Thesis (doctoral)--University of Tartu, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 160-169).

Thesis (doctoral)--University of Tartu, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 160-169).

The purpose of this thesis is to try to provide comprehensive analysis of the recent legislation of contract for the assignment of a claim, compare it with former legislation, critically evaluate changes that new civil code bought to contract for the assignment of a claim and find solutions for selected legal problems that acceptance of current legislation brought to experts. The thesis is systematically divided into seven chapters. First chapter briefly define the concept of obligation and is dedicated to changes in subject of obligations based on the will of the parties. The second chapter analyses the historical development of assignment of a claim. In first part attention is paid to genesis of Roman law cessio, in later parts it analysis civil codes effective in Bohemia which contained legislation of assignment of a claim. The third chapter is devoted to subject of assignment of a claim. It analysis what can be assign and what cannot be assign. Special attention is dedicated to assignment of future claims and assignment of group of claims. The fourth chapter is devoted to contract for assignment of a claim. It analysis form of contract for assignment of a claim and essential aspects of this kind of contract. The fifth chapter is devoted to parties of contract for assignment of a claim. It...

Les exigences les plus diverses pèsent sur les hommes ; d’ordre moral ou religieux, d’ordre social ou politique, d’ordre logique. Exigence en forme de devoir : à l’égard de la divinité, à l’égard de soi-même, à l’égard des autres. A l’évidence, ces obligations ne relèvent pas tout du domaine du droit. Si le juridique se rattache au normatif, tout ce qui est normatif ne se traduit pas en règle de droit. Le thème de l’étude : droit des obligations et droit musulman ne devrait pas être perçu sous une optique de parallélisme qui pourrait exister entre les deux : c’est-à-dire un droit musulman des obligations qui sera contraire au droit des obligations classiques issues des systèmes juridiques occidentaux, à l’exemple de la France. La problématique que soulève ce sujet de thèse est de savoir comment les pays qui se proclament de « droit musulman », tout en ayant une grande influence du modèle occidental pour une raison d’harmonisation, arrivent-ils à créer un droit mixte ? Par quelles voies, par quels moyens s’est opérée l’évolution du droit musulman ? / The most various demands weigh upon mankind: of a moral or religious, social or political order, of a logical order. Demand in the shape of duty: towards deity, towards oneself, towards others. These obligations obviously do not fall within the province of the law. If the judicial is related to the normative, everything normative is not translated into law. The theme of the study:”Law of obligations and Muslim law” should not be perceived from the perspective of a parallelism that might exist between the two: that is to say a Muslim law of obligations which will be contrary to the law of classical obligations deriving from western legal systems, like the French one. The problem raised by the subject of this thesis is to know how countries proclaiming themselves of “Muslim law”, while greatly influenced by a western model, manage to create a hybrid law? In what ways, by which means, has Muslim law evolved? To answer these questions, it is interesting, if not necessary, to seek on a practical as well as a utilitarian level for the technical means which allow to combine the requirements of the moral rule with the constraints of contractual relations in general, of international trade and of modern economy.

A presente dissertação tem por objetivo solucionar duas questões acerca do enriquecimento sem causa. Primeiramente, busca definir se há utilidade na aplicação da figura jurídica, ou seria caso de uma regra descartável no ordenamento jurídico privado brasileiro. A partir da resposta à primeira indagação, questiona-se qual o campo de incidência da regra de vedação ao enriquecimento sem causa. Destarte, será possível formular um critério rígido, que evite a arbitrariedade do julgador na aplicação de normas abertas e cláusulas gerais. Porém, cabível um critério abrangente, vez que inclui no conceito de enriquecimento sem causa novo parâmetro, para além da posição tradicional. Para tanto, imprescindível analisar os elementos e fundamentos do enriquecimento sem causa e da subsidiariedade de maneira a evitar sua aplicação desmedida e sem critérios, ao bel-prazer do julgador. A hipótese, derradeiramente, repousa na necessidade de estabelecimento do campo de atuação da figura jurídica que fundamente o critério de aplicação no caso concreto. / The present dissertation has as a goal to solve two questions regarding the unjustified enrichment. First, it aims to define if there is any use in the application of the juridical figure or if it is the case of a disposable rule on the Brazilian private juridical order. Then, based on the answer to the first inquiry, it is questioned which is the application field for the prohibition to the unjustified enrichment. Therefore, it will be possible to formulate a rigid criterion that prevents the arbitrarity of the ruler in the applications of open norms and general terms. However, been appropriate a comprehensive criterion once it includes in the unjustified enrichment concept a new parameter, beyond the traditional understandment. For that matter, it is indispensable to analyze the elements and foundations of the unjustified enrichment and the subsidiarity in a way to prevent its unmeasured application, without any criteria and at the will of the ruler. Finally, the hypothesis lays on the necessity for the establishment of the action field of the juridical figure that justify the application criteria in the actual case.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--John Hopkins University, 1913. / Vita. Published also as Johns Hopkins university studies in historical and political science, ser. XXXVII, no. 4. Includes bibliographical references.

UNIVERZITA KARLOVA V PRAZE PRÁVNICKÁ FAKULTA Ing. Vojtěch KMENT Vnitřní předpisy a právní řád České republiky Bylaws and the legal system of the Czech Republic Diplomová práce Vedoucí práce: JUDr. Karel Beran, Ph.D. Katedra: Katedra teorie práva a právních učení Datum vypracování práce: srpen 2011 Abstract (english): Bylaws and the legal system of the Czech Republic The purpose of my thesis is to provide some theory on bylaws which will help to identify their existence and particularly the legal obligations and/or rights they constitute. I located areas in which the bylaws may exist in the context of the legal system of Czech Republic, conditions of their valid promulgation and other circumstances when they may constitute legally binding obligations or rights. This thesis uses the term bylaws for the abstract normative acts which are not generally binding and which do not constitute the common contracts, i.e. the common concept in which they are used within the current Czech law. Bylaws are traditionally considered out of the scope of interest of the academic as well as the professional lawyers as legal documents of a very low degree. Yet they exist and proliferate nearly everywhere and establish a vast amount of various legal obligations or even rights which the average citizen quite often finds difficult...

Pour comprendre le droit privé contemporain, une étude du droit médiéval peut être nécessaire surtout en ce qui concerne le droit des obligations. La période des XIIe-XVe siècles marque l’installation d’une doctrine des pactes et des contrats innomés et la création de constructions juridiques telles que la théorie des vestimenta. Les juristes firent aussi un grand effort de définition et de classification. Cette même période a vu l’émergence d’une règle contraire à la célèbre règle romaine Ex nudo pacto nulla actio oritur. Il s’agit de sa règle développée par les canonistes Ex nudo pacto actio oritur. L’octroi d’une action permettant de sanctionner toute promesse, même celle donnée en dehors des contrats expressément reconnus par le droit romain, permet une prise en compte élargie du consensus.Le plus souvent, les pactes et les contrats innomés sont par ailleurs envisagés séparément par les historiens. De la sorte, les deux concepts se trouvent éloignés de façon artificielle, alors même qu’ils sont liés, puisque les contrats innomés ne sont rien d’autre que des pactes vêtus. Il faut donc en effectuer l’étude de manière conjointe. / Understanding of private modern law would imply a large knowledge of the medieval law it is flowing from, particularly considering law of obligations. From centuries 12th to 15th, innomate contracts and pacts had risen as well as legal arrangements such as vestimenta theory. Therefore lawyers had made considerable efforts of both definition and classification. In the meantime canonists rule Ex nudo pacto actio oritur has been developed contrary to roman’s one Ex nudo pacto nulla actio oritur. Granting of action allowing punishment of any promise, even not expressly recognized by roman law, means a better taking into account of consensus.Otherwise, historians often consider innomate contracts and pacts separately. Thus, these two concepts had been artificially splitted while they should be gathered as innomate contracts are no more than pacts with a legal definition. Both ideas have to be studied together.

Le mandat de protection future est une mesure conventionnelle qui organise à l’avance la protection des intérêts patrimoniaux et/ou personnels d’une personne, pour le jour où elle ne sera plus apte à pourvoir seule à ses intérêts à la suite d’une altération de ses facultés personnelles. Celle-ci s’inscrit dans un mouvement de contractualisation du droit des personnes et de la famille, faisant ainsi primer la volonté individuelle. Le mandat de protection future est une innovation en droit français qui renverse les modes de pensées traditionnelles. La mesure de protection peut désormais être négociée par les parties qui fixent leur propre loi. La personne est associée à sa protection. Même s’il s’agit d’une institution souvent discutée tant sur le plan de la protection que sur la technique employée pour y parvenir (le contrat), cette mesure ne cesse de s’améliorer depuis sa création et le recours à l’utilisation lente mais progressive de celle-ci augmente au fil des années. Le temps sera un facteur déterminant pour apprécier les richesses de ce nouvel outil sur la scène juridique. / The mandate of future protection is a conventional measure that organizes in advance the protection of patrimonial interests and/ or someone’s personal interests, for the day this person won’t be able to take care about herself following an alteration of her own abilities. The latter is recorded through a movement of contractualisation of the right of people and of the family prevailing individual will. The mandate of future protection is an innovation in French law that debunks traditional ideas. Nowadays, the measure of protection can be negotiated by the parts that instaure their own law. The person is associated to her own protection. Even if it is an institution often debated from a protective point of view as well as on the technique used to make it (the contract), this very measure is in a constant evolution since it was created and the slow but progressive use of it is becoming more important through the years. Time will be a determining factor to appreciate this new tool on the legal scene.

Bien que né et théorisé comme contrat commercial maritime, le contrat d’assurance est actuellement plus couramment envisagé comme un contrat terrestre de consommation. Pour appréhender cette évolution, il a paru convenable de s’interroger sur l’histoire du contrat d’assurance depuis le XVIe s. jusqu’en 1930. En effet, le XVIe s. est le moment où le contrat d’assurance commence à concerner le monde terrestre en étant conceptualisé par des auteurs de doctrine puis en éveillant l’attention du législateur français. Cette phase qui s’étend jusqu’au milieu du XIXe s. est donc une phase de construction théorique et législative du contrat d’assurance - avec une base maritime et une tendance de plus en plus prégnante à l’installation sur terre. La période suivante commence au milieu du XIXe s. qui amorce les premiers grands changements de nature du contrat d’assurance avec l’avènement de la société industrielle, l’émergence des idées socialistes et de l’État providence. À cette occasion, doctrine et jurisprudence adaptent le contrat d’assurance aux besoins de sécurité croissants de la population. L’on peut parler d’un véritable enracinement terrestre du contrat d’assurance, car la base maritime est mise de côté tandis que la base terrestre passe au premier plan. Les adaptations et nouveautés juridiques amènent des auteurs, juges et autres praticiens à s’interroger de nouveau sur la nature du contrat d’assurance. En 1930, la première loi française sur le contrat d’assurance terrestre cristallise certaines de leurs conclusions et positions sans toutefois donner de définition ni de contours fermes au contrat d’assurance. Il demeure encore difficile d’en trouver. / Looking back through history, the very nature of the insurance contract has often been questioned. Indeed, although it started off its career with, and was developed by, the merchant shipping industry ; today it is used as a consumer product contract, strongly anchored into terrestrial reality. In order to apprehend this evolution, it would be interesting to look into what defines the criteria of an insurance contract since the 16th Century right through to 1930. During the 16th Century, the insurance contract started to be used in the terrestrial world and was drafted by the authors of the profession, and in doing so, interested the French legislators. This phase was a theoretical construction and a legislative phase for the insurance contract, which was based on the merchant shipping activity, in spite of applying to a growing number of terrestrial concerns. The next period starts in the middle of the 19th Century, whereby we start to see the first major changes to the insurance contract with the increase in industrial activities and the emergence of socialist ideas and a welfare state. At this point in time, the profession and jurisprudence adapt the insurance contract to the increasing security needs of the population. We can refer to this as a real terrestrial implantation of the insurance contract as the shipping and naval basis takes a back seat. These adaptations and new additions to the legal system make the legislators, judges and other professions concerned ; re-assess the contents of the insurance contract. In 1930, the first French law on the terrestrial insurance contract crystallizes a certain number of their conclusions and positions, without however, giving a strict definition of what an insurance contract is. It still doesn’t exist today.