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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
131

Ab Initio Theory of Thermal Spin-Lattice Disorder in Iron and Invar:

Heine, Matthew January 2020 (has links)
Thesis advisor: David Broido / Despite its deceptive simplicity and because of its scientific and technological importance, bcc Fe is still the subject of research and debate. We develop an ab initio theoretical framework and apply it to calculate temperature-dependent phonon modes and magnetic interaction parameters in bcc Fe. This framework incorporates realistic thermal disorder in a coupled spin-lattice system. Thermal spin-lattice coupling is found to significantly renormalize the phonon modes and magnetic interaction strength, resulting in significant temperature-dependencies. A method for treating magnetic systems of unknown entropy is developed and applied to calculate phonon modes and investigate the anomalous thermal expansion of the classical invar alloy, Fe0.65Ni0.35. Results over the temperature range 50K to room temperature are consistent with the observed low thermal expansion of this material. Excellent agreement with measured data is achieved for calculated phonon modes in both bcc Fe and the invar alloy. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2020. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Physics.
132

Vliv rozpouštědla na iontové párovaní a fotoionizaci ve vodě / Solvent effects on ion pairing and photoionization in water

Pluhařová, Eva January 2014 (has links)
Title: Solvent effects on ion pairing and photoionization in water Author: Mgr. et Ing. Eva Pluhařová Department: Physical and Macromoleculer Chemistry Advisor: Prof. Pavel Jungwirth, DSc., IOCB AS CR, v.v.i. Advisor's e-mail address: pavel.jungwirth@uochb.cas.cz Abstract: Various methods of theoretical chemistry, namely classical molecular dynamics simulations with empirical force fields, ab initio molecular dynamics, enhanced sampling methods, and ab initio calculations were used to provide new insight into ion pairing and photoionization in aqueous solutions. Systems mod- eling aqueous solutions of decreasing size were investigated by computational methods of increasing level of sophistication. In a classical molecular dynamics study of concentrated lithium salt solutions, the electronic continuum correction to account for polarization provided qualita- tive improvement over the conventional non-polarizable force fields and enabled molecular interpretation of neutron scattering measurements. The same model- ing approach was also successful in predicting the affinity of halide ions to the solution/oil interface. By combining ab initio molecular dynamics and potential of mean force cal- culations, we designed a reliable computational protocol for calculating the free energy profile for an ion pair...
133

Modélisation quantique des agrégats d'hélium dopés / Quantum simulation of helium droplets with dopants

Jiang, Ji 17 January 2013 (has links)
La photo-dissociation d'une molécule comme CH3I dans l'agrégat d'hélium présente un grand intérêt pour comprendre la recombinaison et la solvatation des photo-fragments après la dissociation dans un liquide quantique. Après la recombinaison certaines structures de D@Hen(D= Ar^+, I^q, q= -1, 0, +1, +2) montrent les stabilités particulières avec les nombres magiques bien définis. Notre but ultime est d'étudier théoriquement la dynamique de la photo-dissociation de CH3I dans les agrégats d'hélium et de comparer avec les résultats expérimentaux disponibles dans la littérature. Notre recherche préliminaire est motivée par les données disponibles sur les espèces de couche ouverte comme D@Hen (D= Ar^+, Mg^+) et commence par un test sur notre modèle potentiel analytique pour les systèmes D@Hen à plusieurs corps. Notre modèle inclut les énergies électrostatique classique et quantique de dispersion,et également les énergies de charge/dipôle induit et de dipôle induit/dipôle induit dans le cas où le dopant D est ionique. La représentation analytique de l'interaction D-He est obtenue en fittant les fonctions ayant une forme asymptotique physiquement correcte aux résultats de calculs ab initio corrélés de haut niveau pour la molécule D-He. La matrice "Diatomices-in-Molecules" (DIM) de notre modèle potentiel à plusieurs corps est construite pour les situations avec l'anisotropie électronique et le couplage spin-orbite (SOC) pour l'atome lourd D est inclus dans la base de couplage du type s-l pour l'atome D. Les structures et les énergies de cohésion de systèmes D@Hen sont étudiées en fonction de la taille du système n par la méthode MonteCarlo quantique de diffusion (DMC).De nouvelles sous-routines pour évaluer le potentiel D-He ont été programmées pour le programme DMC existant et une fonction d'essai améliorée a été appliquée dans le calcul DMC / The photo-dissociation of molecule like CH3I inside helium droplet presents great interest for the understanding of recombination and salvation of photo-fragments after dissociation inside a quantum liquid. After recombination certain structures of D@Hen(D= Ar^+, I^q, q=-1,0,+1,+2))show particular stabilities with well defined magic numbers. Our ultimate goal is to theoretically study the dynamics of the photo-dissociation of CH3I inside helium clusters and to compare with experimental results available for this process in the literature. Our initial research is motivated by the available information on open shell species like D@Hen (D= Ar^+, Mg^+)and begins by an examination of our analytical potential model for many body systems D@Hen. Our model includes the classical electrostatic and the quantum dispersion energies and also the charge-induced dipole and induced dipole-induced dipole interaction energies in the case of ionic D^q. The analytic representation of the D-He interaction is obtained by fitting functions with the physically correct asymptotic form to the results of high level correlated ab initio calculations for D-He. Diatomics-in-Molecules (DIM) matrices of our many body potential model are constructed for situations with electronic anisotropy and spin-orbit coupling for heavy atom D is included in the basis of the s-l coupling pattern of the doping atom D. The structures and cohesive energies of the D@Hen systems are computed as a function of system size n by the diffusion quantum Monte Carlo method (DMC).New subroutines for the potential evaluation have been programmed for the existing DMC program and an improved type of trial wave function has been implemented
134

Simulations numériques ab initio de l'adsorption de l'ozone O3 par des couches d'oxydes de cuivre CuxO pour une application capteurs de gaz / Ab initio simulations of the ozone (O3) adsorption on copper oxide (CuxO) layers for gas sensor application

Ouali, Hela 14 December 2015 (has links)
Les équipes micro-capteurs (IM2NP) et capteurs de gaz (LMMA) développent des capteurs à base de couches minces de CuxO et étudient leurs réponses électriques sous O3. Les travaux de cette thèse ont pour but de mieux comprendre l’interaction solide-gaz à l’échelle atomique en simulant l’adsorption de l’O3 sur les surfaces (111) du CuO et du Cu2O. Pour cela nous avons utilisé la DF T (Density Functional Theory) dans le cadre de deux approximations de la fonctionnelle : la LDA (Local Density Approximation) et la GGA (Generalized Gradient Approximation).Pour le CuO, la correction de Hubbard (DF T + U) a été également prise en compte pour reproduire correctement les comportements semiconducteuret antiferromagnétique du matériau. Tous les calculs ont été menés avec le code SIESTA et montrent que pour les deux matériaux, l'ozone s’adsorbe sur la surface sans défauts, sans se dissocier, induisant un dopage p du matériau. Ceci est en accord avec la diminution de la résistance électrique mesurée expérimentalement sous ozone. Ensuite, l’ozone se dissocie en formant une molécule de O2 et un atome d’oxygène qui restent adsorbés. Cette étape ne semble pas modifier le dopage. Par contre lorsque le capteur n’est plus en présence d'O3, la molécule d’O2 désorbe et le dopage est annihilé. Dans ce mécanisme les énergies mises en jeu sont du même ordre de grandeur pour CuO ou pour Cu2O (allant de −3 eV à −1 eV). Dans l’objectif de développer un capteur de gaz, le CuO, plus facile à obtenir par les techniques de dépôt courantes en microélectronique, semble donc être plus pertinent que le Cu2O, qui a une réponse similaire (voire moindre) mais dont il est difficile d’obtenir une phase pure. / Micro-sensors (IM2NP) and gas sensors (LMMA) team develop sensors based on CuO and Cu2O thin layers and study their electrical responses to O3. The aim of this thesis is a better understanding of the solid-gas interactions at the atomic scale by simulating the adsorption of O3 molecule on the (111) surfaces of CuO and Cu2O. Simulations were performed using the DF T (Density Functional Theory) within two functional approximations : the LDA (Local Density Appriximation) and GGA (Generalized Gradient Approximation). In the case of CuO, the Hubbard correction (DF T + U) was taken into account to properly reproduce the semiconductor and antiferromagnetic behaviors of the material. All calculations were performed with the SIESTA code and show that for the CuO as for Cu2O, O3 is adsorbed on the defect-free surface, without dissociating inducing a p-doping of the material. This observation is consistent with the decrease in electrical resistance measured experimentally under ozone. In a second stage ozone dissociates into a molecule of O2 and an oxygen atom which remains adsorbed. This step does not appear to change the doping. However, when the sensor is no longer in the presence of ozone, O2 molecule is desorbed and doping disappears. In this mechanism, the energies involved during the adsorption or the dissociation of ozone are of the same order of magnitude for CuO or Cu2O (ranging from −1 eV to −3 eV). Aiming to develop a gas sensor, and since the CuO material is easier to obtain by standard deposition techniques (RF sputtering), it seems to be more appropriate than the Cu2O, which has a similar response (even lower) but is more difficult to synthesize in a pure phase.
135

Modélisation ab initio de la plasticité dans les métaux hexagonaux : zirconium et titane purs et effet de l’oxygène / Ab initio modeling of plasticity in HCP metals : pure zirconium and titanium and effect of oxygen

Chaari, Nermine 25 September 2015 (has links)
Nous menons une étude en simulations atomiques des propriétés des dislocations vis <a> dans le zirconium et le titane pur, et de l'effet durcissant de l'oxygène dans ces deux métaux de transition de structure hexagonale compacte. Nous utilisons deux modèles énergétiques : les calculs ab initio, basés sur la théorie de la fonctionnelle de la densité, et les calculs en potentiel empirique.Ce travail permet d'abord d'établir le profil énergétique complet de la dislocation vis dans le Zr pur au cours de ses différents modes de glissement. Nos calculs révèlent l'existence d'une configuration métastable de la dislocation vis partiellement étalée dans le plan pyramidal de première espèce. Cette configuration est responsable du glissement dévié de la dislocation vis du plan prismatique, plan principal de glissement, vers le plan pyramidal ou le plan basal. Ce profil énergétique est modifié par l'ajout d'atomes d'oxygène en impureté. L'oxygène favorise le glissement dévié dans le plan pyramidal ce qui entraine un durcissement du glissement prismatique, et il piège la dislocation dans la configuration métastable sessile.La même démarche de modélisation est ensuite appliquée au titane. Dans le Ti pur, les mêmes configurations de la dislocation vis dans le Zr sont obtenues, mais avec des niveaux énergétiques différents. Ceci conduit à un mécanisme de glissement différent. Tout comme dans le Zr, l'oxygène favorise le glissement pyramidal dans le Ti en affectant la structure de cœur de la dislocation. De plus, la présence de l'oxygène fait baisser l'énergie de la configuration métastable mais pas suffisamment pour la piéger. / We performed atomistic simulations to determine screw dislocations properties in pure zirconium and titanium and to explain the hardening effect attributed to oxygen alloying in both hexagonal close-packed transition metals. We used two energetic models: ab initio calculations based on the density functional theory and calculations with an empirical potential.The complete energetic profile of the screw dislocation when gliding in the different slip planes is obtained in pure Zr. Our calculations reveal the existence of a metastable configuration of the screw dislocation partially spread in the first order pyramidal plane. This configuration is responsible for the cross slip of screw dislocations from prismatic planes, the easiest glide planes, to pyramidal or basal planes. This energy profile is affected by oxygen addition. Ab initio calculations reveal two main effects: oxygen enhances pyramidal cross slip by modifying the dislocation core structure, and pins the dislocation in its metastable sessile configuration.The same modeling approach is applied to titanium. In pure Ti, the same configurations of the screw dislocation in Zr are obtained, but with different energy levels. This leads to a different gliding mechanism. The same way as in Zr, oxygen enhances pyramidal glide in Ti by modifying the dislocation core structure. Besides, oxygen atom lowers the energy of the metastable configuration but not enough to pin the dislocation in this sessile configuration.
136

Simulações computacionais da interação de kinases e ligantes derivados de oxindol / Computational Sutdies of the interaction of Cyclin Dependent Kinases proteins with oxindol based ligands

Petersen, Philippe Alexandre Divina 07 December 2015 (has links)
Os estudos de modelagem molecular das interações entre ligantes baseado em oxindóis (isaepy, isapn, [Cu(isapn)]², isaenim e o SU9516) e as proteínas kinases dependentes de ciclina (CDK1 e CDK2) são apresentados neste trabalho. Uma inibição na atividade da CDK1 e CDK2, que catalisam a fosforilação de grupos específicos em proteínas, tem implicações na indução da apoptose celular. O objetivo é tentar determinar qual destes ligantes potencializa a inibição da síntese de ATP (adenosina trifosfato) em ADP (adenosina difosfato) no sítio ativo da CDK1 e CDK2 para, desta forma, induzir a apoptose de células cancerígenas. Os estudos realizados neste trabalho indicam que dentre os ligantes analisados, o isaepy e o isapn obtiveram melhores resultados de estabilidade e ligações de hidrogênio entre aminoácidos dentro do sítio. Analisamos a influência do íon Cu no aumento da eficácia do isapn na atividade inibitória (complexo [Cu(isapn)]²) e comparamos os resultados obtidos dos estudos do isapn e [Cu(isapn)]², quando inseridos no sítio de ligação do ATP da CDK1, com medidas de eletroforese em gel. Verificamos que os nossos resultados foram corroborados com as medidas de eletroforese. Também discutimos os resultados de cálculos de acoplamento hiperfino para o Cu no [Cu(isapn)]² em diferentes ambientes químicos e fizemos a comparação destes resultados com medidas de EPR. Desta forma, conseguimos verificar o ambiente químico do íon Cu e um aumento da estabilidade do isapn dentro do sítio estudado com a inserção do íon Cu. Este trabalho visa contribuir para a síntese de novos ligantes que aumentem a eficácia da inibição da síntese de ATP em ADP nas CDKs e também para a minimização dos custos através da diminuição da realização de experimentos que se baseiam em métodos de tentativa e erro. / Molecular modeling studies of the interaction of oxindol based ligands (isaepy, isapn [Cu(isapn)]²,isaenim and SU9516) with Cyclin Dependent Kinases proteins (CDK1 and CDK2) are presented here. CDK1 and CDK2 catalyze the phosphorylation of specific groups in proteins and inhibition of its activities implies in induction of cancer cells apoptosis. The goal is to determine which ligands increase the inhibition of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) into ADP (adenosine diphosphate) synthesis which occurs inside the CDK1 and CDK2 active site. We analyze the influence of the Cu ion on increasing the inhibitory activity in isapn ([Cu(isapn)]² metal complex). Comparisons between the results obtained from studies of the isapn and [Cu(isapn)]² inserted into the ATP binding site of CDK1 with measurements of gel electrophoresis were performed. The hyperfine coupling at Cu ion in [Cu(isapn)]² in different chemical environments are here obtained and the results are compared with EPR measurements. This work aims to contribute to the development of new ligands which increase the inhibition of the synthesis of ATP into ADP in the CDKs moreover we aim to assist in the reduction of the costs of measurements that are based on trial and error aproaches.
137

Mecanismo da decomposição e reações com radicais em acetatos / Decomposition mecanism and radical reactions with acetates

Pradie, Noriberto Araujo 18 May 2011 (has links)
Estudos do mecanismo de reações unimoleculares, das moléculas de acetato de metila e etila, induzidas por absorção multifotônica e de reações bimoleculares com os radicais OH e Cl, usando cálculos ab initio e de funcional de densidade foram realizados neste trabalho. A análise dos cálculos das barreiras de energia e das constantes de velocidade microcanônicas das reações unimoleculares com o formalismo da teoria RRKM, permitiu prever algumas reações cujos produtos não foram determinados experimentalmente. Além disso, semelhanças das geometrias e dos valores de energia de algumas estruturas entre diferentes superfícies de energia, analisadas com cálculos de IRC, permitiram a explicação da viabilidade de determinada via de reação em detrimento de outra. Em outro método, relatado por Forst(1), na determinação das constantes de velocidade variacionais, comparadas com a variação da energia de Gibbs, verificou-se constantes de velocidade microcanônicas menores e a localização dos estados de transição em comprimentos de ligação, também, menores. Nas reações com o radical OH e Cl, a via predominante de reação é o ataque aos hidrogênios do grupo ligado diretamente ao oxigênio da molécula, responsável pelo valor da constante final de mais de 93% nas reações com OH e 99% nas reações com Cl, a 298K, em concordância com os resultados experimentais, em detrimento do ataque ao grupo CH3 da porção carboxilato da molécula. Nas reações com OH, os valores de constante de velocidade calculados mais próximos dos valores experimentais foram obtidos a partir dos resultados com os funcionais mPW1B95-41, para o acetato de metila, e mPW1B95-44, para o acetato de etila, enquanto que nas reações com Cl foram obtidos com o os métodos CCSD(T)//B3LYP para o acetato de metila e CCSD(T)//MP2 para o acetato de etila. Os valores de constante de velocidade da reação com cloro são cerca de dez vezes maiores que aquelas para as reações com radicais OH. As reações com OH e Cl ocorrem em uma única etapa, sem estabilização do intermediário e sem efeito de tunelamento significante. Por sua vez, cálculos da constante de velocidade, pelo método da relação estrutura reatividade (SAR), sobreestimam a reatividade dos hidrogênios dos grupos CH3 na porção carboxilato, em ambos os acetatos, e na porção etóxido do acetato de etila. Este método falha ao descrever a participação de cada grupo na reação com Cl, pois prevê que a reação no grupo CH3 da porção alcóxido passa a ser predominante sobre a reação ao grupo CH2 nas reações do acetato de etila, oposto aos nossos cálculos onde a reação com o grupo CH2 é a predominante. Outra falha do método é na previsão de mesma reatividade para ambos os grupos CH3 no acetato de metila, pois por nossos cálculos a reação ocorre predominantemente no grupo CH3 na porção alcóxido da molécula. / Computational studies on methyl and ethyl acetates molecules using ab initio and density functional calculations exploring the unimolecular mechanism, induced by multiphoton absorption, and the bimolecular reactions with OH and Cl radicals, have been performed in this work. Analysis of the calculated energy barriers and rate constants of unimolecular reactions with the RRKM microcanonical theory, predicts the occurrence of some reactions whose products were not determined experimentally. Furthermore, similarities on geometrical and energetic of some structures between different energy surfaces, analyzed with IRC calculations, allowed the explanation of the viability of a particular reaction pathway over another. Forst\'s method, used to determine variational rate constants, when compared with the variation of Gibbs energy, generates microcanonical rate constants with smaller values and location of transition states in smaller bond lengths. With OH and Cl, the predominant reaction route is the attack on the hydrogens of the group bonded directly to oxygen in the molecule, responsible for more than 93% of the final constant value in reactions with OH and 99% in reactions with Cl , at 298 K, in agreement with the experimental results, while the attack to the CH3 group in the carboxylate portion of the molecule is the less likely to occur. In reactions with OH, the values of the rate constant calculated closer to the experimental values were obtained from the results with functional mPW1B95-41, for methyl acetate, and mPW1B95-44 for ethyl acetate, whereas in reactions with Cl, were obtained with the CCSD(T)//B3LYP method for the methyl acetate and the CCSD(T)//MP2 method for ethyl acetate. The rate constant for the reaction with chlorine are about ten times larger than those for reactions with OH radicals. Reactions with OH and Cl occur in a single step, without stabilization of the intermediary and without significant tunneling effect. The rate constant obtained by the structure-reactivity relationship (SAR) overestimates the reactivity of the hydrogens of the CH3 groups at the carboxylate portion, in both acetates, and at the ethoxide portion of ethyl acetate. This method fails to describe the participation of each group in the reaction with Cl, predicting that the reaction on the CH3 portion of the alkoxide becomes predominant over the reaction on the CH2 group of ethyl acetate, relative to our calculations where the reaction with the CH2 group is predominant. Another flaw by providing the same reactivity for both the CH3 in methyl acetate, is in disagreement with our calculations which indicate that the reaction occurs predominantly in the CH3 group at the alkoxide portion of the molecule.
138

Estudo teórico dos espectros de absorção e fluorescência do triptofano e análogos / Theoretical study of the absorption spectra and fluorescence of tryptophan and analogues.

Amaral, Marcos Serrou do 05 December 2001 (has links)
ealizaram-se cálculos ab initio e semi-empíricos em 5-hidrotriptofano (5-OH-trp), 7-aza-triptofano (7-aza-trp) e triptofano (trp), determinando as superfícies de energia potencial (SEP) do estado fundamental (EF) e do primeiro estado excitado (1EE), em função dos ângulos X IND. 1 e X IND. 2, medidos nos diedros N-C IND.alfa-C IND.beta-C IND.gama e C IND.alfa-C IND.beta-C IND.gama- C IND.delta2, respectivamente. Esses compostos foram estudados nos estados de protonação zwitteriônico, neutro e aniônico. A SEP do EF na forma zwitteriônica fo obtida pelo método semi-empírico AM1 e utilizada como referência para os cálculos ab initio. Os cálculos de 1EE foram feitos utilizando o método de Interação de Configurações com excitações simples (ICS) e orbitais internos congelados. As energias de transição entre o EF e o 1EE após as otimizações foram obtidas pelo método semi-empírico INDO/S-CIS, permitindo a obtenção dos espectros teóricos de absorção ótica, pelas energias de transição das geometrias otimizadas no EF, e de fluorescência de estado estacionário, pelas energias de transição das geometrias otimizadas no 1EE. Medidas experimentais dos espectros de absorção ótica e de fluorescência de estado estacionário e resolvida no tempo foram realizadas com o 5-OH-trp e o 7-aza-trp em solução tampão fosfato, pH 7,4. Os decaimentos fluorescentes ajustados a mais de uma exponencial foram estudados em termos das populações relativas de Boltzmann nos EF e 1EE. As taxas do decaimento não-radiativo de transferência de elétrons no 1EE foram obtidas pela implementação computacional da Teoria de Marcus e do Método da Expansão de Perturbação Renormalizada (EPR). Além disso, otimizações de estruturas de estados de transição (ET) na SEP dos 1EE foram realizadas pelo Método Sunchronous Transiti-Guided Quasi-Newton e pelo algoritmo de Berny modificado. Para aproximar as condições experimentais, foram ) realizadas simulações por dinâmica molecular (DM) usando o método híbrido QM/MM no EF do 5-OH-trp na forma zwitteriônica, na presença do solvente aquoso representado explicitamente. Os resultados obtidos dos cálculos ab initio foram usados como referência para o início dessas simulações. As conformações visitadas no EF, os espectros teóricos de absorção ótica e as camadas de solvatação do solvente aquoso em torno do reagente são discutidas. / Semi-empirical and ab-initio calculations were performed on 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-OH-trp), 7-aza-tryptophan (7-aza-trp) and tryptophan (trp). The potential energy surface (PES) of the ground state (GS) and the lowest exited state (1ES) was determined as a function X IND. 1 e X IND. 2 angles corresponding to the dihedrals N-C IND.alfa-C IND.beta-C IND.gama e C IND.alfa-C IND.beta-C IND.gama- C IND.delta2, respectively. The compounds were studied in the zwitterionic, neutral and anionic states. The PES of the GS was obtained using the AM1 semi-empirical method and was used as a reference for the ab-initio calculations. The configuration interaction method with single excitations (CIS) was used for the calculations of the 1ES with frozen internal orbitals. After geometry optimization of GS, the transition energies to 1ES were obtained by INDO/S-CIS, giving the theoretical optical absorption spectrum. Similarly, following the geometry optimization of 1ES, the transition energies to GS were determined, giving the fluorescence emission spectrum. Experimental results were obtained for optical absorption and fluorescence spectra of 5-OH-trp and 7-aza-trp in phosphate buffer solution, pH 7.4. The fluorescence decay of the compounds was also examined. Decay profiles fitted to multiexponential function were analyzed in terms of Boltzmann relative populations in the GS and 1ES. The non-radioactive electron transfer rates in the excited state were obtained by computational implementation of the Marcus Theory with renormalized perturbation expansion method (RPE). In this study, optimizations of the transition states in the PES of the ground and lower excited states were performed by the Synchronous Transit-Guided Quasi-Newton method and the Berny algorithm modified. For further comparison with experimental conditions, molecular dynamic simulations for the zwitterionic 5-OH-trp were performed using the hybrid QM/MM method with explicit representation of the aqueous solvent. To start the simulations the results from ab-initio calculations were used. The conformations for the GS, the theoretical absorption spectrum and the solvation layers were compared to the experimental results
139

Mecanismo da decomposição e reações com radicais em acetatos / Decomposition mecanism and radical reactions with acetates

Noriberto Araujo Pradie 18 May 2011 (has links)
Estudos do mecanismo de reações unimoleculares, das moléculas de acetato de metila e etila, induzidas por absorção multifotônica e de reações bimoleculares com os radicais OH e Cl, usando cálculos ab initio e de funcional de densidade foram realizados neste trabalho. A análise dos cálculos das barreiras de energia e das constantes de velocidade microcanônicas das reações unimoleculares com o formalismo da teoria RRKM, permitiu prever algumas reações cujos produtos não foram determinados experimentalmente. Além disso, semelhanças das geometrias e dos valores de energia de algumas estruturas entre diferentes superfícies de energia, analisadas com cálculos de IRC, permitiram a explicação da viabilidade de determinada via de reação em detrimento de outra. Em outro método, relatado por Forst(1), na determinação das constantes de velocidade variacionais, comparadas com a variação da energia de Gibbs, verificou-se constantes de velocidade microcanônicas menores e a localização dos estados de transição em comprimentos de ligação, também, menores. Nas reações com o radical OH e Cl, a via predominante de reação é o ataque aos hidrogênios do grupo ligado diretamente ao oxigênio da molécula, responsável pelo valor da constante final de mais de 93% nas reações com OH e 99% nas reações com Cl, a 298K, em concordância com os resultados experimentais, em detrimento do ataque ao grupo CH3 da porção carboxilato da molécula. Nas reações com OH, os valores de constante de velocidade calculados mais próximos dos valores experimentais foram obtidos a partir dos resultados com os funcionais mPW1B95-41, para o acetato de metila, e mPW1B95-44, para o acetato de etila, enquanto que nas reações com Cl foram obtidos com o os métodos CCSD(T)//B3LYP para o acetato de metila e CCSD(T)//MP2 para o acetato de etila. Os valores de constante de velocidade da reação com cloro são cerca de dez vezes maiores que aquelas para as reações com radicais OH. As reações com OH e Cl ocorrem em uma única etapa, sem estabilização do intermediário e sem efeito de tunelamento significante. Por sua vez, cálculos da constante de velocidade, pelo método da relação estrutura reatividade (SAR), sobreestimam a reatividade dos hidrogênios dos grupos CH3 na porção carboxilato, em ambos os acetatos, e na porção etóxido do acetato de etila. Este método falha ao descrever a participação de cada grupo na reação com Cl, pois prevê que a reação no grupo CH3 da porção alcóxido passa a ser predominante sobre a reação ao grupo CH2 nas reações do acetato de etila, oposto aos nossos cálculos onde a reação com o grupo CH2 é a predominante. Outra falha do método é na previsão de mesma reatividade para ambos os grupos CH3 no acetato de metila, pois por nossos cálculos a reação ocorre predominantemente no grupo CH3 na porção alcóxido da molécula. / Computational studies on methyl and ethyl acetates molecules using ab initio and density functional calculations exploring the unimolecular mechanism, induced by multiphoton absorption, and the bimolecular reactions with OH and Cl radicals, have been performed in this work. Analysis of the calculated energy barriers and rate constants of unimolecular reactions with the RRKM microcanonical theory, predicts the occurrence of some reactions whose products were not determined experimentally. Furthermore, similarities on geometrical and energetic of some structures between different energy surfaces, analyzed with IRC calculations, allowed the explanation of the viability of a particular reaction pathway over another. Forst\'s method, used to determine variational rate constants, when compared with the variation of Gibbs energy, generates microcanonical rate constants with smaller values and location of transition states in smaller bond lengths. With OH and Cl, the predominant reaction route is the attack on the hydrogens of the group bonded directly to oxygen in the molecule, responsible for more than 93% of the final constant value in reactions with OH and 99% in reactions with Cl , at 298 K, in agreement with the experimental results, while the attack to the CH3 group in the carboxylate portion of the molecule is the less likely to occur. In reactions with OH, the values of the rate constant calculated closer to the experimental values were obtained from the results with functional mPW1B95-41, for methyl acetate, and mPW1B95-44 for ethyl acetate, whereas in reactions with Cl, were obtained with the CCSD(T)//B3LYP method for the methyl acetate and the CCSD(T)//MP2 method for ethyl acetate. The rate constant for the reaction with chlorine are about ten times larger than those for reactions with OH radicals. Reactions with OH and Cl occur in a single step, without stabilization of the intermediary and without significant tunneling effect. The rate constant obtained by the structure-reactivity relationship (SAR) overestimates the reactivity of the hydrogens of the CH3 groups at the carboxylate portion, in both acetates, and at the ethoxide portion of ethyl acetate. This method fails to describe the participation of each group in the reaction with Cl, predicting that the reaction on the CH3 portion of the alkoxide becomes predominant over the reaction on the CH2 group of ethyl acetate, relative to our calculations where the reaction with the CH2 group is predominant. Another flaw by providing the same reactivity for both the CH3 in methyl acetate, is in disagreement with our calculations which indicate that the reaction occurs predominantly in the CH3 group at the alkoxide portion of the molecule.
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Simulações computacionais da interação de kinases e ligantes derivados de oxindol / Computational Sutdies of the interaction of Cyclin Dependent Kinases proteins with oxindol based ligands

Philippe Alexandre Divina Petersen 07 December 2015 (has links)
Os estudos de modelagem molecular das interações entre ligantes baseado em oxindóis (isaepy, isapn, [Cu(isapn)]², isaenim e o SU9516) e as proteínas kinases dependentes de ciclina (CDK1 e CDK2) são apresentados neste trabalho. Uma inibição na atividade da CDK1 e CDK2, que catalisam a fosforilação de grupos específicos em proteínas, tem implicações na indução da apoptose celular. O objetivo é tentar determinar qual destes ligantes potencializa a inibição da síntese de ATP (adenosina trifosfato) em ADP (adenosina difosfato) no sítio ativo da CDK1 e CDK2 para, desta forma, induzir a apoptose de células cancerígenas. Os estudos realizados neste trabalho indicam que dentre os ligantes analisados, o isaepy e o isapn obtiveram melhores resultados de estabilidade e ligações de hidrogênio entre aminoácidos dentro do sítio. Analisamos a influência do íon Cu no aumento da eficácia do isapn na atividade inibitória (complexo [Cu(isapn)]²) e comparamos os resultados obtidos dos estudos do isapn e [Cu(isapn)]², quando inseridos no sítio de ligação do ATP da CDK1, com medidas de eletroforese em gel. Verificamos que os nossos resultados foram corroborados com as medidas de eletroforese. Também discutimos os resultados de cálculos de acoplamento hiperfino para o Cu no [Cu(isapn)]² em diferentes ambientes químicos e fizemos a comparação destes resultados com medidas de EPR. Desta forma, conseguimos verificar o ambiente químico do íon Cu e um aumento da estabilidade do isapn dentro do sítio estudado com a inserção do íon Cu. Este trabalho visa contribuir para a síntese de novos ligantes que aumentem a eficácia da inibição da síntese de ATP em ADP nas CDKs e também para a minimização dos custos através da diminuição da realização de experimentos que se baseiam em métodos de tentativa e erro. / Molecular modeling studies of the interaction of oxindol based ligands (isaepy, isapn [Cu(isapn)]²,isaenim and SU9516) with Cyclin Dependent Kinases proteins (CDK1 and CDK2) are presented here. CDK1 and CDK2 catalyze the phosphorylation of specific groups in proteins and inhibition of its activities implies in induction of cancer cells apoptosis. The goal is to determine which ligands increase the inhibition of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) into ADP (adenosine diphosphate) synthesis which occurs inside the CDK1 and CDK2 active site. We analyze the influence of the Cu ion on increasing the inhibitory activity in isapn ([Cu(isapn)]² metal complex). Comparisons between the results obtained from studies of the isapn and [Cu(isapn)]² inserted into the ATP binding site of CDK1 with measurements of gel electrophoresis were performed. The hyperfine coupling at Cu ion in [Cu(isapn)]² in different chemical environments are here obtained and the results are compared with EPR measurements. This work aims to contribute to the development of new ligands which increase the inhibition of the synthesis of ATP into ADP in the CDKs moreover we aim to assist in the reduction of the costs of measurements that are based on trial and error aproaches.

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