Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-27T13:40:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-05-12. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-09-27T13:45:15Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000869614.pdf: 7034100 bytes, checksum: 68b8ee31f062952cc1cfe255a55cc99e (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Aedes aegypti é considerado o principal vetor de arboviroses que acomentem os seres humanos. Até o momento a única medida disponível para erradicação da dengue, é o controle do vetor, Ae. aegypti. O conhecimento aprofundado sobre a estruturação genética e dinâmica populacional dessa espécie em diferentes ambientes é crucial, uma vez que populações geneticamente diferentes podem apresentar diferenças quanto à capacidade e competência vetorial. O Brasil possui regiões com diferentes características climáticas e geográficas, assim o conhecimento detalhado sobre populações de mosquitos que colonizam diferentes habitats, é pertinente. Este trabalho avaliou a estrutura populacional de mosquitos Ae. aegypti provenientes de cinco cidades do Brasil (i.e., Belo Horizonte, Botucatu, Campo Grande, Maringá e Rondonópolis) utilizando marcadores microssatélites. Ainda, empregouse esses marcadores para investigar a dinâmica de oviposição e consequente dispersão de mosquitos Ae. aegypti em Botucatu. Em macro-análises populacionais, utilizando DAPC, observamos agrupamento entre indivíduos de mesma localidade e estruturação populacional para mosquitos de Belo Horizonte. Análises de micro-estruturação populacional identificaram seis sub-populações de mosquitos Ae. aegypti entre as seis sub-regiões de Belo Horizonte, ainda foram sugeridas estruturação populacional intermediária para mosquitos das sub-regiões de Campo Grande e falta de estruturação genética entre mosquitos das subregiões de Botucatu. Com esses resultados acreditamos que estruturação genética ocorra em correlação com o tamanho da cidade - localidades maiores parecem proporcionar estruturação genética para populações de mosquitos Ae. aegypti. Análises de PCA em ovitrampas da cidade de Botucatu apontaram organização populacional de Ae. aegypti em famílias. Análises de Pedigree e coeficiente de inbreeding, indicaram que de 30 mosquitos... / Aedes aegypti is considered the main vector of arboviruses affecting humans. Nowadays, the only feasible measure to eradicate the dengue fever depends exclusively of vector control. The deep knowledge about the structure and dynamics of Ae. aegypti population in distinct environments is critical, since genetically different populations may present differences related to vector competence and capacity. Brazil has regions with different climatic and geographic characteristics, therefore, detailed knowledge about mosquito population that colonizes different habitats is extremely important. The present study evaluated the population structure of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes in five different Brazilian cities (i.e., Belo Horizonte, Botucatu, Campo Grande, Maringá and Rondonópolis) using a microsatellite markers. Those markers were also used to evaluate the oviposition dynamic and the consequences of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes dispersion, of the city of Botucatu. Population macro-analysis, using DAPC evidenced, genetic clusters among individuals of the same locality, and population structure in mosquitoes of Belo Horizonte. Population microstructure analysis identified six sub-populations of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes among six sub-regions of Belo Horizonte. In addition, the microstructure analysis suggested intermediate population structure in the sub-regions of Campo Grande, and lack of genetic structure among mosquitoes from the sub-regions of Botucatu. Therefore, these results indicate that genetic organization occurs in correlation with city size - where large towns seem to provide genetic structure to the populations of Ae. aegypti. PCA analysis of ovitraps obtained in Botucatu indicated population organization of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes in families. Pedigree analysis and inbreeding coefficient indicated that only for out of 30 mosquitoes analyzed in the same ovitrap, keep restricted familial relationships. These results suggest that Ae. aegypti...

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Orientador: Celso Luis Marino / Banca: Denise Selivon / Banca: Carlos Frederico Wilcken / Resumo: O gênero Eucalyptus é originário da Austrália e está estabelecido no Brasil há mais de um século. Atualmente, o Brasil tem a segunda maior área plantada, formando monoculturas, que favorecem o estabelecimento de insetos praga. No ano de 2003 foi verificada pela primeira vez no país a ocorrência de Glycaspis brimblecombei, espécie descrita por Moore (Hemiptera, Psyllidae). Tal espécie também é conhecida por psilídeo de concha, em plantios de Eucalyptus sp. no estado de São Paulo. Devido sua alta capacidade adaptativa, atualmente se encontra amplamente distribuído por todo território nacional. Os danos causados por sua infestação são inúmeros, resultando em perdas consideráveis para o setor florestal e consequentemente para a economia brasileira. As populações do psilídeo de concha apresentam baixa variação morfológica, dificultando sua identificação; assim, análises moleculares, tais quais o uso de marcadores, podem auxiliar a responder essas questões. Um marcador amplamente utilizado, por sua alta variabilidade, é o espaçador interno transcrito do DNA ribossomal (ITS). Deste modo, o marcador ITS foi utilizado neste trabalho para averiguar a dinâmica populacional do psilídeo de concha de quatro regiões do estado de São Paulo. A sequência do ITS1 apresentou um intervalo de 291 pb em 88,73% das amostras. Os sítios polimórficos foram identificados no intervalo de 80 a 200 pb, sendo que na população de Pedra Bela foi observada a maior distribuição destes. Além disso, observou-se a ocorrência de seis haplótipos distribuídos nas quatro populações. O haplótipo 1 esteve presente em todas as populações, enquanto que o haplótipo 6 foi somente identificado na população de Criação de Laboratório. A diversidade nucleotídica (Pi) das populações foi de 0,00445, sendo que a de Criação de Laboratório... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Eucalyptus genus is derived from Australia and is settled in Brazil for more than a century now. Currently, Brazil has the second largest planted area, forming monocultures that smooth infestation with pest-insects. In 2003, the occurrence of Glycaspis brimblecombei, species described by Moore (Hemiptera, Psyllidae), was detected in Brazil for the first time. The said species is also known as red gum lerp, in Eucalyptus sp plantations in the State of São Paulo. Because of their high capacity of adaptation, nowadays they are found widely distributed all over the domestic territory. Damages caused by their infestation are numerous, resulting in considerable losses for the forestry sector and, consequently, for the Brazilian economy. Red gum lerp populations present a low rate of morphological variation, which makes their identifiction more difficult. Accordingly, molecular tests, such as the use of markers, may help answering such questions. A widely used marker, due to its high variability, is the internal transcribed spacer of ribosomal DNA (ITS). Thus, the ITS marker was used in this paper to investigate the population dynamics of red gum lerps from four regions in the State of São Paulo. ITS1 sequence showed a range of 291 bp in 88.73% of the samples. Polymorphic sites were identified in the range of 80-200 bp, with the population from Pedra Bela showing the highest distribution. Moreover, the occurrence of six haplotypes distributed in the four populations was found. Haplotype 1 was present in all populations, while haplotype 6 was identified in lab-developed population only. The nucleotide diversity (Pi) of populations was 0.00445, while the lab-developed population showed the highest Pi value as between the four populations. In Botucatu, no diversity was found. Specific oligonucleotides flanking the polymorphic regions of the... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Bibliography: leaves 132-153. / viii, 153 leaves : ill. ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Spatially explicit models and computer intensive analysis were employed to explore how processes acting at the individual level scale up to population dynamics when processes are variable in space as well as the consequences of sampling spatially complex variability for drawing conclusions from limited ecological data. Dispersal and variation in marsupial mortality and development in relation to habitat selection and quality were studied, while evaluating spatially explicit models. The study of dynamics models of tick populations on sleepy lizards considered the effect of spatial and temporal variability, and demonstrated that counting ticks is a poor indicator of tick abundance. The "virtual ecologist" model is a useful method for linking the output of spatially explicit population models to reality, and will be a valuable approach for improving the design of ecological field research on spatially complex landscapes. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Environmental Science and Management, 1999?

Bibliography: leaves 132-153. Spatially explicit models and computer intensive analysis were employed to explore how processes acting at the individual level scale up to population dynamics when processes are variable in space as well as the consequences of sampling spatially complex variability for drawing conclusions from limited ecological data. Dispersal and variation in marsupial mortality and development in relation to habitat selection and quality were studied, while evaluating spatially explicit models. The study of dynamics models of tick populations on sleepy lizards considered the effect of spatial and temporal variability, and demonstrated that counting ticks is a poor indicator of tick abundance. The "virtual ecologist" model is a useful method for linking the output of spatially explicit population models to reality, and will be a valuable approach for improving the design of ecological field research on spatially complex landscapes.

Bibliography: leaves 132-153. / viii, 153 leaves : ill. ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Spatially explicit models and computer intensive analysis were employed to explore how processes acting at the individual level scale up to population dynamics when processes are variable in space as well as the consequences of sampling spatially complex variability for drawing conclusions from limited ecological data. Dispersal and variation in marsupial mortality and development in relation to habitat selection and quality were studied, while evaluating spatially explicit models. The study of dynamics models of tick populations on sleepy lizards considered the effect of spatial and temporal variability, and demonstrated that counting ticks is a poor indicator of tick abundance. The "virtual ecologist" model is a useful method for linking the output of spatially explicit population models to reality, and will be a valuable approach for improving the design of ecological field research on spatially complex landscapes. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Environmental Science and Management, 1999?

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-09-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:14:32Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 costa_srs_me_botib.pdf: 721918 bytes, checksum: 02872d35ed926393735b601733a62996 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O gênero Eucalyptus é originário da Austrália e está estabelecido no Brasil há mais de um século. Atualmente, o Brasil tem a segunda maior área plantada, formando monoculturas, que favorecem o estabelecimento de insetos praga. No ano de 2003 foi verificada pela primeira vez no país a ocorrência de Glycaspis brimblecombei, espécie descrita por Moore (Hemiptera, Psyllidae). Tal espécie também é conhecida por psilídeo de concha, em plantios de Eucalyptus sp. no estado de São Paulo. Devido sua alta capacidade adaptativa, atualmente se encontra amplamente distribuído por todo território nacional. Os danos causados por sua infestação são inúmeros, resultando em perdas consideráveis para o setor florestal e consequentemente para a economia brasileira. As populações do psilídeo de concha apresentam baixa variação morfológica, dificultando sua identificação; assim, análises moleculares, tais quais o uso de marcadores, podem auxiliar a responder essas questões. Um marcador amplamente utilizado, por sua alta variabilidade, é o espaçador interno transcrito do DNA ribossomal (ITS). Deste modo, o marcador ITS foi utilizado neste trabalho para averiguar a dinâmica populacional do psilídeo de concha de quatro regiões do estado de São Paulo. A sequência do ITS1 apresentou um intervalo de 291 pb em 88,73% das amostras. Os sítios polimórficos foram identificados no intervalo de 80 a 200 pb, sendo que na população de Pedra Bela foi observada a maior distribuição destes. Além disso, observou-se a ocorrência de seis haplótipos distribuídos nas quatro populações. O haplótipo 1 esteve presente em todas as populações, enquanto que o haplótipo 6 foi somente identificado na população de Criação de Laboratório. A diversidade nucleotídica (Pi) das populações foi de 0,00445, sendo que a de Criação de Laboratório... / Eucalyptus genus is derived from Australia and is settled in Brazil for more than a century now. Currently, Brazil has the second largest planted area, forming monocultures that smooth infestation with pest-insects. In 2003, the occurrence of Glycaspis brimblecombei, species described by Moore (Hemiptera, Psyllidae), was detected in Brazil for the first time. The said species is also known as red gum lerp, in Eucalyptus sp plantations in the State of São Paulo. Because of their high capacity of adaptation, nowadays they are found widely distributed all over the domestic territory. Damages caused by their infestation are numerous, resulting in considerable losses for the forestry sector and, consequently, for the Brazilian economy. Red gum lerp populations present a low rate of morphological variation, which makes their identifiction more difficult. Accordingly, molecular tests, such as the use of markers, may help answering such questions. A widely used marker, due to its high variability, is the internal transcribed spacer of ribosomal DNA (ITS). Thus, the ITS marker was used in this paper to investigate the population dynamics of red gum lerps from four regions in the State of São Paulo. ITS1 sequence showed a range of 291 bp in 88.73% of the samples. Polymorphic sites were identified in the range of 80-200 bp, with the population from Pedra Bela showing the highest distribution. Moreover, the occurrence of six haplotypes distributed in the four populations was found. Haplotype 1 was present in all populations, while haplotype 6 was identified in lab-developed population only. The nucleotide diversity (Pi) of populations was 0.00445, while the lab-developed population showed the highest Pi value as between the four populations. In Botucatu, no diversity was found. Specific oligonucleotides flanking the polymorphic regions of the... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-02-06Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:48:04Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 narita_n_dr_botfca.pdf: 1059911 bytes, checksum: 143b0648ea6b08ccae020a5da8744b97 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Dos vírus que infectam o maracujazeiro no Brasil, atualmente o Cowpea aphid borne mosaic virus (CABMV), é considerado fator limitante à cultura. Dependendo da velocidade de disseminação e idade com que as plantas são infectadas no campo, a cultura torna-se comercialmente improdutiva. O presente estudo teve como objetivo, avaliar a diversidade e a dinâmica populacional dos afídeos na região da Alta Paulista, SP e a possibilidade de transmissão do vírus pela semente. Assim, quatro locais (Leste e Oeste da cidade de Marília e Municípios de Ocauçú e Guaimbê) foram monitorados durante 24 meses com armadilhas amarelas de água do tipo Moericke. Constatou-se nas quatro regiões a predominância do gênero Aphis. Outras espécies coletadas foram Myzus persicae, Geopenphigus flocculosus, Brevicoryne brassicae, Rhopalosiphum spp, Dysaphis spp e Lipaphis erysimi. A flutuação populacional de formas aladas do gênero Aphis, caracterizou-se por apresentar maiores revoadas em maio, junho, agosto e setembro. As espécies de Aphis (A. fabae, A. gossypii, A. spiraecola) devem ser os principais vetores do CABMV na região. Plantios novos, ao lado de plantações infectadas, tornam-se infectadas em três meses. Nos testes de transmissão através de sementes, do total de 13056 semeadas oriundas de plantas doentes, germinaram 10592, e em avaliações visuais dois meses após a germinação, não foram observadas plantas sintomáticas, indicando a não transmissão pela semente. / From the viruses were described infecting passionfruit plants in Brasil, and the Cowpea aphid borne mosaic virus (CABMV), is considered the most hazardous. Depending on the spread velocity of aphids and the age that the plants are infected, the crops doesn t produce commercial fruits. The present study was designed to evaluate the diversity and dynamic population of aphids in the Alta Paulista, SP region and aspects of seed transmission. For this, four regions (East and West of Marília city, Guaimbê and Ocauçú) were monitored for 24 months using yellow water Moerick trap. The predominance of the genus Aphis was observed in the four evaluated areas. Other species founded in the area were: Myzus persicae, Geopenphigus flocculosus, Brevicoryne brassicae, Rhopalosiphum spp, Dysaphis spp and Lipaphis erysimi. The population curve of alate Aphis spp showed the highest frequency of flights during May, June, August and September. The Aphis spp (A. fabae, A. gossypii, A. spiraecola) probably is the most important vector of the CABMV in the region. New crops near old infected plants, were infected in three months. To evaluate properties of seed transmission, from 13056 collected from infected plants, 10592 were germinated and evaluated during two months for the presence of visual symptoms. No plants with simptoms were observed indicating no seed transmission.

This thesis investigated the autecology of the dacine species, Bactrocera cacuminata (Hering) (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae). I specifically focused on the adult phase of the life cycle and resources believed to be significant to this life stage. The prevailing paradigm in dacine ecology predicts that the larval host plant serves as the centre of dacine activity, a state mediated by mutualistic associations with fruit fly-type bacteria. Contrary to predictions, an explicit test of this hypothesis found that the host plant of B. cacuminata, Solanum mauritianum Scopoli, acted almost exclusively as a site for oviposition and larval development. Other key adult behaviours, most notably feeding and mating, were rare at the host plant. Even in disturbed habitats, the paucity of key adult behaviours such as mating was striking. Adult flies of this species were therefore hypothesized to be utilizing other components of their habitat, i.e. resources vital to their life history requirements. Some of the resources that B. cacuminata are known to respond to include sugar, protein, methyl eugenol and the host plant. The latter three resources are believed to be critical in the reproductive success of dacine flies in general. I assessed the physiological status of flies arriving at these resources to determine if flies of different status foraged for resources differently. In dacines, the internal reproductive structures of the male and female flies have been used as predictors of physiological status. I quantified expansion of the male ejaculatory apodeme in B. cacuminata with age of fly and found that there is a threshold apodeme size that is strongly correlated Abstract with sexual maturity. Maturity of female flies could be accurately predicted by ovarian development. Using these methods to assess the physiological and nutritional status of flies arriving at resources (larval host plant, protein and methyl eugenol) in the field, I discovered that only sexually mature and mated females were responding to the host plant, while the males at the host plant were sexually immature. This confirmed the hypothesis that the host plant primarily served as an oviposition site. Additionally, this study revealed that sexually mature males with high nutritional reserves were most commonly collected at methyl eugenol (a plant-derived chemical that elicits a strong response in males of many dacine species) at dusk, the time of peak sexual activity in this species. This indicated that methyl eugenol was perhaps a significant resource in the context of the reproductive behaviour of this species. Methyl eugenol (ME) is one of group of phenyl propanoids to which males of certain species of Dacinae respond. The current hypothesis of the role of these phenyl propanoids is that they function as pheromone precursor chemicals. Response to these chemicals is hypothesized to be a trait under sexual selection. In Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), this effect is so strong that a single feeding on ME results in a strong mating advantage up to a month after males feed on the chemical. Bactrocera cacuminata fed on multiple occasions on ME in a laboratory bioassay. After a single 24-hour exposure to ME, investigations of mating competitiveness did not reveal any obvious advantage for ME-fed males over unfed males. However, ME-fed males did enjoy a higher mating success 16 and 32 days after exposure to the chemical, suggesting that some physiological benefits unrelated to the pheromone synthesis was driving this delayed advantage. Investigation of the physiological consequences of feeding on ME revealed no enhancement of nutritional or energetic reserves, suggesting that the delayed mating advantage observed was more likely a chance event. An alternate hypothesis about the proximate function of ME, proposed by Robert Metcalf, is that it serves as a mate rendezvous site. As mating behaviour was notably absent at the host plant, I tested Metcalf’s hypothesis. A field-cage experiment, spatially separating adult resources (host plant, methyl eugenol, sugar and protein) clearly demonstrated that methyl eugenol was functioning as a mate rendezvous stimulus for B. cacuminata. This is the first direct support for Metcalf’s hypothesis. A synthesis of the literature revealed that significantly greater ecological and evolutionary information was required to understand the basis of dacine response to phenyl propanoids. Different dacine species may be utilizing these chemicals differently, even if their evolutionary origin may have been as a plant based kairomone. My studies show that generalizations on the ecology and behaviour of Dacinae, often extrapolated from research on a few pest species, do not hold up in the case of B. cacuminata. This suggests that a more autecological, species-specific approach is required in dacine research, before any predictive generalizations can be made.

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