTIC self-renewal signaling machinery. Specifically, in Chapter 2, I describe the presence of a shared signaling program between NSCs and MB BTICs consisting of Bmi1 and FoxG1. In Chapter 3, I provide evidence in support of a context-specific tumor suppressive function for activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling in MB. Lastly, in Chapter 4, I demonstrate a CD133-AKT-Wnt signaling axis in which CD133 functions as a putative cell surface receptor for AKT-dependent Wnt activation in GBM. Overall, the body of this thesis offers a mechanistic model by which BTICs may be regulated and targeted to impair tumor growth and improve overall survivorship in childhood MB and adult GBM. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Le neuroblastome (NB) est la tumeur solide extracranienne la plus fréquente et mortelle chez les jeunes enfants. Il se caractérise par une résistance à la chimiothérapie possiblement en partie dû à la présence de cellules initiatrices de tumeurs (TICs). Des études ont mis en évidence le rôle de CD133 comme un marqueur des TICs dans divers types de cancers. Les buts de notre travail étaient d’abord de démontrer les vertus de TICs des cellules exprimant CD133 et ensuite, en utilisant une analyse globale du génome avec des polymorphismes nucléotidiques simples (SNPs), d’effectuer une analyse différentielle entre les TICs et les autres cellules du NB afin d’en identifier les anomalies génétiques spécifiques. Des lignées cellulaires de NB ont été triées par cytométrie de flux afin d’obtenir deux populations: une enrichie en CD133 (CD133high), l’autre faible en CD133 (CD133low). Afin de déterminer si ces populations cellulaires présentent des propriétés de TICs, des essais sur les neurosphères, les colonies en agar mou et les injections orthotopiques de 500 cellules sélectionnées dans 11 souris ont été réalisées. Après une isolation de l’ADN des populations sélectionnées, nous avons effectué une analyse génotypique par SNP utilisant les puces « Affymetrix Genome-Wide Human SNP Array 6.0 ». Pour vérifier l’expression des gènes identifiés, des Western Blots ont été réalisés. Nos résultats ont démontré que la population CD133 avait des propriétés de TICs in vitro et in vivo. L’analyse génotypique différentielle a permis d’identifier deux régions communes (16p13.3 and 19p13.3) dans la population CD133high ayant des gains et deux autres régions (16q12.1 and 21q21.3) dans la population CD133low possédant des pertes d’hétérozygoties (LOH). Aucune perte n’a été observée. Parmi les gènes étudiés, l’expression protéique d’éphrine-A2 était corrélée à celle de CD133 dans 6 tumeurs et 2 lignées cellulaires de NB. De plus, l’augmentation de la concentration d’anticorps anti-éphrine-A2 dans le milieu diminue la taille des neurosphères. Ainsi, la population CD133high, qui a des vertus de TICs, possède des caractéristiques génotypiques différentes par rapport à celle CD133low. La présence d’éphrine-A2 dans les cellules exprimant CD133 souligne son importance dans le développement des TICs. Ces résultats suggèrent la présence de potentielle cible pour de nouvelles thérapeutiques ciblant les TICs mise en évidence par l’étude génomique. / Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common and deadly extracranial solid tumor of childhood characterized by a resistance to chemotherapy possibly due to the presence of tumor initiating cells (TICs). Studies showed the role of CD133 as a marker of TICs in various types of cancers. Our goals were first to demonstrate the stemness of TICs expressing CD133 and then, using a global genomic analysis with single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs), to perform a differential analysis between TICs and other cells of NB to identify the specific genetic abnormalities. NB cell lines were sorted by flow cytometry to obtain two populations: one enriched in CD133 (CD133high), the other low in CD133 (CD133low). To determine whether these cell populations have TICs properties, we test the ability of cells to form either neurosphères or, colonies in soft agar and we also test their carcinogenic properties by orthotopic injections of 500 selected cells in 11 mice. After a DNA extraction on selected populations, a differential genotyping analysis has been made with Affymetrix Genome-Wide Human SNP Array 6.0. To verify the expression of the genes identified, Western blots had been made. Our results have demonstrated that CD133high population presented TICs properties in vitro and in vivo. The differential genotyping analysis allowed identifying two gains common regions (16p13.3 and 19p13.3) in CD133high population and two others loss of heterozygosity (LOH) (16q12.1 and 21q21.3) in CD133low population . No losses were observed. Among the genes studied, ephrin-A2 protein expression was correlated to CD133 expression in 6 NB tumors and 2 NB cell lines. Also, ephrin-A2’s increased concentration influenced the neurospheres by decreasing their size. Thereby, CD133high population, which had TICs properties, possess different genotyping characteristics compared to CD133low population. The presence of ephrine-A2 in cells expressing CD133 emphasizes its importance in the development of TICs. These results suggest the presence of potential target for new therapies targeting the TICs demonstrated by the genomic study.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:38:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GABRIELA MOURA DE PAULA.pdf: 7198154 bytes, checksum: f6f3fcaaba289c4b737ab5cfc3d5363a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-29 / Breast cancer is the second most common cancer in the world. It is a complex and heterogeneous disease with diverse clinical features, cellular origin, histological types, mutations, prognosis and therapeutic possibilities. A subpopulation of cells with the ability of self-renewing, increased proliferation and resistance to chemotherapy has been described in breast cancer, named tumor-initiating cells (TICs). The aim of this study was to review and integrate, through meta-analysis, the studies that have investigated the possible associations between tumor-initiating cells, defined by CD44+ CD24- low phenotype and ALDH expression, by using immunohistochemistry, and prognostic aspects of breast cancer. Twenty studies met the inclusion criteria for this meta-analysis, 13 evaluated the CD44+ CD24- low phenotype, 11 evaluated the expression of ALDH and four studies evaluated both markers. The results of the metaanalysis demonstrated statistically significant associations between the triple negative phenotype and the CITs, including both the expression of CD44+ CD24- low phenotype (p < 0.0001), as the expression of ALDH (p = 0.0004). Associations investigated for HER2 overexpression presented conflicting results, whereas CD44+ CD24- low phenotype was not significantly associated with this parameter (p = 0.1989), ALDH expression was significantly associated with HER2 (p < 0.0001). An inverse association, however, statistically significant, was observed between the presence of lymph node metastases and CD44+ CD24- low phenotype (p = 0.0047), while the expression of ALDH was not significantly associated with this parameter (p = 2019). Based on the analyses carried out, it can be concluded that the markers, CD44+ CD24- low and ALDH, represent an important tool in identifying tumor initiating cells in breast carcinomas and that statistical associations observed in this study raise important perspectives for developing molecular therapies based on presence of the CD44+ CD24- low phenotype and ALDH expression in the treatment of triple-negative breast carcinomas. / O câncer de mama é o segundo câncer mais comum do mundo. É uma doença complexa e heterogênea com diversas características clínicas, histológicas, origem celular, mutações, prognóstico e possibilidades terapêuticas. Uma subpopulação de células com a capacidade de auto-renovação, proliferação celular e maior resistência à quimioterápicos tem sido descrita no câncer de mama, sendo estas denominadas célulasiniciadoras tumorais (CITs). O objetivo deste trabalho consistiu em revisar e integrar , por meio de meta-análise, os estudos que investigaram as possíveis associações entre células iniciadoras tumorais, definidas pelo fenótipo CD44+ CD24- low e expressão de ALDH, por método de imuno-histoquímica, e aspectos prognósticos do câncer de mama. Vinte estudos preencheram os critérios de inclusão para esta meta-análise, 13 avaliaram o fenótipo CD44+ CD24- low, 11 avaliaram a expressão de ALDH e quatro estudos avaliaram ambos marcadores. Os resultados da meta-análise demonstram associações estatisticamente significativas entre o fenótipo triplo negativo e as CITs, incluindo tanto a expressão do fenótipo CD44+ CD24- low (p < 0,0001), como a expressão de ALDH (p = 0,0004). Associações investigadas para a hiperexpressão de HER2 apresentaram resultados conflitantes, sendo que fenótipo CD44+ CD24- low não foi associado de forma significativa à este parâmetro (p = 0,1989), enquanto a expressão de ALDH esteve significativamente associada ao HER2 (p < 0,0001). Uma associação inversa, porém, estatisticamente significativa, foi observada entre a presença de metástases linfonodais e o fenótipo CD44+ CD24- low (p = 0,0047), enquanto a expressão de ALDH não esteve significativamente associada a este parâmetro (p = 2019). Com base nas análises realizadas, é possível concluir que os marcadores CD44+ CD24- low e ALDH representam uma importante ferramenta na identificação de células tumorais nos carcinomas mamários e que as associações estatísticas observadas criam perspectivas importantes para o desenvolvimento de terapias moleculares baseadas na presença de CD44+ CD24- low e de ALDH no tratamento dos carcinomas triplo negativos.

Mutações ativadoras no gene KRAS são prevalentes em cancer de pulmão e a as vias de sinalização de RAS estão aumentadas em células iniciadoras de tumor (CITs), que são definidas como células autorrenováveis capazes de iniciar a formação tumoral, sustentar o crescimento tumoral e promover a disseminação tumoral. Entretanto, terapias direcionadas a RAS não foram efetivas até hoje e a identificação de alvos de KRAS que contribuam para o fenótipo oncogênico é necessária. Como a quinase Aurora A (AURKA) já foi implicada, tanto na oncogênese induzida por KRAS, quanto em promover a função das CITs, nós hipotetizamos que a inibição das vias de AURKA seria detrimental para a função de CITs pulmonares portadoras de KRAS oncogênica, desta forma diminuindo o comportamento maligno do câncer de pulmão. Para avaliar a função das CITs, nós usamos ensaios de crescimento de tumoresferas que permitem o crescimento seletivo de CITs in vitro. As linhagens pulmonares positivas para KRAS H358 e A549 formaram tumoresferas em cultura de baixa aderência e, quando comparadas às linhagens parentais, às células oriundas de tumoresferas apresentaram maior capacidade clonogênica in vitro e maior tumorigenicidade in vivo. Além disso, uma análise por qPCR revelou que as células oriundas de tumoresferas possuem expressão aumentada de fatores de células tronco, uma característica de CITs. Em seguida, nós inibimos a AURKA nas linhagens pulmonares positivas para KRAS H358 e A549 por interferência de RNA (RNAi) ou com um inibidor das quinases Aurora (AI II). A inibição de AURKA diminuiu a formação de tumoresferas e o crescimento destas em culturas seriadas, além de reduzir a capacidade clonogênica das células oriundas de tumoresferas. Estes resultados indicam que a AURKA é importante para a autorrenovação e a oncogenicidade de CITs, e que a AURKA induz o fenótipo tronco-tumoral, o que é corroborado pelo achado de que a inibição de AURKA nas tumoresferas reduz a expressão de fatores de célula tronco. Um destes fatores regulados por AURKA é o marcador de superfície de célula tronco CD24. De fato, quando comparadas às células cultivadas de forma aderente, as células oriundas de tumoresferas apresentam maior número de células positivas para CD24 (CD24+) e estes números são reduzidos pelo tratamento com AI II. Finalmente, nós purificamos células H358 CD24+ por citometria de fluxo e mostramos que, quando comparadas às células negativas para CD24, as células CD24+ apresentam maior capacidade de formar tumoresferas em culturas seriadas, e o tratamento com AI II inibe preferencialmente a capacidade de células CD24+ de formarem tumoresferas. Nossos resultados sugerem que uma terapia baseada na inibição de AURKA pode reduzir o número e função de CITs pulmonares portadoras de KRAS oncogênica e, portanto, pode representar uma estratégia terapêutica atraente para reduzir a recidiva e metástase no câncer de pulmão induzido por KRAS. / Activating mutations in KRAS are prevalent in lung cancer and RAS sinaling is enhanced in cancer initiating cells (CICs), which are defined as self-renewing tumor cells able to initiate tumor formation, sustain tumor growth and drive tumor dissemination. However, therapies targeted to oncogenic RAS have been ineffective to date and identification of KRAS targets that impinge on the oncogenic phenotype is warranted. Because Aurora kinase A (AURKA) has been implicated both in RAS oncogenesis and in promoting CIC function, we hypothesized that targeting AURKA pathways would impair KRAS-positive lung CIC function, thereby decreasing lung cancer malignant behavior. To evaluate CIC function, we used tumorsphere assays that allow selective growth of CICs in vitro. KRAS positive lung cancer H358 and A549 cells formed tumorspheres under low attachment conditions, and, when compared to the parental cell lines, sphere-forming cells had increased clonogenic ability in vitro and increased tumorigenicity in vivo. In addition, qPCR analysis revealed that tumorsphere cells displayed increased expression of stem cell factors, a hallmark of CICs. Next, we targeted AURKA in KRAS positive lung cancer H358 and A549 cells by RNA interference (RNAi) or with an Aurora inhibitor (AI II). AURKA targeting decreased tumorsphere formation and growth in serial cultures and reduced clonogenic growth of tumorsphere-forming cells. These results indicate that AURKA is important for CIC selfrenewal and oncogenicity and that AURKA induces a CIC phenotype, which is further underscored by the finding that AURKA targeting in tumorspheres decreases expression of stem cell factors. One such factor shown to be regulated by AURKA is the stem cell surface marker CD24. In fact, when compared to adherent cultures, A549 and H358 tumorspheres display increased numbers of CD24-positive (CD24+) cells and these numbers are reduced by AI II treatment. Finally we purified H358 CD24+cells by flow cytometry and showed that, when compared to CD24-negative cells, CD24+ cells have increased ability to form tumorspheres in serial cultures, and AI II treatment preferentially reduced the ability of CD24+ cells to form tumorspheres. Our results suggest that AURKA inhibition therapy can reduce the number and function of KRAS-positive lung CICs, and, therefore might be an attractive therapeutic strategy to reduce recurrence and metastasis in KRAS-induced lung cancer.

Clinical management of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) relies on radiation therapy, yet radioresistance is a pervasive challenge in this disease. The mechanisms of EAC radioresistance remain largely unknown due to a paucity of validated preclinical models. The present studies report on the development of seven primary xenograft models established from patient tumours. These models are used to interrogate the range of radiosensitivities and mechanisms of radioresistance in EAC tumours. We found that radiation enriches the tumour-initiating cell population in two xenograft lines tested. Furthermore, three tested xenograft lines respond to irradiation by upregulating Hedgehog transcripts, a pathway involved in stem cell maintenance and proliferation. Upregulation occurs in autocrine and paracrine patterns simultaneously, suggesting that Hedgehog signalling may have a complex role in the radioresponse of EAC tumours. These findings suggest that inhibiting stem cell pathways in combination with radiotherapy may have an important role in the clinical management of EAC.

Le neuroblastome (NB) est la tumeur solide extracranienne la plus fréquente et mortelle chez les jeunes enfants. Il se caractérise par une résistance à la chimiothérapie possiblement en partie dû à la présence de cellules initiatrices de tumeurs (TICs). Des études ont mis en évidence le rôle de CD133 comme un marqueur des TICs dans divers types de cancers. Les buts de notre travail étaient d’abord de démontrer les vertus de TICs des cellules exprimant CD133 et ensuite, en utilisant une analyse globale du génome avec des polymorphismes nucléotidiques simples (SNPs), d’effectuer une analyse différentielle entre les TICs et les autres cellules du NB afin d’en identifier les anomalies génétiques spécifiques. Des lignées cellulaires de NB ont été triées par cytométrie de flux afin d’obtenir deux populations: une enrichie en CD133 (CD133high), l’autre faible en CD133 (CD133low). Afin de déterminer si ces populations cellulaires présentent des propriétés de TICs, des essais sur les neurosphères, les colonies en agar mou et les injections orthotopiques de 500 cellules sélectionnées dans 11 souris ont été réalisées. Après une isolation de l’ADN des populations sélectionnées, nous avons effectué une analyse génotypique par SNP utilisant les puces « Affymetrix Genome-Wide Human SNP Array 6.0 ». Pour vérifier l’expression des gènes identifiés, des Western Blots ont été réalisés. Nos résultats ont démontré que la population CD133 avait des propriétés de TICs in vitro et in vivo. L’analyse génotypique différentielle a permis d’identifier deux régions communes (16p13.3 and 19p13.3) dans la population CD133high ayant des gains et deux autres régions (16q12.1 and 21q21.3) dans la population CD133low possédant des pertes d’hétérozygoties (LOH). Aucune perte n’a été observée. Parmi les gènes étudiés, l’expression protéique d’éphrine-A2 était corrélée à celle de CD133 dans 6 tumeurs et 2 lignées cellulaires de NB. De plus, l’augmentation de la concentration d’anticorps anti-éphrine-A2 dans le milieu diminue la taille des neurosphères. Ainsi, la population CD133high, qui a des vertus de TICs, possède des caractéristiques génotypiques différentes par rapport à celle CD133low. La présence d’éphrine-A2 dans les cellules exprimant CD133 souligne son importance dans le développement des TICs. Ces résultats suggèrent la présence de potentielle cible pour de nouvelles thérapeutiques ciblant les TICs mise en évidence par l’étude génomique. / Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common and deadly extracranial solid tumor of childhood characterized by a resistance to chemotherapy possibly due to the presence of tumor initiating cells (TICs). Studies showed the role of CD133 as a marker of TICs in various types of cancers. Our goals were first to demonstrate the stemness of TICs expressing CD133 and then, using a global genomic analysis with single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs), to perform a differential analysis between TICs and other cells of NB to identify the specific genetic abnormalities. NB cell lines were sorted by flow cytometry to obtain two populations: one enriched in CD133 (CD133high), the other low in CD133 (CD133low). To determine whether these cell populations have TICs properties, we test the ability of cells to form either neurosphères or, colonies in soft agar and we also test their carcinogenic properties by orthotopic injections of 500 selected cells in 11 mice. After a DNA extraction on selected populations, a differential genotyping analysis has been made with Affymetrix Genome-Wide Human SNP Array 6.0. To verify the expression of the genes identified, Western blots had been made. Our results have demonstrated that CD133high population presented TICs properties in vitro and in vivo. The differential genotyping analysis allowed identifying two gains common regions (16p13.3 and 19p13.3) in CD133high population and two others loss of heterozygosity (LOH) (16q12.1 and 21q21.3) in CD133low population . No losses were observed. Among the genes studied, ephrin-A2 protein expression was correlated to CD133 expression in 6 NB tumors and 2 NB cell lines. Also, ephrin-A2’s increased concentration influenced the neurospheres by decreasing their size. Thereby, CD133high population, which had TICs properties, possess different genotyping characteristics compared to CD133low population. The presence of ephrine-A2 in cells expressing CD133 emphasizes its importance in the development of TICs. These results suggest the presence of potential target for new therapies targeting the TICs demonstrated by the genomic study.

Clinical management of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) relies on radiation therapy, yet radioresistance is a pervasive challenge in this disease. The mechanisms of EAC radioresistance remain largely unknown due to a paucity of validated preclinical models. The present studies report on the development of seven primary xenograft models established from patient tumours. These models are used to interrogate the range of radiosensitivities and mechanisms of radioresistance in EAC tumours. We found that radiation enriches the tumour-initiating cell population in two xenograft lines tested. Furthermore, three tested xenograft lines respond to irradiation by upregulating Hedgehog transcripts, a pathway involved in stem cell maintenance and proliferation. Upregulation occurs in autocrine and paracrine patterns simultaneously, suggesting that Hedgehog signalling may have a complex role in the radioresponse of EAC tumours. These findings suggest that inhibiting stem cell pathways in combination with radiotherapy may have an important role in the clinical management of EAC.

Mutações ativadoras no gene KRAS são prevalentes em cancer de pulmão e a as vias de sinalização de RAS estão aumentadas em células iniciadoras de tumor (CITs), que são definidas como células autorrenováveis capazes de iniciar a formação tumoral, sustentar o crescimento tumoral e promover a disseminação tumoral. Entretanto, terapias direcionadas a RAS não foram efetivas até hoje e a identificação de alvos de KRAS que contribuam para o fenótipo oncogênico é necessária. Como a quinase Aurora A (AURKA) já foi implicada, tanto na oncogênese induzida por KRAS, quanto em promover a função das CITs, nós hipotetizamos que a inibição das vias de AURKA seria detrimental para a função de CITs pulmonares portadoras de KRAS oncogênica, desta forma diminuindo o comportamento maligno do câncer de pulmão. Para avaliar a função das CITs, nós usamos ensaios de crescimento de tumoresferas que permitem o crescimento seletivo de CITs in vitro. As linhagens pulmonares positivas para KRAS H358 e A549 formaram tumoresferas em cultura de baixa aderência e, quando comparadas às linhagens parentais, às células oriundas de tumoresferas apresentaram maior capacidade clonogênica in vitro e maior tumorigenicidade in vivo. Além disso, uma análise por qPCR revelou que as células oriundas de tumoresferas possuem expressão aumentada de fatores de células tronco, uma característica de CITs. Em seguida, nós inibimos a AURKA nas linhagens pulmonares positivas para KRAS H358 e A549 por interferência de RNA (RNAi) ou com um inibidor das quinases Aurora (AI II). A inibição de AURKA diminuiu a formação de tumoresferas e o crescimento destas em culturas seriadas, além de reduzir a capacidade clonogênica das células oriundas de tumoresferas. Estes resultados indicam que a AURKA é importante para a autorrenovação e a oncogenicidade de CITs, e que a AURKA induz o fenótipo tronco-tumoral, o que é corroborado pelo achado de que a inibição de AURKA nas tumoresferas reduz a expressão de fatores de célula tronco. Um destes fatores regulados por AURKA é o marcador de superfície de célula tronco CD24. De fato, quando comparadas às células cultivadas de forma aderente, as células oriundas de tumoresferas apresentam maior número de células positivas para CD24 (CD24+) e estes números são reduzidos pelo tratamento com AI II. Finalmente, nós purificamos células H358 CD24+ por citometria de fluxo e mostramos que, quando comparadas às células negativas para CD24, as células CD24+ apresentam maior capacidade de formar tumoresferas em culturas seriadas, e o tratamento com AI II inibe preferencialmente a capacidade de células CD24+ de formarem tumoresferas. Nossos resultados sugerem que uma terapia baseada na inibição de AURKA pode reduzir o número e função de CITs pulmonares portadoras de KRAS oncogênica e, portanto, pode representar uma estratégia terapêutica atraente para reduzir a recidiva e metástase no câncer de pulmão induzido por KRAS. / Activating mutations in KRAS are prevalent in lung cancer and RAS sinaling is enhanced in cancer initiating cells (CICs), which are defined as self-renewing tumor cells able to initiate tumor formation, sustain tumor growth and drive tumor dissemination. However, therapies targeted to oncogenic RAS have been ineffective to date and identification of KRAS targets that impinge on the oncogenic phenotype is warranted. Because Aurora kinase A (AURKA) has been implicated both in RAS oncogenesis and in promoting CIC function, we hypothesized that targeting AURKA pathways would impair KRAS-positive lung CIC function, thereby decreasing lung cancer malignant behavior. To evaluate CIC function, we used tumorsphere assays that allow selective growth of CICs in vitro. KRAS positive lung cancer H358 and A549 cells formed tumorspheres under low attachment conditions, and, when compared to the parental cell lines, sphere-forming cells had increased clonogenic ability in vitro and increased tumorigenicity in vivo. In addition, qPCR analysis revealed that tumorsphere cells displayed increased expression of stem cell factors, a hallmark of CICs. Next, we targeted AURKA in KRAS positive lung cancer H358 and A549 cells by RNA interference (RNAi) or with an Aurora inhibitor (AI II). AURKA targeting decreased tumorsphere formation and growth in serial cultures and reduced clonogenic growth of tumorsphere-forming cells. These results indicate that AURKA is important for CIC selfrenewal and oncogenicity and that AURKA induces a CIC phenotype, which is further underscored by the finding that AURKA targeting in tumorspheres decreases expression of stem cell factors. One such factor shown to be regulated by AURKA is the stem cell surface marker CD24. In fact, when compared to adherent cultures, A549 and H358 tumorspheres display increased numbers of CD24-positive (CD24+) cells and these numbers are reduced by AI II treatment. Finally we purified H358 CD24+cells by flow cytometry and showed that, when compared to CD24-negative cells, CD24+ cells have increased ability to form tumorspheres in serial cultures, and AI II treatment preferentially reduced the ability of CD24+ cells to form tumorspheres. Our results suggest that AURKA inhibition therapy can reduce the number and function of KRAS-positive lung CICs, and, therefore might be an attractive therapeutic strategy to reduce recurrence and metastasis in KRAS-induced lung cancer.

Le mélanome métastatique représente le plus mortel des cancers cutanés par sa forte résistance aux thérapies conventionnelles. Les cellules initiatrices de tumeurs (CIT) sont présentes dans de nombreux cancers dont le mélanome. Ces cellules, capables de s’autorenouveller, sont à l’origine de la récidive tumorale et des métastases représentant une cible pour le développement de nouveaux traitements. Les CIT sont confinées dans un microenvironnement tumoral dans lequel des facteurs sécrétés tels que l'Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) et le Transforming growth factor (TGF-β) favorisent la transition épithéliomésenchymateuse (TEM), un processus clef lié à l’émergence des CIT. En utilisant des cellules de mélanome métastatique, nous avons montré qu’une inhibition d’IGF-1 induit une diminution de la tumorigénicité des cellules en diminuant la capacité des B16-F10 à former des métastases pulmonaires. Outre son action sur la prolifération cellulaire, IGF-1 est impliqué dans le processus de TEM favorisant les propriétés migratoires et invasives des cellules B16-F10. Par ailleurs, IGF-1 joue un rôle majeur dans le maintien des CIT expliquant la forte résistance des mélanomes aux thérapies conventionnelles. Des expériences préliminaires suggèrent que ces activités induites par IGF-1 pourraient être médiées en partie par le facteur TGF-β, un facteur clef de la TEM. D'autres résultats confortent cette hypothèse en montrant une implication directe du TGF-β dans le caractère souche des cellules B16-F10. Ces travaux montrent que l’inhibition de la voie IGF-1/IGF-1R dans le microenvironnement tumoral pourrait être une bonne stratégie pour le développement de traitements anti-tumoraux contre le mélanome. / Metastatic melanoma is arguably the most virulent among human cancers, owing to its propensity to metastasize, and its resistance to conventional therapies. Like in many other cancers, tumor stem cells or tumor initiating cells (TIC), have been identified in melanoma. These cells have the unique ability to self-sustain and renew the tumor and thus represent an interesting target for the development of new therapeutic strategies. TIC are nested in a confined microenvironment where secreted-factors such as Insulin-Like Growth Factor- 1 (IGF-1) and transforming growth factor (TGF-β) promote epithelialmesenchymal transition (EMT), a key process in stemness features acquisition. In this context, we investigated the effects IGF-1 on TIC behavior. Using B16-F10 metastatic melanoma cell line, we show that IGF-1 downregulation curbs lung metastasis suggesting that IGF-1 plays a direct role in the intrinsic tumorigenic potential of these cells.markers associated with an increased expression of the epithelial marker E-cadherin and of the major regulator of melanocyte differentiation MITF. Most importantly, IGF-1 inhibition sharply decreased stemness features, reducing the expression of key stem markers and functional characteristics of MIC. This was associated with an important sensitivity to mitoxantrone treatment. Interestingly, our preliminary data suggest the EMT key component, TGF-β, conveys IGF-1-mediated effects. Indeed, TGF-β directly affects B16-F10 stemness phenotype and markers. In summary, we show that the IGF-1/IGF-1R nexus represents an interesting target for the development of novel therapeutic strategies against metastatic melanoma.