The UN and NATO have implemented separate approaches to civilian-military cooperation. Central in both approaches is a need for information sharing between civilian and military actors. Without shared information, cooperative planning becomes impossible. For military actors secret information makes sharing difficult and for civilian actors, principles hinder close cooperation. Scholars in the field of intelligence study have identified that states and organizations share information if the benefits of such, outweigh costs and risks. This thesis examines institutional differences between the UN mission MINUSMA in Mali and NATO mission ISAF in Afghanistan, in order to better understand how institutional factors, affect sharing of information. With an outset in Rational Choice Institutionalism and by use of Elinor Ostrom’s Institutional Development and Analysis Framework, an analytical instrument is designed. Through inductive review of interviews, first-hand accounts and reports; factors that drive, enable and hinder civilian-military sharing are indicated. The thesis indicates that the institutional framework of MINUSMA forms interdependency between civilian and military actors, while sharing in ISAF was enabled only when common goals were agreed upon. Military and civilian actors, in both MINUSMA and ISAF point to unclear mandates and vague goals as primary barriers to civilian-military sharing.

Cette thèse étudie la coordination des équipes et la polycentricité en proposant une approche ératique d’une analyse institutionnelle de la coordination. En effet, la définition de la coordination n’est pas aisée même si le terme est utilisé quotidiennement dans différents domaines et tout particulièrement celui de la santé. La coordination s’appliquerait aujourd’hui aussi bien aux actions, qu’aux acteurs ou aux éléments d’une activité. Malone et Crowston (1994) relèvent que la coordination est tellement présente dans notre quotidien que nous ne la percevons principalement que lorsqu’elle est défaillante. Pour affiner la compréhension de la coordination étudiée à l’aide des théories des organisations et des théories des comportements organisationnels, de récentes contributions ont privilégié une analyse du caractère micro social, continu et situé de la coordination. Elles examinent les pratiques de coordination développées par les acteurs sur le terrain (par exemple, Faraj, Xiao 2006 ; Bechky, 2006; Kellogg et al., 2006; Jarzabkowski, et al., 2012; Harrison et Rouse, 2014; Schakel et al., 2016; Ben-Menahem et al., 2016; Wolbers et al., 2017 ; Bouty et Drucker-Godard, 2018). L’analyse de la coordination s’inscrirait ainsi dans l’examen des effets récursifs entre pratiques concrètes de coordination et influences institutionnelles. Pour autant, force est de constater que la littérature peine à démontrer ces influences réciproques. L’environnement institutionnel est complexe : de nombreux centres de décisions peuvent être identifiés et sont interdépendants (Ostrom V. et al, 1961). Pour investiguer ces environnements, OstromE (2005) proposent une conception polycentrique de la diversité institutionnelle qui permet de comprendre comment l’on peut mettre en lien l’organisation des moyens pour réaliser une action collective, coordonnée au niveau institutionnel aussi divers soit-il, et les pratiques des acteurs au sein d’arènes d’action. Cette thèse montre que l’approche pratique de l’analyse et développement institutionnel (ADI) proposée par Ostrom E. permet de combiner les différentes analyses de la coordination menées jusqu’à présent dans la littérature gestionnaire au sein d’un même modèle. A l’aide d’une recherche qualitative compréhensive de la coordination des équipes du secours d’urgence pré-hospitalier, nous proposons un cadre d’analyse de la coordination intégrant les différentes approches de la coordination développées en sciences de gestion. Nous détaillons ainsi un élément central du cadre ADI d’Ostrom E. : l’arène d’action qui est le lieu de pratiques de coordination. La prise en compte de la diversité institutionnelle en action amène à repenser l’équipe en méta-collectif. Il est une formation spécifique faite d’interrelations entre de multiples participants d’arènes d’action intriquées. La déclinaison du concept de polycentricité en gestion nous permet également de concevoir des systèmes où un rapport à une ressource est la base d’un système fait d’interrelations vigilantes et responsables. Cette thèse montre également l’importance de composer avec la diversité institutionnelle pour faire face à l’ensemble des situations possibles dans des contextes complexes comme ceux du secours d’urgence pré-hospitalier. Nous proposons de sortir de la logique d’unification comme seule possibilité d’efficience tant les systèmes multi-institutionnels sont flexibles, résilients et sûrs notamment grâce aux retours d’expériences formalisés ou informels qu’il faut encourager. Cependant, dans ces contextes polycentriques un système de règles robuste et adaptable doit être préservé. Le système peut s’adapter de lui-même par modification régulière des dispositions pour agir. L’attention doit alors se porter sur le passage de « règles en usages » au stade « règles institutionnalisées » pour assurer la fiabilité du système. / This thesis studies team coordination and polycentricity by proposing a practical approach to an institutional analysis of coordination. Indeed, the definition of coordination is not easy even if the term is used daily in different areas and especially that of health. Coordination would apply today to actions, actors or elements of an activity. Malone and Crowston (1994) note that coordination is so much present in our daily lives that we only perceive it mainly when it is failing. To refine the understanding of the coordination, studied using organization theory or organizational behavior theory, recent contributions have recognized an analysis of the microsocial, continuous and situated nature of coordination. They examine the coordination practices developed by the actors in the field (e.g. Faraj, Xiao 2006 ; Bechky, 2006; Kellogg and al., 2006; Jarzabkowski, and al., 2012; Harrison and Rouse, 2014; Schakel and al., 2016; BenMenahem and al., 2016; Wolbers and al., 2017 ; Bouty and Drucker-Godard, 2018). The analysis of coordination would thus be part of the examination of the recursive effects between concrete practices of coordination and institutional influences. However, it is clear that the literature struggles to demonstrate these reciprocal influences. The institutional environment is complex, many decision centers can be identified and are interdependent (Ostrom et al, 1961). In order to investigate these environments, Ostrom (2005) propose a polycentric conception of institutional diversity which enables us to understand how we can link the organization of the means to achieve a collective action, coordinated at institutional level as diverse as it can be, and the practices of the actors within action arenas. This thesis shows that the practical approach of the analysis and institutional development framework (ADI) proposed by Ostrom makes possible the combination of the different coordination analyzes carried out so far in the management literature within the same model. Using a comprehensive qualitative research on the coordination of pre-hospital emergency teams, we propose a coordination analysis framework integrating the different approaches to coordination developed in management sciences. We detail a central element of Ostrom's IAD framework: the action arena which is the place of coordination practices. Taking into account institutional diversity in action, leads us to rethink the team in meta-collective. It is a specific training made of interrelationships between multiple participants of intricate action arenas. The concept of polycentricity in management also allows us to design systems where a relationship to a resource is the basis of a system of vigilant and responsible interrelationships. This thesis also demonstrates the importance of dealing with institutional diversity, to deal with all possible situations in complex contexts, such as pre-hospital emergency relief. We propose to leave the logic of unification as the only possibility of efficiency as the multi-institutional systems are flexible, resilient and safe, especially thanks to the formalized or informal feedback that must be encouraged. However, in these polycentric contexts a robust and adaptable rule system must be preserved. The system can adapt itself by regularly changing the provisions for action. Attention must then be turned to the transition from "rules in use" to the stage of "institutionalized rules" to ensure the reliability of the system.

No description available.

Institutions are the heuristic building blocks of human interactions, or the rules that humans use to structure interaction in the social world. Institutions are both universal, meaning that all people possess them and use them, and institutions are also ever-changing and evolving to adapt to new situations and social dilemmas. This literature review in this study demonstrates the need to use Institutional Analysis in the field of educational policy research, and then establishes groundwork of Institutional literature. The research questions ask whether institutions can be captured, and if so what the institutions of accountability policy are. Accountability policy, specifically the rating system established under ESEA Flexibility, serves as the policy though which institutions are examined because of its complexity and omnipresence in education today. The findings suggest that institutions can be captured and that educators and policymakers are engaged in an institutional clash.

In my thesis I am dealing with problem of predation of great cormorant on fishery supplies in the Czech Republic. In the first part I explain the problem, describe historical development and current status. I also mention situation in other EU countries, which does have some characteristics similar with the Czech Republic. In the end of the first part I will quantify damage caused by cormorant and I will show how this damage could be estimated. In the second part I am applying scheme of institutional analysis called Institutional Analysis and Development. Firstly I will explain this scheme and then I will apply it on the problem of great cormorant in the Czech Republic. Aim of my thesis is to find a recommendation how organizations and institutions should be set in order to help to resolve this issue.

The United States’ electric macro-grid provides electricity for all people to sustain our lifestyle. The current governing institutions that generate our electricity limit community representation, causing procedural injustice particularly to communities of color. This thesis is a contribution to the Energy Democracy literature, describing a community-based electricity model that includes two components: property and people. I argue to include an in-depth study of John Locke’s theories on property, in addition to Elinor Ostrom’s Institutional Analysis and Development Framework to promote local knowledge in understanding how physical space and governing bodies strengthen the Energy Democracy movement. In addition, I utilize the works from Karl Marx and Grace Lee Boggs to describe the process of local self-reliance to community empowerment. This Energy Democracy approach centering property and people aims to revolutionize a system that promotes equity and democracy.

Payments for ecosystem services (PES), or conservation incentives, are an increasingly popular approach to encouraging natural resources conservation on private lands. The goal of PES approaches is to motivate conservation by private landowners that would not otherwise take place by providing an economic incentive. To achieve this goal, incentive programs must be available to landowners who can provide the desired services; supportive policy structures must be in place; landowners must be willing to participate as sellers of ecosystem services; and the program itself must have an institutional structure that effectively regulates the production, sale, and maintenance of targeted ecosystem services. This dissertation uses a combination of case study and comparative research methods to develop new knowledge and tools for assessing each of these necessary conditions for success. The potential development of an incentive program to conserve habitat for endangered jaguars in southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico is used as a case study to understand the attitudes of ranchers toward participation in PES programs and related policies and regulations. Results show that ranchers have strong intrinsic conservation motivations unrelated to economic incentives, coupled with significant concerns about the impacts of government regulations that could accompany participation in a PES program. Comparative research of the institutional structures of existing PES programs is carried out using the Institutional Analysis and Development framework. Focusing on water quality trading, one of the most common types of PES program, a classification system for PES program institutional arrangements is developed and the utility of the classification system for analyzing institutional diversity is demonstrated. Together, the case study and comparative research provide a means of linking empirical assessment of PES governance models with the preferences of targeted participants, increasing the likelihood of successful conservation outcomes.

La ricerca considera il problema dell'effettività dell'aiuto pubblico allo sviluppo secondo una prospettiva istituzionale. Nello specifico,la sostenibilità di accordi cooperativi tra donors and recipients viene considerata con riferimento a modelli istituzionali teorici. Il sistema di incentivi che determina la natura della relazione d'aiuto nel caso del General Budget Support è inoltre considerato con riferimento alla più recente prassi sviluppatasi in Tanzania. / The researches considers that issues that are inherently connected with the type of donor-recipient relationship affect the productivity of aid. This is mainly because incentives embodied in the relation shape party behaviours. The basic elements that characterized the aid relationship and the incentives that aid organization face, are in fact altered according to the institutional set in which money flows. Different aid modalities bear in themselves the potential of acting on the aid relationship by changing the basic rules of the game. General Budget Support (GBS), as a new aid modality represents quite an interesting institution. Getting the “incentives” right for cooperation, in such a context, would imply a rethinking of the basic theoretical model and organizational features on the ground of the evolving practices and specific technology of provision. The research aim is opening a route of possible investigation into the dynamics of incentives related to international cooperation at country level. Tanzania has been chosen among a series of possible cases study as in the Sub Saharan Africa panorama it represents one of most successful cases of GBS implementation. The analysis is grounded on a general institutional analysis that puts at the centre of observation the structure of the negotiations between the group of donors and the recipient government. The framework employed represents an adaptation of the Institutional Analysis for Development. The purpose of understanding the set of explicit and hidden motivations is functional to better delineate the contractual set in which the bulk of relations takes place.Results obtained from the empirical analysis are considered in a theoretical fashion with the purpose of generalizing on the main structural change caused by GBS on the donor-recipient relation. Concepts are taken from NIE and organizational theory to study the governance structure of aid relations.

In order to understand how policies are made, analysts need to be able to explain and describe the policy making process. This is a complex task due to the variety and complexity of policy making environments. The difficulty lies in accounting for the multiple actors who come and go, differing preferences, and impending problems and solutions sets which vary by policy environment. Therefore, there is a need to approach the understanding of policy processes from several different theoretical perspectives to aid in evaluating the multifaceted variations which ultimately affect policy making. An improved description of processes can lead to more accurate predictions of possible future policies, improved advocacy efforts, and enhanced problem solving. Two policy process frameworks, the Multiple Stream Framework (MSF) and the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework, were applied to a recent significant change in science policy. An understanding is developed to explain how federal science funding survived within the highly controversial and costly American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA). The volatile and unpredictable nature of science policy lends itself well to the MSF, while the more static IAD is less useful to explain how and why the funds stayed in the bill. This is telling about the scope and adaptability of the two frameworks, where each may be better suited for different policy environments. The MSF being more appropriate for unstable and capricious policy issues and the IAD better matched for policy issues which have a somewhat more stable environment.

Droughts are occurring globally and should be recognized as a global issue and drought planning should use a proactive approach on the part of the world community. However, much drought planning, even in developed and highly developed countries, is reactive and programs are often poorly coordinated sometimes with unforeseen negative consequences for marginalized and disenfranchised populations. Literature pertaining to planning strategy for existing, drought crises is nominal and often contributes to patterns of reactiveness and resulting inequity. To gain a better understanding of crisis-driven planning and the participatory process, this gap was viewed through the lenses of institutional analysis and development and procedural justice and fairness. Specifically, this study was designed to determine how procedural justice and fairness, and the institutional analysis and development framework delineates participatory roles during reactive, crisis-driven planning versus proactive, preparedness planning. A multi-case/within-case analysis was conducted. Six publicly-available documents were selected using provisional and sequence coding lists; emerging themes were also identified at this time. The within-case analysis showed discernable differences between reactive and proactive participatory processes. These findings were used to conduct a cross-case analysis; this analysis indicated that commitment to the participatory process and to change were the keys elements in producing fair and just policies. Drought events can be widely divergent and dynamic, no two being alike; however, the spirit of procedural justice must be part of governance that brings public participation within the reactive planning process into better alignment with proactive planning.