The globalisation processes changed in a short period of time the framework of the world economy competitiveness and bring new opportunities and challenges. In this new scenario, the European enterprises can only compete by taking full advantages of the new opportunity offered by knowledge-based economy. In fact, Europe cannot compete on the base of reducing labour costs, polluting environment or overexploiting raw materials. Indeed European economy productivity and growth should be based on use of frontier technology and ability to produce high-tech goods, manufactures and services (Lisbon Strategy, 2000). In this perspective, innovation is considered to vital importance, to have in Europe enterprises able to compete on a global scale and to take fully advantages of new market opportunities offered by ICT exploitation. EU expect such a transition will boost fast economic growth, creates better jobs, while at same time maintains and improve the European welfare model and the environment protection (Lisbon Strategy, 2000). The thesis wants to compare innovation policy programs in two Italian regions: Emilia-Romagna and Friuli-Venezia- Giulia. The proposal of the work is to analyse how the Regional Innovation Strategy of the two chosen cases were implemented in the last program period 2000-2006. Which structures have been created? How the money was allocated? What can we learn from the past? Which opportunities were missed and what can be done? Are they really innovative? The last part of the thesis is dedicated to compare the Regional Innovation Strategy of the chosen regions. Which differences we can detect? What are the similarities between the two cases? In order to understand this, I will study what characterize an innovative region and which forces drives innovation in a particular region. The thesis will be based on Lisbon Strategy (political perspective) as point of departure to explain the role of innovation and innovation policies as peculiar importance to European social, economic and environmental development. Furthermore, regional innovation strategies (policy perspective) will be discussed to explain how the two chosen European regions have implemented their strategies to boost their development trough innovation. In particular the Regional Innovation System theory (theoretical perspective) will be assessed. The method used is to analyse economic data in the two regions, analysis of documents from EU, national and regional level, comparative analysis of innovation policies in EU, national and regional policy documents. Tables and figures will be presented and used as an element in the work thesis. The expected results of the work are: understanding how the two chosen European regions have implemented their innovation strategies and compare regional innovation strategies of two selected regions (existent similarities and differences). / 0039-3296499184

The gross domestic product (GDP), as a basic measure of a country's domestic economic output is a product of the size of the labour force and its efficiency. Its result is a combination of two immediate factors: utilization of labour and productivity of labour. Productivity is the most relevant in the long run and the key to sustainable economic growth, while innovation is the central factor of productivity growth. Assessing the innovative performance of a country, as well as explaining it, goes a long way in understanding the dynamics of its productivity, hence its prospects for long term economic growth. The aim of this dissertation thesis is to confirm the importance of innovations' influence on the GDP growth in the chosen developed countries. Another aim of this thesis is to point at innovation as a source of competitive advantages for companies that allows further market share gains and thus revenue and margin increase as well as other strategic advantages. The main aim of this thesis is to provide a complete picture of a successful innovation launch in the market and its management during its life cycle, while considering various influences impacting the success of innovation strategies. The focus will be mainly on high-tech product innovations.

The concept of open innovation is about outsourcing part of the innovation process to external actors and to make use of other resources and knowledge than your own. This is one possible way to meet the challenges that today’s competitive and fast market places on companies. Open innovation has created conditions for open events such as hackathons and through these kind of events, ideas can be generated that companies can use in their business. Outside-in is a perspective of open innovation as a means to integrate external knowledge and ideas into its own operations, and this study takes place in the context of open innovation with an outside-in perspective. The study aims to find how the methods, techniques and tools affects the transition from an idea to an internal project, which results in new products and services. The study is qualitative and data has been collected through interviews with companies which have extensive knowledge of working with innovation. The result of the study shows there is a gap in the transformation of ideas and internal projects, and that there are no systematic approach to the methods, techniques and tools used to facilitate the transformation.

Esta pesquisa investiga os fatores direcionadores para a utilização de produtos híbridos em contextos de transição tecnológica. É considerado um produto híbrido aquele que reúne, em sua arquitetura, muitos dos componentes ou subsistemas centrais pertencentes a duas gerações tecnológicas distintas para desempenhar uma mesma função o que caracteriza o produto como um híbrido intergerações. Uma destas tecnologias é a tecnologia estabelecida (a antiga) e a outra é a inovação (a nova tecnologia) lançada e/ou em teste no mercado. Apesar de o emprego de produtos híbridos não ser recente, este trabalho objetiva analisar e contribuir com a discussão sobre seus antecedentes, isto é, pesquisar os principais elementos e condicionantes do emprego de produtos híbridos, investigação bastante incipiente na literatura. Com base na revisão das literaturas de estratégias de inovação, desenvolvimento de novos produtos, cadeia de suprimentos e também de competências organizacionais, o trabalho levanta quatro proposições acerca das condições de maior propensão ao emprego da estratégia de produto híbrido. O estudo de caso foi escolhido como abordagem de pesquisa, realizado de modo retrospectivo (histórico) com a utilização de casos múltiplos descritos em profundidade, cobrindo aproximadamente cem anos de história de cada setor estudado. Três estudos de caso históricos são analisados, onde há cinco momentos de transições tecnológicas, nos quais um híbrido, ao menos, fora lançado. Cada um dos casos retratou a evolução de um produto em um setor industrial norte-americano (pneu, máquina de escrever e máquina fotográfica). A análise dos casos e a dos resultados sugerem a existência de dois tipos distintos de híbridos que estariam vinculados à estratégia da empresa no momento da descontinuidade tecnológica. O híbrido de exploração (exploitation hybrid) estaria ligado a empresas que adotam uma estratégia de cunho mais defensivo que buscam continuar se beneficiando de sua posição de mercado e estrutura instalada, porém buscando se inserir de alguma forma na transição tecnológica. O híbrido de prospecção (exploration hybrid) foi encontrado em empresas inovadoras que adotam uma postura ofensiva e que estariam dispostas a gerar a descontinuidade promovendo a adoção da inovação que desenvolveram. Os resultados propõem que este híbrido poderia ser usado neste esforço por possibilitar uma transição mais gradual em direção à nova tecnologia, reduzindo o risco, o custo de mudança e a rejeição à inovação. Esta pesquisa contribui para uma definição mais precisa para o híbrido intergeração, além de apresentar uma tipologia para defini-lo em razão da sua utilização durante a transição tecnológica e caracterizar as condições e alguns de seus principais direcionadores ou antecedentes. Outra contribuição do trabalho é a proposição de um continuum para as estratégias de gestão da inovação em períodos de transições tecnológicas e que posicionam os produtos híbridos. / This research investigates the guideline factors for the use of hybrid products in technological transition contexts. This research considered that hybrid product is the one that gathers in its architecture, many central subsystems or components belonging to two different generations of technology to perform the same thing, which characterizes the product as an intergenerational hybrid. One of these technologies is the established technology (the mature one) and the other is the innovation (the new technology) launched and/or in the test in the market. Although the use of hybrid products are not new, this paper aims to analyze and contribute to the discussion about your antecedents, i.e., search the main elements and conditions of use of hybrid products, incipient research in the literature. Based on the review of the literature of innovation strategies, new products development, supply chain as well as organizational competencies, the work raises four propositions about the more likely conditions to the use of hybrid product strategy. The case study was chosen as a research approach , carried out retrospectively (historical ) with the use of multiple cases described in depth, covering about a hundred years of history of each studied sector Three historical case studies are analyzed highlighted five technological transitions which, at least, one hybrid was released. Each one of the cases portrayed the evolution of a product in an industrial sector in the United States (tire, typewriter and camera). The analysis of the cases and the results suggest the existence of two distinct types of hybrids that would be linked to the business strategy at the time of the technological discontinuity. The exploitation hybrid would linked to companies that adopt a more defensive strategy, seeking to continue to benefit from its market position and installed structure. The exploration hybrid was found in innovative companies that adopt an offensive posture and would be willing to generate discontinuity by promoting the adoption of the innovation they developed. The results suggest that this hybrid could be used in this effort, because it allows a more gradual transition towards the new technology, reducing the risk, cost of change and the rejection of the innovation. This research contributes to a more precise definition for the intergeneration hybrid, besides presenting a typology to define it, due to its use during the technological transition and characterizing the conditions and some of its key drivers or antecedents. Another contribution of this work is the proposal of a continuum for innovation management strategies in technological transitions periods and positioning the hybrid products.

Innovation has been acknowledged as a main driver for competitiveness whether it is for a firm, industry, region or country. Solutions for improvements in products and processes have emerged from the multitude of innovation tools and its techno-scientific features. However, the path traced by firms to innovate is rarely clear and not always successful. In this regard, a variety of uncertainties have been shaped into the obstacles that hinder firm’s innovation activities and prevent them to innovate. To the best of our knowledge, there is no literature that directly addresses the obstacles for innovation in Brazil in a broader sense. Also, the articles focused on the strategies of innovation did not investigated its antecedents, characterizing a clear avenue for research. The objective of this study is to understand which innovation barriers affect the Brazilian industry and how they influence the adoption of innovation strategies. In this way, one of the main strategies that stand out in literature is industrial cooperation. Secondly, a discussion that stands out in literature regards the existence of two juxtaposed strategies, known as Market-orientation and Technology-acquisition. This work combined with an exploration of the current state of industrial innovation studies in Brazil through a systematic review. Also, we combined multiple methods to quantitatively analyze the relationship among variables of the Brazilian innovation survey (PINTEC). The main results of this dissertation are: (i) the systematization of the industrial innovation literature in Brazil and the proposition of a research agenda; (ii) the assessment of which innovation barriers trigger or which affect industrial cooperation for R&D; (iii) the exploration of the innovation barriers’ role on the choice of firms to adopt either Market-orientation or Technology-acquisition as innovation strategies. From an academic perspective, this study contributes to clarify future avenues of research on industrial innovation in Brazil and to provide insights about the role of innovation barriers in the Brazilian industry. From a practical point of view, this manuscript presents a map of findings so as industries can use in a strategic way. Also, we bring insights on how innovation strategies should be adopted in relation to innovation barriers.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-16T14:49:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ArquivoTotal.pdf: 2469347 bytes, checksum: 0f09cd68d7b187cb3b07a7239749c940 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This research aims to analyze the characteristics of innovation strategies adopted by Embrapa, from the perspective of resource-based view. Therefore, as the methodological procedures, were adopted the interpretive paradigm, the qualitative approach, the descriptive study and the method used was the case study. The company studied was Embrapa and between their units were selected six. For the procedure of data collection were used primary and secondary data, direct observation and a set of interviews applied to twelve subjects. The analysis was based on the interpretation of interview transcripts and institutional documents and divided into categories. The categories were previously selected and based on the three specific objectives: to identify the innovation strategies adopted by Embrapa; investigate what resources and capabilities are exploited by Embrapa that enable the development of innovation strategies identified, and; evaluate resources and capabilities that have potential to generate sustainable competitive advantages. As a result, it was possible to identify thirteen different types of innovation strategy, but the offensive strategies of innovation and partnership were considered preponderant at Embrapa. The human, physical and technological resources were indicated as the most used to support the strategies identified. Finally, in the last specific goal, eight features could be considered strategic because they have gone through VRIO model, considered thus as valuable, rare, hard to imitate and explored by the organization: bank assets, genetic resources, the 47 units, geographical dispersion, qualification of employees, release technologies, reputation and positive image of Embrapa. It was concluded that it is possible to implement satisfactorily, into a single enterprise, different types of innovation strategies, even with conflicting characteristics. Furthermore, it became clear in the analysis the lack of knowledge and the difficulty of identifying the resources and capabilities of the company, by employees interviewed. / A Organização das Nações Unidas (UNU) afirma que a população mundial deve chegar a 9 bilhões em 38 anos, de forma que a necessidade de aumento da produção de alimentos será de aproximadamente 60%. O Brasil, devido ao seu desempenho no agronegócio, é apontado como um país capaz de oferecer 50% dessa nova demanda (BORTOLIN, 2012). O crescente sucesso e aumento do prestígio do agronegócio brasileiro se devem a algumas características conquistadas, como uma alta produtividade, alto grau de competitividade e o uso de tecnologia (STEFANO, 2001). Mas, por se inserir em um mercado cujo ambiente é incerto, devido à competitividade internacional, políticas econômicas de negócios e assimetria de informação (PADILHA, et al. 2010), a criação e adoção de estratégias de inovação assumem papéis de destaque na busca por vantagem competitiva. Ao estudar as estratégias de inovação e os recursos e capacidades que as sustentam, os resultados da pesquisa poderão trazer benefícios tanto para as empresas de agronegócio que já as utilizam quanto para aquelas que pretendem utilizar. Estes benefícios se justificam a partir do momento que os resultados buscarão explicitar quais são as estratégias de inovação encontradas, bem como quais são os recursos e capacidades que a empresa possui e que suportam as respectivas estratégias. Portanto, o objetivo de estudo é analisar as características das estratégias de inovação adotadas pela EMBRAPA, sob a perspectiva da RBV.

Globalization and the advancement in the use of information technology tools, coupled with a higher level of customer demand, has created a greater competitiveness among organizations in all corners of the world. In this context of competitiveness, innovation practices are gaining relevance, whereby organizations insert new products, processes and management forms into the business market with the aim of optimizing production processes, attracting, retaining and retaining customers. However, it is not enough that organizations recognize the importance of innovation for the success and survival of their businesses, it is also necessary that they are attentive and apt the selection and implementation of the best strategies of innovation. In this scenario, where innovation and business organizations seem to go hand in hand, some business modalities stand out because of their potential for implementing innovations, such as startups. Startups are technology-based companies with broad potential for growth and development of innovations by the insertion of new products and services into replicable businesses. In accordance with the context presented this dissertation aims to identify the main strategies for innovation used by information technology startups in the Northeast region of Brazil. Through a descriptive, explanatory and exploratory study, with quantitative approach, this research aimed specifically to check which type of innovation is most used by startups; to report how innovation processes are performed; to analyze the degree of innovation in startups according to the innovation radar methodology (SAWHNEY; WOLCOTT; ARRONIZ, 2006; BACHMANN; DESTEFANI, 2008); to associate degree of innovation and innovation strategies in the startups researched and; to analyze comparatively the similarities and distinctions, as far as the strategies for innovation, in startups of information technology of the Northeast region. Data collection was performed using the innovation radar form, with some adaptations, for the quantitative step, and the use of a semistructured interview script for the qualitative step. Still in the quantitative stage the data analysis consisted of descriptive statistics evaluations, identification of means and of the standard deviation of the data collected. In the qualitative step the data were analyzed through content analysis. In the quantitative stage the analysis of results indicated the predominance of innovations in processes as a systemic practice in the startups consulted, as well as the predominance of startups with few and occasional practices of product innovation. With regard to the strategies, the prominence of partnerships with clients and other organizations as the main practices to foster innovation, internationalization was the least verified strategy. As for the degree of innovation of information technology startups, only six companies were considered systemic innovators, most of them located in the state of Rio Grande do Norte. In general it was verified that the startups consulted are inserted in the group of occasional innovators, according to the innovation radar methodology. The main evidences collected in the qualitative stage indicated the role of the client as the main external agent influencing the innovation process. At this stage, startups implemented informal partnerships with clients, formal and informal with other organizations, seeking to obtain greater recognition of clients and overcoming internal deficiencies. In addition, in the qualitative phase, there were significant differences in the way innovations of marketing and organizational innovation are implemented. / A globalização e o avanço no uso de ferramentas de tecnologia da informação, associados a um maior nível de exigência dos clientes fez surgir uma maior competitividade entre as organizações em todos os cantos do mundo. Nesse contexto de competitividade ganha relevância as práticas de inovação, pelas quais as organizações inserem no mercado empresarial novos produtos, processos e formas de gestão com o intuito de otimizar processos produtivos, atrair, reter e fidelizar clientes. Contudo, não basta apenas que as organizações reconheçam a importância da inovação para o sucesso e sobrevivência de seus negócios, é preciso também que estejam atentas e aptas a seleção e implementação das melhores estratégias de inovação. Neste cenário, em que inovação e organizações empresariais parecem andar juntas, algumas modalidades de negócios se destacam por seu potencial para implementação de inovações, como é o caso das startups. As startups são empresas de base tecnológica, com amplo potencial de crescimento e desenvolvimento de inovações pela inserção de novos produtos e serviços em negócios replicáveis. Em conformidade com o exposto esta dissertação tem como objetivo identificar as principais estratégias para inovação utilizadas por startups de tecnologia da informação da região Nordeste do Brasil. Por meio de um estudo descritivo, explicativo e exploratório, de abordagem quantiqualitativa, essa pesquisa pretendeu, especificamente, conferir qual a tipologia de inovação mais adotada por startups; relatar como são executados processos de inovação; analisar o grau de inovação em startups segundo a metodologia do radar da inovação (SAWHNEY; WOLCOTT; ARRONIZ, 2006; BACHMANN; DESTEFANI, 2008); associar grau de inovação e estratégias de inovação nas startups pesquisadas e; analisar comparativamente as similaridades e distinções, no que se refere às estratégias para inovação, em startups de tecnologia da informação da região Nordeste. A coleta de dados foi realizada pelo uso do formulário do radar da inovação, com algumas adaptações, para a etapa quantitativa, e pelo uso de um roteiro de entrevista semiestruturado para a etapa qualitativa. Ainda na etapa quantitativa a análise dos dados consistiu em avaliações de estatísticas descritivas, identificação de médias e do desvio padrão dos dados coletados. Na etapa qualitativa os dados foram analisados por meio da análise de conteúdo. Na etapa quantitativa a análise dos resultados indicou a predominância de inovações em processos como prática sistêmica nas startups consultadas, assim como a predominância de startups com poucas e ocasionais práticas de inovação em produtos. No tocante às estratégias avultou-se a proeminência de parcerias com clientes e outras organizações como principais práticas de fomento a inovação, a internacionalização foi a estratégia menos verificada. Quanto ao grau de inovação das startups de tecnologia da informação, apenas seis empresas foram consideradas inovadoras sistêmicas, a maior parte delas localizadas no estado do Rio Grande do Norte. De modo geral verificou-se que as startups consultadas estão inseridas no grupo de inovadoras ocasionais, segundo a metodologia do radar da inovação. As principais evidências colhidas na etapa qualitativa indicaram o papel do cliente como principal agente externo influenciador do processo de inovação, nessa etapa constatou-se que as startups implementam parcerias informais com clientes, e formais e informais com outras organizações intuindo obter maior reconhecimento de clientes e superação de deficiências internas. Além disso, na etapa qualitativa constatou-se expressivas diferenças na forma em que são implementadas inovações de marketing e inovação organizacional. / São Cristóvão, SE

Esta pesquisa investiga os fatores direcionadores para a utilização de produtos híbridos em contextos de transição tecnológica. É considerado um produto híbrido aquele que reúne, em sua arquitetura, muitos dos componentes ou subsistemas centrais pertencentes a duas gerações tecnológicas distintas para desempenhar uma mesma função o que caracteriza o produto como um híbrido intergerações. Uma destas tecnologias é a tecnologia estabelecida (a antiga) e a outra é a inovação (a nova tecnologia) lançada e/ou em teste no mercado. Apesar de o emprego de produtos híbridos não ser recente, este trabalho objetiva analisar e contribuir com a discussão sobre seus antecedentes, isto é, pesquisar os principais elementos e condicionantes do emprego de produtos híbridos, investigação bastante incipiente na literatura. Com base na revisão das literaturas de estratégias de inovação, desenvolvimento de novos produtos, cadeia de suprimentos e também de competências organizacionais, o trabalho levanta quatro proposições acerca das condições de maior propensão ao emprego da estratégia de produto híbrido. O estudo de caso foi escolhido como abordagem de pesquisa, realizado de modo retrospectivo (histórico) com a utilização de casos múltiplos descritos em profundidade, cobrindo aproximadamente cem anos de história de cada setor estudado. Três estudos de caso históricos são analisados, onde há cinco momentos de transições tecnológicas, nos quais um híbrido, ao menos, fora lançado. Cada um dos casos retratou a evolução de um produto em um setor industrial norte-americano (pneu, máquina de escrever e máquina fotográfica). A análise dos casos e a dos resultados sugerem a existência de dois tipos distintos de híbridos que estariam vinculados à estratégia da empresa no momento da descontinuidade tecnológica. O híbrido de exploração (exploitation hybrid) estaria ligado a empresas que adotam uma estratégia de cunho mais defensivo que buscam continuar se beneficiando de sua posição de mercado e estrutura instalada, porém buscando se inserir de alguma forma na transição tecnológica. O híbrido de prospecção (exploration hybrid) foi encontrado em empresas inovadoras que adotam uma postura ofensiva e que estariam dispostas a gerar a descontinuidade promovendo a adoção da inovação que desenvolveram. Os resultados propõem que este híbrido poderia ser usado neste esforço por possibilitar uma transição mais gradual em direção à nova tecnologia, reduzindo o risco, o custo de mudança e a rejeição à inovação. Esta pesquisa contribui para uma definição mais precisa para o híbrido intergeração, além de apresentar uma tipologia para defini-lo em razão da sua utilização durante a transição tecnológica e caracterizar as condições e alguns de seus principais direcionadores ou antecedentes. Outra contribuição do trabalho é a proposição de um continuum para as estratégias de gestão da inovação em períodos de transições tecnológicas e que posicionam os produtos híbridos. / This research investigates the guideline factors for the use of hybrid products in technological transition contexts. This research considered that hybrid product is the one that gathers in its architecture, many central subsystems or components belonging to two different generations of technology to perform the same thing, which characterizes the product as an intergenerational hybrid. One of these technologies is the established technology (the mature one) and the other is the innovation (the new technology) launched and/or in the test in the market. Although the use of hybrid products are not new, this paper aims to analyze and contribute to the discussion about your antecedents, i.e., search the main elements and conditions of use of hybrid products, incipient research in the literature. Based on the review of the literature of innovation strategies, new products development, supply chain as well as organizational competencies, the work raises four propositions about the more likely conditions to the use of hybrid product strategy. The case study was chosen as a research approach , carried out retrospectively (historical ) with the use of multiple cases described in depth, covering about a hundred years of history of each studied sector Three historical case studies are analyzed highlighted five technological transitions which, at least, one hybrid was released. Each one of the cases portrayed the evolution of a product in an industrial sector in the United States (tire, typewriter and camera). The analysis of the cases and the results suggest the existence of two distinct types of hybrids that would be linked to the business strategy at the time of the technological discontinuity. The exploitation hybrid would linked to companies that adopt a more defensive strategy, seeking to continue to benefit from its market position and installed structure. The exploration hybrid was found in innovative companies that adopt an offensive posture and would be willing to generate discontinuity by promoting the adoption of the innovation they developed. The results suggest that this hybrid could be used in this effort, because it allows a more gradual transition towards the new technology, reducing the risk, cost of change and the rejection of the innovation. This research contributes to a more precise definition for the intergeneration hybrid, besides presenting a typology to define it, due to its use during the technological transition and characterizing the conditions and some of its key drivers or antecedents. Another contribution of this work is the proposal of a continuum for innovation management strategies in technological transitions periods and positioning the hybrid products.

Promue au même titre que la cohésion sociale et économique dans le Traité de Lisbonne, la cohésion territoriale est devenue un enjeu essentiel dans la définition d‟une politique commune d‟aménagement du territoire pour les pays membres de l‟Union européenne. La thèse vise comprendre dans quelle mesure la cohésion territoriale influence les politiques nationales d‟aménagement du territoire dans un pays candidat. Après avoir rappelé la lente construction d‟une politique territoriale commune au sein de l‟UE, les dynamiques territoriales de la Turquie contemporaine ont été confrontées aux exigences de la cohésion territoriale. Les plus grands défis identifiés sont la permanence de grandes inégalités régionales et l‟absence de structures territoriales pouvant favoriser l‟émergence d‟une gouvernance multi-niveaux. Alors que la Turquie est un pays fortement centralisé, l‟innovation majeure dans ce domaine réside dans la création de 26 agences de développement à l‟échelle régionale NUTS 2 qui n‟existait pas auparavant. En s‟appuyant sur trois exemples régionaux (Istanbul, Izmir, Diyarbakır-ġanlıurfa), la thèse analyse le découpage de ces nouvelles régions, le processus de constitution de ces agences, leur fonctionnement, leur intégration dans le contexte institutionnel local et les politiques spatiales qu‟elles entendent mettre en oeuvre. Trois grandes idées peuvent en être retenues. Elles marquent tout d‟abord une nouvelle étape dans les politiques nationales d‟aménagement du territoire, en introduisant des principes nouveaux, en vigueur également dans l‟Union européenne (appel à projets, co-financement, etc.). Elles contribuent ensuite à la transformation de l‟échelle régionale, en dotant des institutions nouvelles de moyens importants, leur permettant de construire petit à petit leur propre territoire d‟intervention. Enfin, l‟objectif de cohésion territoriale est dépassé par l‟articulation entre l‟échelle régionale et l‟échelle métropolitaine, la grande majorité des politiques publiques d‟aménagement visant à renforcer la compétitivité de cette dernière / Territorial cohesion, at the same level than social cohesion and economic cohesion, lies at the core of the European model of society. This thesis intends to understand how far is a national spatial planning policy modified by the europeanisation process. It appears that the main issues at stake in Turkey are the huge regional disparities between the East and the West of the country, but also at a regional scale between metropolitan major cities and declining rural areas, and the lack of regional adminisrative units fostering multi-level governance. The creation of regional development agencies at regional scale in Turkey introduces new actors within the centralised development process of the country. Established at the NUTS 2 level, they are supposed to be the first step on the adaptation of the territorial system to EU standards, and to anticipate the European funds management in case of full membership. The thesis analyses the creation process of these RDAs, their internal organisation, their funding and their spatial policies through strategic planning. They lie at the core of the creation of regional growth coalitions by supporting regional business communities, which are supposed to enhance endogenous capital and promote regional capacities in order to promote economic growth and social well-being. This thesis shows that the creation of a new territorialised actor does not necessary mean apparition of a new territorial administrative level: the new institutions are not a piece of evidence of a devolution process. On the contrary, they appear as new bodies of the centralised spatial planning process. The so called regionalisation process under europeanisation pressure is actually a new way of territorial management, closer to international neoliberal standards than to regional policy implementation demands. Moreover, the territorial cohesion policy is challenged by the mismatch between regional and metropolitan scale, the latter being the main frame of implementation for the national policies of innovation

Innovation has been acknowledged as a main driver for competitiveness whether it is for a firm, industry, region or country. Solutions for improvements in products and processes have emerged from the multitude of innovation tools and its techno-scientific features. However, the path traced by firms to innovate is rarely clear and not always successful. In this regard, a variety of uncertainties have been shaped into the obstacles that hinder firm’s innovation activities and prevent them to innovate. To the best of our knowledge, there is no literature that directly addresses the obstacles for innovation in Brazil in a broader sense. Also, the articles focused on the strategies of innovation did not investigated its antecedents, characterizing a clear avenue for research. The objective of this study is to understand which innovation barriers affect the Brazilian industry and how they influence the adoption of innovation strategies. In this way, one of the main strategies that stand out in literature is industrial cooperation. Secondly, a discussion that stands out in literature regards the existence of two juxtaposed strategies, known as Market-orientation and Technology-acquisition. This work combined with an exploration of the current state of industrial innovation studies in Brazil through a systematic review. Also, we combined multiple methods to quantitatively analyze the relationship among variables of the Brazilian innovation survey (PINTEC). The main results of this dissertation are: (i) the systematization of the industrial innovation literature in Brazil and the proposition of a research agenda; (ii) the assessment of which innovation barriers trigger or which affect industrial cooperation for R&D; (iii) the exploration of the innovation barriers’ role on the choice of firms to adopt either Market-orientation or Technology-acquisition as innovation strategies. From an academic perspective, this study contributes to clarify future avenues of research on industrial innovation in Brazil and to provide insights about the role of innovation barriers in the Brazilian industry. From a practical point of view, this manuscript presents a map of findings so as industries can use in a strategic way. Also, we bring insights on how innovation strategies should be adopted in relation to innovation barriers.