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Insider trading on the JSE can be linked, directly or indirectly, to the reputation of the South African financial market. The regulation thereof is essential and a non-negotiable requirement for the successful attraction and retention of investment flows. Inadequacies associated with the regulatory framework regulating insider trading, the onus of proof in a criminal trial and the lack of civil remedies associated with insider trading as a form of market abuse, motivates a critical analysis into the regulatory framework on insider trading in South Africa. The aim of this study is therefore to identify international best practice principles to fill the gap in South Africa’s regulatory framework. This gap relates to the practical application and execution of legislative and other instruments in order to combat insider trading as a form of market abuse. A further aim focuses on the simultaneous development of the legislation relating to financial markets in conjunction with developments in the economy. A final aim is to determine whether and how South Africa can improve its current legislative dispensation on insider trading. In order to arrive at the aim of the study the historical development on the regulation of insider trading is discussed. A critical analysis of the relevant insider trading sections in the Securities Services Act 36 of 2004 is compared with the corresponding sections of the Financial Markets Act 19 of 2012. A discussion on the roles, duties and authority of the Financial Services Board, the Directorate of Market Abuse and the Enforcement Committee will assist in analysing these organisations' contribution in regulating insider trading in South Africa. A look into the application of other regulatory instruments including the JSE’s Code of Conduct is required. In order to determine whether and how South Africa can improve its current legislative dispensation on insider trading, a comparative study is conducted with Hong Kong. It is submitted that the South African regulatory framework on insider trading has to be revised in order to align with international best practice principles and to promote transparency of the JSE, promote investor confidence and ensure justice for all. / LLM (Import and Export Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Insider trading on the JSE can be linked, directly or indirectly, to the reputation of the South African financial market. The regulation thereof is essential and a non-negotiable requirement for the successful attraction and retention of investment flows. Inadequacies associated with the regulatory framework regulating insider trading, the onus of proof in a criminal trial and the lack of civil remedies associated with insider trading as a form of market abuse, motivates a critical analysis into the regulatory framework on insider trading in South Africa. The aim of this study is therefore to identify international best practice principles to fill the gap in South Africa’s regulatory framework. This gap relates to the practical application and execution of legislative and other instruments in order to combat insider trading as a form of market abuse. A further aim focuses on the simultaneous development of the legislation relating to financial markets in conjunction with developments in the economy. A final aim is to determine whether and how South Africa can improve its current legislative dispensation on insider trading. In order to arrive at the aim of the study the historical development on the regulation of insider trading is discussed. A critical analysis of the relevant insider trading sections in the Securities Services Act 36 of 2004 is compared with the corresponding sections of the Financial Markets Act 19 of 2012. A discussion on the roles, duties and authority of the Financial Services Board, the Directorate of Market Abuse and the Enforcement Committee will assist in analysing these organisations' contribution in regulating insider trading in South Africa. A look into the application of other regulatory instruments including the JSE’s Code of Conduct is required. In order to determine whether and how South Africa can improve its current legislative dispensation on insider trading, a comparative study is conducted with Hong Kong. It is submitted that the South African regulatory framework on insider trading has to be revised in order to align with international best practice principles and to promote transparency of the JSE, promote investor confidence and ensure justice for all. / LLM (Import and Export Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

The presence of insider trading in a financial market is detrimental to its functioning. Traders with public information are always at a disadvantage when negotiating with agents in possession of inside information. Thus insider trading should increase risk and should lower participation in financial markets. In this study we investigate a channel through which inside information may be transferred to market participants: social connections based on common education. We hand-collect a novel data set of the educational background of members of the board of directors of Brazilian firms and portfolio managers of stock funds. Board members hold inside information on their firms that is valuable to fund managers. We propose that these agents may engage in active social interactions if they 1) attended the same educational institution, 2) within an overlapping time window, and 3) obtained the same degree. We study if such connections influence fund managers\' portfolio decisions. We find that fund managers tend to place larger bets in companies with which they possess this sort of educational connection. We also find that these connections are economically valuable: managers tend to conduct large purchases of connected stocks prior to large increases in their return, and also tend to sell them prior to downfalls. Finally, we study if market participants view increases in a company\'s connectivity as an increase in its risk. We find that increases in connectivity are followed by increases in expected returns. We also determine that the return of holding a portfolio long in highly connected stocks and short on stocks with few connections cannot be explained by the traditional risk factors. These two results indicate that the market does indeed see connectivity as a form of risk. This is, to our knowledge, the first study of its kind for Brazil. / A presença de insider trading em um mercado financeiro é prejudicial ao seu funcionamento. Investidores com informação pública sempre estão em desvantagem quando negociam com agentes que detêm informação privilegiada. Portanto, insider trading aumenta o risco e diminui a participação em mercados financeiros. Neste estudo nós investigamos um possível canal através do qual a informação interna à firma é potencialmente transferida para participantes do mercado: conexões sociais baseadas em uma educação comum. Nós coletamos manualmente uma base de dados inédita sobre a experiência educacional de dois grupos de agentes: membros do conselho de diretores de empresas brasileiras e gestores de carteiras de fundos de ações. Os membros do conselho possuem informação privilegiada sobre suas firmas que seria valiosa para os gestores de fundos. Nós propomos que esses agentes podem engajar em contato social ativo se eles 1) frequentaram a mesma instituição de ensino, 2) em janelas de tempo sobrepostas e 3) obtiveram o mesmo diploma. A partir daí, estudamos se tais conexões influenciam as decisões de investimento dos gestores de carteiras. Nós descobrimos que gerentes de fundos tendem a alocar posições maiores em companhias com as quais eles possuem esta conexão educacional. Nós também descobrimos que tais conexões são valiosas: gerentes tendem a realizar grandes compras de ações conectadas em antecipação a aumentos em seu retorno e tendem a vender essas ações antes de quedas. Finalmente, nós estudamos se participantes do mercado veem aumentos na conectividade de uma empresa como aumentos no risco da empresa. Nós descobrimos que aumentos na conectividade são seguidos de aumentos no retorno esperado. Nós também encontramos que o retorno de um portfólio comprado em ações de alta conectividade e vendido em ações de baixa conectividade não pode ser explicado pelos fatores de risco tradicionais. Esses dois resultados indicam que o mercado vê a conectividade como uma forma de risco. Este é, ao nosso conhecimento, o primeiro trabalho de seu tipo para o Brasil.

The presence of insider trading in a financial market is detrimental to its functioning. Traders with public information are always at a disadvantage when negotiating with agents in possession of inside information. Thus insider trading should increase risk and should lower participation in financial markets. In this study we investigate a channel through which inside information may be transferred to market participants: social connections based on common education. We hand-collect a novel data set of the educational background of members of the board of directors of Brazilian firms and portfolio managers of stock funds. Board members hold inside information on their firms that is valuable to fund managers. We propose that these agents may engage in active social interactions if they 1) attended the same educational institution, 2) within an overlapping time window, and 3) obtained the same degree. We study if such connections influence fund managers\' portfolio decisions. We find that fund managers tend to place larger bets in companies with which they possess this sort of educational connection. We also find that these connections are economically valuable: managers tend to conduct large purchases of connected stocks prior to large increases in their return, and also tend to sell them prior to downfalls. Finally, we study if market participants view increases in a company\'s connectivity as an increase in its risk. We find that increases in connectivity are followed by increases in expected returns. We also determine that the return of holding a portfolio long in highly connected stocks and short on stocks with few connections cannot be explained by the traditional risk factors. These two results indicate that the market does indeed see connectivity as a form of risk. This is, to our knowledge, the first study of its kind for Brazil. / A presença de insider trading em um mercado financeiro é prejudicial ao seu funcionamento. Investidores com informação pública sempre estão em desvantagem quando negociam com agentes que detêm informação privilegiada. Portanto, insider trading aumenta o risco e diminui a participação em mercados financeiros. Neste estudo nós investigamos um possível canal através do qual a informação interna à firma é potencialmente transferida para participantes do mercado: conexões sociais baseadas em uma educação comum. Nós coletamos manualmente uma base de dados inédita sobre a experiência educacional de dois grupos de agentes: membros do conselho de diretores de empresas brasileiras e gestores de carteiras de fundos de ações. Os membros do conselho possuem informação privilegiada sobre suas firmas que seria valiosa para os gestores de fundos. Nós propomos que esses agentes podem engajar em contato social ativo se eles 1) frequentaram a mesma instituição de ensino, 2) em janelas de tempo sobrepostas e 3) obtiveram o mesmo diploma. A partir daí, estudamos se tais conexões influenciam as decisões de investimento dos gestores de carteiras. Nós descobrimos que gerentes de fundos tendem a alocar posições maiores em companhias com as quais eles possuem esta conexão educacional. Nós também descobrimos que tais conexões são valiosas: gerentes tendem a realizar grandes compras de ações conectadas em antecipação a aumentos em seu retorno e tendem a vender essas ações antes de quedas. Finalmente, nós estudamos se participantes do mercado veem aumentos na conectividade de uma empresa como aumentos no risco da empresa. Nós descobrimos que aumentos na conectividade são seguidos de aumentos no retorno esperado. Nós também encontramos que o retorno de um portfólio comprado em ações de alta conectividade e vendido em ações de baixa conectividade não pode ser explicado pelos fatores de risco tradicionais. Esses dois resultados indicam que o mercado vê a conectividade como uma forma de risco. Este é, ao nosso conhecimento, o primeiro trabalho de seu tipo para o Brasil.

Magister Legum - LLM / This study is on the insider trading framework of Tanzania. The researcher has made enquiries whether the Tanzania legal framework governing insider trading provides strong enough enforcement mechanisms, including remedies and measures against malpractices found on the securities market to attract investor confidence. Critical analysis is done of the Capital Markets and Securities Act, 79 of 1994 (RE 2002) in conjunction with an investigation into the Capital Markets and Securities Authority (CMSA) a body corporate charged with the duties among others, of protecting the integrity of the securities market and maintaining surveillance over securities to ensure orderly, fair and equitable dealings in securities. The researcher uses a comparative approach from other jurisdictions considered as international best standards of the English and South African insider trading legislation. Discussions on the study are presented in chapters. Chapter one is the general introduction to the Study. It is the reproduction of the research proposal. Chapter Two is on the overview of insider trading framework of Tanzania. An analysis is made on the provisions of the Capital Market and Securities Act, 79 of 1994 (RE 2002). It is revealed that the enforcement mechanisms are inadequate and ineffective. The Capital Market and Securities Act, 79 of 1994, (RE 2002) neither defines nor provides the interpretation to legal concepts such as insider, inside information and publication. Civil remedies and criminal penalties provided in the Tanzania Capital Market and Securities Act, 79 of 1994, (RE 2002) are inadequate for deterrent purposes to combat insider trading practices. In chapter three the researcher examines the Capital Market and Securities Authority (CMSA) in terms of fulfillments of its roles, functions, and powers. It is submitted that the CMSA and the DSE have never contributed much to resolving the problem of securities market abuses. Chapter four extend the study to the English and South Africa insider trading legislation considered as international best practice and therefore comparable. The researcher has observed that flaws in areas of prohibition, enforcements, defences and the lacuna on identified concepts of insider trading make the Tanzanian insider trading legislation remain more symbolic than real in terms of its efficiency to combating insider trading practices. Chapter five provides the conclusions and recommendations on the study. The researcher has provided recommendations on curbing the problem of insider trading in Tanzania, including repealing and enacting a new strong and effective insider trading legislation.

I analyze the relationship between insider trading outcomes and insiders' information environment within a network. While most existing studies rely on one dimension of commonality (e.g., personal ties, professional ties, geographic proximity) to construct the social network, I document the formation of the institutional investor groups (cliques) that exogenously connect firm-level insiders within the social network. Using difference-in-differences designs examining changes in clique size, I provide empirical evidence on the information dissemination channels within a network in which its members are quasi-randomly selected. Insider transactions in larger cliques exhibit lower abnormal trading profits, higher level of trading frequency, and larger amount of trade size, suggesting information dissemination is increasing in clique size. Then, I provide empirical evidence that the association between the value of information and the information dissemination rate is monotonic, consistent with prior theoretical studies. / Doctor of Philosophy / People communicate and are influenced by other people when they reside in a social network. I analyze how corporate insiders' trading outcomes are influenced by their information environment within a network. Most current research rely on one specific type of connection (e.g., personal relationships, professional relationships, geographic proximity) to build the social network, I provide evidence that firm-level insiders are involuntarily connected by the institutional investor social network (cliques). Using archival study approach, I document that insider transactions in larger cliques exhibit lower abnormal trading profits, higher level of trading frequency, and larger amount of trade size, suggesting information dissemination is increasing in clique size. Then, I provide empirical evidence that the association between the value of information and the information dissemination rate is linear, consistent with prior theoretical studies.

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The issue of capital market protection, especially from manipulation with financial instruments' prices and abuse of inside information, forms the content of this diploma thesis. After the legal introduction of market manipulation in EU directives and regulations, which gives manipulation relevant context, there follows the analysis of particular forms of manipulation, which can be used to influence prices of investment instruments. Then, analysis of impact of investment recommendation to selected stock prices (i.e. NWR, ERSTE and Telefónica O2), which are traded on Czech stock market RM-System, is performed. Final chapter of the thesis handles the analysis of some market manipulation and insider trading cases from the past, together with the discussion of impacts of stricter regulation of financial markets to their efficient functioning.

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