This diploma thesis sloves usage of the innovative materials in the construction of CNC machining centers for non-rotational components. There are described innovative materials, machines and parts of these machines at first. Further, there is assigned a suitable material for each part of the machine. For the design part of this thesis is chosen a fixed rack made of polymer concrete for vertical machining center. Finally, the rack and its motion system are designed.

Modern buildings increasingly include the usage of innovative materials aimed at improving sustainability and reducing the carbon footprint of the built environment. Phase Change Materials (PCMs) are one such group of novel materials which reduce building energy consumption. These materials are typically flammable and contained within wall linings yet there has been no detailed assessment of their fire performance. Current standard fire test methods provide means to compare similar materials but do not deliver knowledge on how they would behave in the event of a real fire. Thus, the aim of this thesis is to develop a novel testing framework to assess the behaviour of these materials in realistic fire scenarios. For PCMs, a flammability study is conducted in the bench-scale cone calorimeter to evaluate the fire risk associated with these materials. Then, micro-scale Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) is used to identify the fundamental chemical reactions to be able to confidently interpret the flammability results. Finally, intermediate-scale standard fire tests are conducted to evaluate the applicability of the bench-scale results to realistic fire scenarios. These take the form of modified Lateral Ignition and Flame spread Test (LIFT) and Single Burning Item (SBI) tests to understand flame spread and compartment fires respectively. Finally, a simplified method to combine this knowledge for use in building design is proposed. This method allows the balancing of potential energy benefits with quantified fire performance to achieve the specified goals of the designer. Hemp-lime insulation is a material which has also becoming increasingly popular in the drive towards sustainability. The porous nature of the material means that smouldering combustions are the dominant reaction mode but there is currently no standardised test method for this type of behaviour. Thus, hemp-lime materials also represent an unquantified risk. The work in this thesis defines a simple, accessible and economically viable bench-scale method for quantifying the fire risk associated with rigid porous materials. This is applicable for both downward opposed flow and upward forward flow smoulder propagation conditions. The behaviour is then interpreted using micro-scale thermogravimetric analysis to understand the underlying pyrolysis and oxidation reactions. Designers can utilise this framework to quantify the smouldering risk associated with hemp-lime materials to enable their usage in the built environment. The holistic fire risk assessment performed in this thesis has quantified the behaviour of PCMs and hemp-lime insulation applicable to realistic fire scenarios. The simplified design method empowers designers to be able to realise innovative buildings through fundamental understanding of the fire behaviour of these materials. The outcomes of this thesis allow designers to mitigate the fire risk associated with these materials and achieve optimised engineering solutions. Furthermore, the novel fire testing frameworks provide the economically viable means to assess the fire performance of future PCMs and hemp-lime products which ensures lasting relevance of this research in the future.

This day of age when an increasing demands for better and more environmental friendlymaterial is requested. At the same time is also higher demands on the designers todevelop new products for the future. To design new products which express a futuristicfeeling and a “must-have-feeling”. Therefore is there a need to educate better designersand architects for the future a better knowledge for material. Both for existing designersand architects but also for new designers. To encourage learning and discover newmaterial is new tools important, a tool such as a meeting point in which people meet, talkand discover new materials. A meeting place in which a material library has its naturalplace, a place designers, architects and laymen can visit. The great advantages of a material library is the possibility to touch and feel the materialsamples. To invite people to use their senses and learn about materials. This report focus on how to best build and present a material library in the facility of apublic place. But also how to construct a mobile module used as a tool for education.Each scenario has their own dilemma and needs, for example, in the University library atJönköping has criterion for a module that fits into the regular exhibition. To present newand innovative material samples in a manner that reminds of how people search forbooks on the shelves. For the mobile module is focus more towards presenting material samples used in theproduction today. The presentation is more focus on presenting material samples during alecture in which the teacher stands in front of a class and pointing towards the materialand students are allowed to touch and feel the material samples when they have thepossibility to do so. Besides this will the mobile module also work as mobile storagelocation for each department’s material samples.

L’accroissement de la population humaine, l’agriculture intensive et le développement industriel créent une pollution de l’air qui aujourd’hui devient préoccupante pour notre santé et notre environnement. Si la qualité de l’air extérieur fait l’objet depuis plusieurs décennies de règlementations qui permettent aujourd’hui de constater une diminution globale de la pollution dans les grandes agglomérations européennes, la pollution de l’air intérieur a quant à elle été longtemps sous-estimée. En effet, avec le développement de matériaux composites pour la construction et l’ameublement, la gamme de polluants de l’air intérieur s’est très largement agrandie et les concentrations ont globalement augmenté. Plusieurs études ont ainsi montré que de nombreux composés organiques volatils étaient détectés dans l’air intérieur à des concentrations bien plus élevées qu’à l’extérieur. D’autre part, la modification des modes de vie sédentaires et citadines ont pour conséquence une augmentation du temps passé dans des espaces confinés comme les logements, les lieux de travail et les transports en commun. Le simple renouvellement de l’air intérieur par de l’air extérieur devenant de moins en moins satisfaisant dans les grandes agglomérations, de nouvelles méthodes de traitement sont actuellement développées pour diminuer les concentrations de ces polluants tout en limitant la consommation d’énergie. La photocatalyse, en tant que procédé d’oxydation avancé fait partie des technologies intéressantes pour minéraliser des composés organiques volatils (COV). Après un rapide rappel du contexte sociétal de la pollution atmosphérique, les conditions de mesures et les méthodes possibles pour le traitement de cette pollution sont présentées. Le chapitre suivant regroupe les résultats sur le développement de matériaux photocatalytiques innovants et la mesure de leur efficacité. La première partie de ce chapitre fait le bilan des réacteurs photocatalytiques adaptés à l’étude de réactions à l’interface solide-gaz et résume les nombreuses difficultés liées à l’évaluation des performances de divers matériaux dans des conditions le plus souvent difficilement comparables. Dans la seconde partie, un premier matériau composite constitué de film polymère et de dioxyde de titane a été caractérisé par sa capacité à oxyder un composé volatil, le diméthyle disulfure, utilisé en agriculture pour la fumigation. Le développement d’un second matériau photocatalytique original, constitué de fibres de TiO2 pur a, quant à lui, été caractérisé par sa capacité à minéraliser des COV représentatifs de la pollution de l’air intérieur (acétone, heptane, toluène). Les deux dernières parties de ce chapitre se situent à l’interface entre la photochimie et la biologie. Dans un premier temps, la capacité d’inactivation bactérienne d’un textile « intelligent » sur lequel sont fixées des particules de dioxyde de titane couplées à un photosensibilisateur a été étudiée et l’efficacité sous rayonnement visible de ce tissu original a été analysée. L’impact de la pollution de l’air intérieur sur des cellules de la peau fait l’objet de la dernière partie de ce chapitre. Pour cela un montage permettant d’exposer des cellules de kératinocytes en culture, mais également des biopsies de peau humaine, à des concentrations contrôlées en COV a été mis au point. Nous avons ainsi pu mettre en évidence une réponse cellulaire à ce stress environnemental et préciser l’origine de ce stress. Enfin ce travail se termine par une ouverture sur des projets de recherche actuellement en cours ayant pour objet la mesure des espèces réactives de l’oxygène impliquées dans les réactions photochimiques et le développement de nouveau matériaux hybrides polymère/photosensibilisateurs. Des idées de projets à l’interface de la photochimie et de la biologie ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives à la suite de ces premiers résultats. / The increase of human population, the modern agriculture and industrial development generate air pollution, which is nowadays worrying for health and environment. Since several decades, outdoor air pollution has been regulated giving rise a global decrease of pollution in the most important European cities. However indoor air pollution was neglected for a long time. Indeed with development of composite materials for building and furnishing, the number of air pollutants strongly increased together with their concentrations. Several studies have thus demonstrated that numerous volatile organic compounds (VOC) were detected indoor at much higher concentration than outdoor. Moreover, due to the modification of sedentary and urban lifestyles, the time spent in confined spaces like housing, working places and public transportation increases. It is less and less satisfactory to simply renew indoor air with outdoor air in most of urban agglomerations. Accordingly, new processes for air treatment are developed in order to decrease indoor air pollutant concentrations while limiting energetic consumption. Photocatalysis is an advanced oxidation process potentially interesting for VOC removal. After a short reminder on the societal context of atmospheric pollution, measurement and treatment methods are presented in chapters I and II. The following chapter gathers the results obtained on the development of new photocatalytic materials and on the measure of their efficiency. The first part of this chapter is devoted to an overview of photocatalytic reactors for gas solid reactions and summarizes the numerous problems arising from the comparison of different materials under various conditions, which are not always similar. In the second part, a composite material made of titanium dioxide encapsulated in a polymer film is characterized and used for the oxidation of a volatile compound used for agricultural fumigation, dimethyl disulfide. The spectroscopic analysis led to the optimization of the material as a function of its thickness and its titanium dioxide loading. A second innovative photocatalytic material made of pure TiO2 fibers is characterized by its mineralization ability of representative indoor air VOC (acetone, heptane, and toluene). The performance of this material is compared to that of a commercial one, Quartzel ® made of TiO2 deposited on quartz fibers, under strictly identical conditions. The two last parts of this chapter are at the interface between photochemistry and biology. In a first strep, bacterial inactivation by a smart textile where titanium dioxide particles coupled with a photosensitizer is studded under visible light. In the last part, the impact of indoor air pollution on skin cells is presented. A dedicated device allowing keratinocytes culture cells and skin biopsies exposures to controlled VOC concentrations is developed. It is thus possible to evidence and to determine the origin of the cellular response to this environmental stress. At last, new research projects for a near future are then presented. They concern the determination of reactive oxygen species involved in photochemical reactions and the development of new hybrid polymers encapsulating photosensitizing molecules. Prospective ideas at the interface of photochemistry and biology conclude this memory.

The online platform consciousdesign.cz, created as the output of the thesis, provides sources for possible conscious approaches to design. It consists of a database of innovative materials, research texts, related links and interviews with designers, material specialists, scientists and technologists. The website can serve as a starting point for students and designers who are interested in current possibilities and new ways leading to design that is responsible to nature and humans.

Цель инновационной системы – привнесение новшеств, которые позволят выпускать новую продукцию, более совершенную с точки зрения потребительских качеств. В связи с этим, существенную значимость приобретает оценка целесообразности внедрения инновационных материалов. В рамках исследования, была проведена оценка существующих методик оценки экономической эффективности внедрения инновационных материалов. Также был предложен и апробирован алгоритм принятия решения оценки целесообразности внедрения в производство инновационных материалов. Практическая значимость работы основывается на методическом обеспечении процесса оценки целесообразности внедрения инновационных материалов в производство. / The goal of the innovative system is to introduce innovations which will make possible to release new products better in terms of their consumer qualities. In this regard, the evaluation of the possibility of introducing innovative materials becomes highly significant. In the study, the evaluation was carried out of existing method for assessing the economic efficiency of introducing innovative materials. The decision-making algorithm for evaluation of the possibility of introducing innovative materials into production was proposed and tested. The practical importance of the work is based on the methodological support of the process of evaluation the possibility of introducing innovative materials into production.