En s’appuyant sur les ressources de la science politique et du droit public, cette thèse se donne pour objectif de comprendre le rôle de la seconde chambre française. À dessein, elle tend à considérer combien ce dernier est fonction de sa légitimité. Ce travail ne se donnera donc pas pour but de répondre à la question de la légitimité du Sénat, mais de comprendre comment l’appréciation de cette dernière par l’institution le conduit à interpréter les normes qui lui sont applicables. Le jugement subjectif que l’institution sénatoriale porte sur sa légitimité doit ainsi être envisagé comme une variable explicative des divergences entre le droit et son application. S’appuyant sur une approche institutionnaliste, ce travail analysera la légitimité comme contrainte et comme liberté de définition du rôle et d’interprétation des normes. Contrainte, l’institution l’est, car elle oblige le Sénat à se conformer à ce qu’elle juge être l’interprétation légitime de son rôle. Libre, le Sénat le demeure, car il reste juge et arbitre de ces contraintes à condition de savoir emprunter les chemins balisés par le droit. Dès lors, il convient de repenser la légitimité institutionnelle comme structure de contrainte de la décision permettant d’expliquer l’interprétation de la norme et l’équilibre du système politique. / Based on political science and public law resources, this thesis aims at understanding the role of the French Second Chamber. It considers how this role could be a function of its legitimacy. This work is not, therefore, intended to address the question of the Senate legitimacy, but to understand how the institution's appraisal about this legitimacy leads it to interpret the norms which are applicable to it. The subjective judgment that the senatorial institution focuses on its legitimacy must thus be considered as an explanatory variable of the discrepancies between the law and its application, especially during critical junctures. Relying on an institutionalist approach, this work will analyze legitimacy as a constraint and as a freedom to define a role and to interpret norms. The institution is, in fact, forced since it obliges the Senate to comply with what it considers to be the legitimate interpretation of its role. In fact, the Senate stays free since it remains judge and mediator of these constraints provided that it follows the path dependency marked by history and law. Therefore, it is important to reconsider the institutional legitimacy as a straining structure of the decision allowing to explain the interpretation of the norms and the equilibrium of the political system.

La réforme économique en Chine a été largement appréhendée comme un processus dans lequel le paternaliste danwei a été remplacé par le contrat de travail, un concept plutôt libéral. A cet égard, le déclin de bien-être à caractère socialiste et la montée d’assurance sociale sont considérés comme un phénomène de marche, les récents législations sociales sont discutés dans le cadre polanyien de double-mouvement qui invoque la dichotomie entre état et marche. Cette étude vise à offrir une perspective alternative en repensant l’évolution de la transformation moderne du travail en Chine d’une manière institutionnelle. Nous montrons que la structure de l'emploi héritée de danwei était au cœur des lois du travail de la Chine en temps de réforme. La protection de l’emploi reste pertinente tandis que l’afflux de main-d’œuvre informelle en provenance des zones rurales a explosé dans les secteurs privés urbains. Eux, ils sont devenus de plus en plus des outsiders du marché du travail qui sont vulnérables quant à leur condition précaire. Cette configuration institutionnelle correspond à une structure hiérarchique dans laquelle le ‘insider’ se distingue clairement du ‘outsider’ en termes de stabilité de l'emploi et de bien-être social. Malgré les récentes législations qui visent à rendre l'assurance sociale plus inclusive, notre étude de terrain sur la résolution des conflits du travail dans l'arbitrage et le tribunal a montré que la capacité de mobiliser la loi peut différer en termes de préoccupation personnelle sur le marché du travail. L'approche de capabilité et la sociologie du droit nous permettent de développer un cadre analytique nuancé permettant d'identifier la raison sous-jacente pour laquelle les individus adoptent différentes stratégies tout en contestant la loi abstraite dans une situation concrète. Notre étude conclut que la législation du travail ne sont pas nécessairement des réactions intentionnelles à la dynamique du marché mais plutôt, en tant que forme essentielle de convention sociale, a initié le cadre dans lequel les parties coordonnent leurs activités économiques. / Market reform in China has been widely understood as a process in which paternalistic socialist danwei was replaced by labour contract that is liberal-oriented. In this regard, decline of all-encompassing welfare arrangements and the rise of social insurance is seen by mainstream as a market phenomenon, recent legislations on social rights are discussed within Polanyian double-movement framework which invokes the dichotomy between state intervention and market.This study provides an alternative perspective by rethinking the evolution of China’s modern labour transformation in an institutional way. We show that inherited employment structure rooted in danwei lied at the core of China’s labour laws in reform time. Employment protection remained relevant while influx of informal labour from rural area boomed in urban private sectors. The later, increasingly became labour market outsiders who are vulnerable as to their precarious condition. This institutional configuration amounted to a hierarchical structure in which core workforce is clearly distinguished from precarious one in terms of job stability and welfare benefit. Despite the recent legislations which aim at making social insurance more inclusive, through our field study on labour dispute resolution practice in the labour arbitration and court, we found that the extent to which people can benefit favourable legal terms is contingent as the ability to mobilize law can differ in terms of people’s own preoccupation in the labour market. The Capability approach and Sociology of Law allow us to develop a nuanced analytical framework whereby we could identify the underlying reason why people take various strategies while contesting ‘abstract law’ in concrete situation. Our study concludes that labour legislations are not necessarily intentional reactions to market momentum but rather, as essential form of social convention, initiated the framework in which parties coordinate their economic activities.

Thesis (S.M.)--Joint Program in Applied Ocean Science and Engineering (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Ocean Engineering and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), September 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 65-67). / As part of Phase III of the U.S. GLOBEC Georges Bank program, drogued drifters and dye tracer were released into the pycnocline on the southern flank of Georges Bank to measure advective and diffusive transport relative to the tidal mixing front in May 1999. Potential density measurements placed the tidal mixing front around the 50-55 m isobath on the southern flank. Drogued drifter movement relative to the front was on the order of the drifter's slip velocity and therefore did not support the existence of a mean, advective flow. No movement relative to the front of the dye patch center of mass also indicated a lack of advective flow. Diffusive transport did occur as the dye patch spread laterally both toward and away from the front much as would be predicted by the diffusion relationship of Okubo (1971), who summarized diffusion experiments in the surface ocean. The dye did not spread symmetrically, but was rather elongated along the isobaths. This can be attributed to vertical shear in the along-isobath current that was measured by the shipboard ADCP. / by Jody M. Katerin. / S.M.

Thesis (S.M.)--Joint Program in Applied Ocean Science and Engineering (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Ocean Engineering and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 105). / This thesis examines data collected in the South China Sea (SCS) component of the 2001 Asian Seas International Acoustic Experiment (ASIAEX), where a fixed Horizontal Linear Array (HLA) was deployed to study transverse array coherence in a coastal environment. Arrays obtain their gain and directivity by coherently adding the energy that impinges on them. Therefore, to maximize the efficiency of an array, the size of the aperture over which the signal remains coherent needs to be determined. Scattering of sound by the ocean environment, especially in coastal areas, reduces the coherence of acoustic signals, and thereby limits the useful aperture of an acoustic array. During ASIAEX, a horizontal linear array was deployed on the continental shelf of the South China Sea in order to directly measure the acoustic coherence in a coastal environment. 224 Hz and 400 Hz sources were placed on the continental slope to provide an up slope propagation path and a 400 Hz source was placed on the shelf to provide an along shelf propagation path. This thesis analyzes one day of transmissions from these three sources and gives the first look at coherence lengths of the HLA determined by sensor-to-sensor correlations. To achieve this, the thesis analyzes continuous time series data from the Long Base Line (LBL) navigation system and two days of light bulb drops to provide array sensor localization. Accurate sensor positions are needed to determine the correlation versus sensor separation distance and ultimately the array coherence length. / by Theodore Herbert Schroeder. / S.M.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Joint Program in Applied Ocean Science and Engineering (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Ocean Engineering and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), February 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 211-219). / This thesis develops methods useful for estimating zooplankton distributions in the field by combining acoustic scattering models and an integrated set of field data. The accuracy of existing scattering models for fluid-like and elastic-shelled animals is determined by analysis of scattering data from individual animals in a laboratory tank. Results indicate that simple two-ray scattering models are accurate and allow predictions of size or orientation of an animal to be made for certain animal orientations. A scattering model for gas-bearing zooplankton is compared with in situ multiple frequency acoustic measurements from siphonophores. Estimates of the numerical density of these animals are made using echo integration data from a scientific echo-sounder. Multiple frequency acoustic scattering data from a survey of an internal wave are analyzed to determine the contributions from biological and physical sources. Net tow data provide information about biological scatterers while temperature and salinity profiles are used with a theoretical scattering model to predict contributions from physical sources. Results indicate that scattering from physical sources is comparable to that from biological sources in certain regions and that scattering spectra may be used to distinguish these sources. Improved estimates of biomass from acoustic scattering data were made by accounting for the scattering contributions from physical sources. This is the first work to quantify the scattering contributions from biological and physical sources of scattering in a field study. / by Joseph David Warren. / Ph.D.

Thesis (S.M.)--Joint Program in Applied Ocean Science and Engineering (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 85-89). / Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) have been established as a viable tool for Oceanographic Sciences. Being untethered and independent, AUVs fill the gap in Ocean Exploration left by the existing manned submersible and remotely operated vehicles (ROV) technology. AUVs are attractive as cheaper and efficient alternatives to the older technologies and are breaking new ground in many applications. Designing an autonomous vehicle to work in the harsh environment of the deep ocean comes with its set of challenges. This paper discusses how the current engineering technologies can be adapted to the design of AUVs. Recently, as the AUV technology has matured, we see AUVs being used in a variety of applications ranging from sub-surface sensing to sea-floor mapping. The design of the AUV, with its tight constraints, is very sensitive to the target application. Keeping this in mind, the goal of this thesis is to understand how some of the major issues affect the design of the AUV. This paper also addresses the mechanical and materials issues, power system design, computer architecture, navigation and communication systems, sensor considerations and long term docking aspects that affect AUV design. With time, as the engineering sciences progress, the AUV design will have to change in order to optimize its performance. Thus, the fundamental issues discussed in this paper can assist in meeting the challenge of maintaining AUV design on par with modern technology. / by Vikrant P. Shah. / S.M.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science and Engineering (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Biology; and, the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2004. / Includes bibliographical references. / The purpose of this thesis is to study campanulariid life cycle evolution and systematics. The Campanulariidae is a hydrozoan family with many life cycle variations, and provide an excellent model system to study life cycle evolution. Additionally, the unique campanulariid Obelia medusae may have been "re-invented" from ancestors without medusae. Chapter 1 reviews campanulariid life cycles and taxonomy. Chapter 2 presents a phylogeny based on 18S rDNA, calmodulin, 16S rDNA and cytochrome c oxidase I (COI). Ancestral life cycles are reconstructed using parsimony. Medusa loss is common, and Obelia may derive from ancestors with typical medusae. Taxonomic results are discussed in Chapter 3. Billardia, a nominal campanulariid, appears phylogenetically distant, while Bonneviella spp. (Bonneviellidae), are nested within the Campanulariidae. Campanulariid genera are not monophyletic. Orthopyxis integra and Clytia gracilis may represent cryptic species, while Obelia longissima may be cosmopolitan. Chapter 4 investigates Obelia geniculata phylogeography. Japanese and North Atlantic 16S rDNA and COI sequences are calibrated against the opening of the Bering Strait. Substitution rates are faster than in anthozoans and comparable to non-cnidarian invertebrates. Comparison of Pacific and Atlantic sequences suggests cryptic species exist. Finally, hydroids in New Brunswick, Canada and Iceland may have survived the last glaciation. / by Annette Frese Govindarajan. / Ph.D.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science and Engineering (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Biology, and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 130-138). / Mark-recapture analysis of populations is becoming an important tool in population biology. Mark-recapture methods can be used to estimate transition probabilities among life-stages from capture histories of marked individuals for which stages can be determined at each sampling occasion. This method is called a multi-stage mark-recapture (MSMR) method. In this thesis, I describe advances I made in the MSMR method and present analyses that apply this method to actual data. The advances I made in the MSMR method are motivated by a need to provide a link between mark-recapture data and demographic models such as matrix population models and integrodifference models. I resolve some issues that are commonly encountered during sampling, such as the fact that the sex or life-stage of some individuals is unknown during some sampling occasions and that individuals become unobservable during some life-stages. I introduce a stage-structure that permits simple conversion of estimated transition probabilities into a matrix population model. I describe an algorithm to simplify programming for parameter estimation. I also introduce a method to estimate the distribution of dispersal displacements (a dispersal kernel) from mark-recapture data. I apply some of the methods described above to data of the North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis). The right whales are considered one of the most endangered mammals. The current population size is about 300 in the northwestern Atlantic, and the number is declining. I applied the multi-stage mark-recapture statistics to the 17-year in- dividual sighting history data. / (cont.) Using the estimated transition probabilities, I constructed a population projection matrix, which was used for further demographic analyses. I found that the population was slowly increasing in 1980, but it started to decline slowly around 1992. I show that (1) this change was caused by increased mortality of females that have just given birth, (2) protecting two females a year from the deaths is enough to prevent the declining trend, and (3) demographic stochasticity is a more important factor influencing their long-term viability than environmental stochasticity. / by Masami Fujiwara. / Ph.D.

Inledning: Den första oktober år 2023 ändrades arbetstidslagen vilket i kombination med tidigare lagstiftning skapade dilemman för arbetsgivare och chefer inom kommunal verksamhet. Framförallt var det första linjens chefer som fick flera utmaningar i och med förändringen. Syfte: Syftet var att kartlägga och identifiera olika upplevda utmaningar inom ramen för införandet av de nya arbetstidsreglerna. Metod: Vi har valt att använda oss av en fallstudie med semistrukturerade intervjuer av enhetschefer i kommunal sektor med inriktning mot hälso- och sjukvård i Väst- och Mellansverige för att besvara vårt syfte. Teori: I vår studie använde vi oss av relevanta teorier för att skapa en förståelse kring ledarskap vid förändringsarbete i regelstyrda organisationer. Slutsats: Vi har identifierat ett antal utmaningar för första linjens chefer relaterade till införandet av arbetstidslagen. Vår studie visade att kommunikation, ledningsstöd, processer och IT, planering och personalfrågor samt uppföljning är områden i vilka våra respondenter har upplevt utmaningar. / Introduction: On the first of October, 2023, the working hours law changed, creating dilemmas for employers and managers in municipal operations, in conjunction with previous legislation. It was primarily the first line managers who faced several challenges due to this change. Purpose: The purpose was to map and identify various perceived challenges related to the implementation of the new working hours regulations. Method: We have chosen to conduct a case study with semi-structured interviews of unit managers in the municipal sector, focusing on health and healthcare in Western and Central Sweden, to address our purpose. Theory: In our study, we employed relevant theories to establish an understanding of leadership in change processes within rule-governed organizations. Conclusion: We have identified a number of challenges for first line managers in the implementation of the working hours law. Our study indicates that communication, management support, processes and IT, planning and personnel issues, and follow-up are areas where our respondents have experienced challenges.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science and Engineering (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2003. / This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 299-310). / Inertial terms dominate the single-gyre ocean model and prevent western-intensification when the viscosity is small. This occurs long before the oceanically-appropriate parameter range. It is demonstrated here that the circulation is controlled if a mechanism for ultimate removal of vorticity exists, even if it is active only in a narrow region near the boundary. Vorticity removal is modeled here as a viscosity enhanced very near the solid boundaries to roughly parameterize missing boundary physics like topographic interaction and three dimensional turbulence over the shelf. This boundary-enhanced viscosity allows western-intensified mean flows even when the inertial boundary width is much wider than the frictional region because eddies flux vorticity from within the interior streamlines to the frictional region for removal. Using boundary-enhanced viscosity, western-intensified calculations are possible with lower interior viscosity than in previous studies. Interesting behaviors result: a boundary-layer balance novel to the model, calculations with promise for eddy param- eterization, eddy-driven gyres rotating opposite the wind, and temporal complexity including basin resonances. / (cont.) I also demonstrate that multiple-gyre calculations have weaker mean circulation than single-gyres with the same viscosity and subtropical forcing. Despite traditional understanding, almost no inter-gyre flux occurs if no-slip boundary conditions are used. The inter-gyre eddy flux is in control only with exactly symmetric gyres and free slip boundaries. Even without the inter-gyre flux, the multiple-gyre circulation is weak because of sinuous instabilities on the jet which are not present in the single-gyre model. These modes efficiently flux vorticity to the boundary and reduce the circulation without an inter-gyre flux, postponing inertial domination to much smaller viscosities. / by Baylor Fix-Kemper. / Ph.D.