本研究探討以知識為基礎的產業如何形成與發展而達成產業創新。更特定言，本研究探討基於知識技術以及組織制度結構所產生之權力關係，如何透過行動者與情境條件之互動，以社群型態之集體行動使其發生轉變，進而影響產業創新之結果。 為了凸顯不同的知識特性與情境條件，本研究選擇以台灣的晶圓代工與法國的卡介苗及B型肝炎疫苗為個案，以透過其歷程的描述來瞭解知識社群與創新社群之於產業創新的關係。個案的主要觀察內容包括創新活動權力關係的源由與類型、不同階段集體行動的特性、以及與產業創新效果的關連。 本研究發現創新活動中之存在兩類權力關係，第一類是基於行動者對知識或技術本身之控制或掌握能力，是屬於知識性的權力關係；第二類是基於行動者對該項知識技術得以運用情境之影響能力，為結構性的權力關係。而行動者產生的集體行動，即分別以「知識社群」之共同語言機制轉變基於知識技術的權力關係，以「創新社群」的價值共識過程轉變基於制度結構的權力關係，而促成產業創新。 本研究亦發現社群的形成與既有的權力關係結構有關。而隨著所欲動員於產業創新的資源條件愈龐大，即待轉變的表面權力關係愈為複雜，以社群實現產業創新愈為重要。而知識與創新社群間的互動，特別是反餽的現象，特別有助於產業創新的實現。另知識和創新社群的行動者有重疊之可能，尤其特定的關鍵行動者將同時扮演知識社群與創新社群中的重要角色。 / The dissertation studies the formation and development of communities in industrial innovations of emerging technology. A community is defined as a group of actors that, strongly influenced by their contexts, voluntarily contribute to enforcement of the capability that aims at realizing their common interests. As a specific form of collective actions, the communities are critical in coordinating various actors by gradually shaping the power relations between them, thus smoothing the potential conflicts during the relatively radical innovation. In the study, two cases are chosen for observing the communitarian processes. The first case is the semiconductor foundry in Taiwan. The second one is the vaccine industry in France. The later further comprises two subcases. One is BCG innovations. The other is the vaccine anti-hepatitis B. Based on a prior case study and literature reviews, two types of communities are proposed to examine the two case studies. The first type of communities is a “knowledge community” in which innovative actors contribute voluntarily in creation and diffusion of knowledge centered at the specific technological innovation. The second type is an “innovation community” in which innovative actors from different sectors contribute together to the application of the specific technology. The study found that a technological power relation that is from the incapability of controlling an emerging technology or of controlling those who own the technology is a barrier to industrial innovation. the knowledge community is capable of transforming a technological power relation, via the formation and diffusion of a common language, for realizing the industrial innovation. It reveals that a structural power relation that is from the actors’ ignorance or resistance to the application of an emerging technology is a barrier to industrial innovation. The innovation community is capable of transforming a structural power relation, via the formation and diffusion of a common value, for realizing the industrial innovation. Moreover, the larger the distance that a surface power relation is from its realistic power relation, that is, the more the disequilibrium of a power relation has, the more efforts are required for a community to contribute in industrial innovation. On the other hand, the more the positive feedbacks between a knowledge community and an innovation community, that is, the more the outcomes of the knowledge community that enhance a common value of the innovation community, and the more the outcomes of the innovation community that enhance the diffusion and deepening of a common language of the knowledge community, the easier the realization of an industrial innovation. Finally, a key actor as a community member has a strategic meaning that the key actor reacts to deepen a common language or to increase a common value so as to facilitate the formation and development of a knowledge community or an innovation community, thus realizing the industrial innovation.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

D'origine modeste, Achille Joseph Urbain (1884-1957) devient vétérinaire militaire en 1906. Il soutient une thèse de botanique en 1920, puis travaille à l'Institut Pasteur de Paris dans le laboratoire de Besredka. En 1931, Urbain entre au Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle de Paris où il devient, en 1934, le premier titulaire de la chaire d' « Éthologie des animaux sauvages ». Cofondateur du Parc zoologique de Vincennes et préoccupé de protection de la nature dans un cadre national et international, le savant remplit les fonctions de directeur du Muséum de 1942 à 1949. Notre problématique consiste à élucider les mécanismes d'acquisition de sa popularité auprès des scientifiques et du grand public, puis de sa chute dans l'oubli. L'analyse des travaux scientifiques qu'Urbain réalise avec plus de 80 collaborateurs - vétérinaires, pastoriens, médecins des hôpitaux, pharmaciens, zoologistes -, montre que le savant s'est d'abord fait connaître par ses travaux d'immunologie appliquée. Cependant, la qualité de ses travaux scientifiques n'a pas été le seul modus operandi de sa célébrité. Celle-ci s'est construite grâce à la mise en oeuvre de différents réseaux - scientifiques, politiques, médiatiques, mondains -, jusqu'à l'accession d'Urbain à l'Académie nationale de Médecine (1941) et au poste de directeur du Muséum (1942). La fonction de directeur du Parc zoologique de Vincennes et ses voyages - largement médiatisés - dans l'Empire colonial français, expliquent la notoriété d'Urbain auprès du grand public. Quelques éléments permettent d'expliquer pourquoi le savant est aujourd'hui tombé dans l'oubli. Cette absence de notoriété actuelle tient en premier lieu à ses travaux scientifiques sans grande originalité, mais aussi à un moindre degré à la subversion des thèmes scientifiques liés à sa chaire professorale. Il faut aussi chercher du côté de la caution morale qu'Urbain donne finalement aux pratiques coloniales de l'époque. À ses différents facteurs, il faut sans doute ajouter un désintérêt général pour l'histoire naturelle dans les années 1960, des problèmes financiers qui empêchent le Muséum d'investir dans la rénovation du Zoo de Vincennes et une prévention nouvelle du public vis-à-vis de la captivité animale / From a humble background, Achille Joseph Urbain (1884-1957) became a military veterinarian in 1906. He submitted his botany dissertation in 1920, and then worked in Besredka’s laboratory at the Pasteur Institute of Paris. In 1931, Urbain joined the National Museum of Natural History of Paris, in which, he became the first holder of the chair of “ Ethology of wild animals ” in 1934. Cofounder of the zoological park of Vincennes and concerned with protection of nature in the national and international environment, the scientist carried out his functions as Director of the Museum from 1942 to 1949. Our subject consists in clearing up the mechanisms by which Urbain acquired his fame among the scientists and the general public, and which accounted for his fall into oblivion. The analysis of the scientific studies which Urbain carried out with more than 80 collaborators –veterinarians, scientists of the Pasteur Institute, medical doctors, pharmacists, zoologists – shows that the scientist first made himself known for his studies on applied immunology. However, the high standard of his scientific studies is not the only modus operandi of his fame. It was built with the implementation of different networks – scientists, politicians, journalists, colonial residents, High society people –until Urbain was elected to the National Academy of Medicine (1941) and appointed to the position of Director of the Museum (1942). His function as Director of the zoological park of Vincennes and his travels – widely publicized – in the French colonial Empire explain Urbain’s fame among the general public. A few elements can explain why the scientist has nowadays fallen into oblivion. His current lack of fame is due first to the fact that his scientific studies had with no great originality, but also in a lesser degree to the subversion of the scientific themes linked to his teaching chair. We should also look for some reasons to the moral support that Urbain gave to the colonial practices of the time. To these different factors, we should add the general lack of interest in natural science in the 1960s, the financial issues which prevented the Museum from investing in the renovation of the Zoo de Vincennes and the emerging dislike of the general public towards the captivity of animals

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal