The present research examined whether the innominate acted as contextual information which resulted in a skewed scoring of skull morphological sex traits and pairs overall (both innominate and skull). Survey participants first assessed the sex of an innominate, then assessed the sex of a skull, using methods standard in the field. The sex of ten skulls and associated innominates, which served as contextual elements to introduce bias, were assessed in two surveys by 22 participants total. Male and female innominates and skulls were mixed and matched to test bias, though it was implied to participants that the paired elements were from the same individual. No significant bias was seen on the level of the skull. However, significant shifts in scores were seen on the level of the overall pair in three out of the five studied, indicating that the sex of the innominate was privileged over that of the skull. This is considered standard procedure in the field as the innominate is more reliable for sex estimation; thus, the findings of the present study are inconsistent with cognitive bias. However, the present study raises questions about the utility of the skull in the estimation of sex in human skeletal remains. While the innominate may be more reliable in sex estimation when both elements are present, this may lead to inattention to valuable information presented by the skull in particular contexts such as commingled burials.

Pour comprendre le droit privé contemporain, une étude du droit médiéval peut être nécessaire surtout en ce qui concerne le droit des obligations. La période des XIIe-XVe siècles marque l’installation d’une doctrine des pactes et des contrats innomés et la création de constructions juridiques telles que la théorie des vestimenta. Les juristes firent aussi un grand effort de définition et de classification. Cette même période a vu l’émergence d’une règle contraire à la célèbre règle romaine Ex nudo pacto nulla actio oritur. Il s’agit de sa règle développée par les canonistes Ex nudo pacto actio oritur. L’octroi d’une action permettant de sanctionner toute promesse, même celle donnée en dehors des contrats expressément reconnus par le droit romain, permet une prise en compte élargie du consensus.Le plus souvent, les pactes et les contrats innomés sont par ailleurs envisagés séparément par les historiens. De la sorte, les deux concepts se trouvent éloignés de façon artificielle, alors même qu’ils sont liés, puisque les contrats innomés ne sont rien d’autre que des pactes vêtus. Il faut donc en effectuer l’étude de manière conjointe. / Understanding of private modern law would imply a large knowledge of the medieval law it is flowing from, particularly considering law of obligations. From centuries 12th to 15th, innomate contracts and pacts had risen as well as legal arrangements such as vestimenta theory. Therefore lawyers had made considerable efforts of both definition and classification. In the meantime canonists rule Ex nudo pacto actio oritur has been developed contrary to roman’s one Ex nudo pacto nulla actio oritur. Granting of action allowing punishment of any promise, even not expressly recognized by roman law, means a better taking into account of consensus.Otherwise, historians often consider innomate contracts and pacts separately. Thus, these two concepts had been artificially splitted while they should be gathered as innomate contracts are no more than pacts with a legal definition. Both ideas have to be studied together.

Percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy (PDT) has become an appropriate alternative to conventional surgical tracheostomy. It is now performed worldwide by a diverse array of physician specialists. Although adverse events are relatively uncommon, serious complications can arise from this bedside procedure. We report a patient who suffered life-threatening hemorrhage from a common carotid artery laceration and pseudo-aneurysm formation in the innominate artery following an elective PDT procedure.

Diploma thesis Innominate Contracts in Business Relations deals with a legal basis of innominate contracts in the Czech private law. It focuses mainly on so the called Modern innominate contracts. The purpose of the thesis was to answer whether leasing, factoring and franchising contracts should be codified. Consequently, it aimed to prove or disprove that the Czech legal regulation does not reflect the recent developments in business environment. The thesis is divided into two parts. In the first chapter an analysis is carried out on the legal regulation of innominate contracts in the Czech business law, civil law, labour law and international private law. The legality of innominate contracts and the applicability of an analogy is discussed in this part. Based on the Czech legal regulations and court decisions it was concluded that innominate contracts were valid and that courts may use analogy when deciding on civil or commercial contracts. The second chapter deals with the contents of leasing, factoring and franchising contracts. It concludes that there are reasons against the codification of the above mentioned contracts. The content of an operating leasing agreement very much resembles a rental contract which might be used for this kind of leasing contract.A leasing purchase contract does not present any new answers to issues which had already been dealt with by court decisions. The substance of a factoring contract -- assignment of a receivable is already regulated by the Civil Code. A franchising agreement involves parts of many types of codified contracts and interlocks with multiple legal areas. Moreover, all the above mentioned contracts are challenged by a fast pace of development therefore a codification could hamper the progress or it could become obsolete. Based on the above mentioned facts the thesis concludes that leasing, factoring and franchising contracts should not be codified in the Czech private law as separate contract types and therefore disproves the primary proposition of this thesis and subsequently infers that the Czech legal regulations do not reflect a recent business development.

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