No Brasil, historicamente predominou uma cultura de institucionalização da infância pobre. A doutrina jurídica praticada ao longo do tempo, as concepções de família e criança, a desigualdade social influenciam as práticas de atendimento à infância. O Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente prevê que o abrigo em entidade é medida provisória e excepcional. Esta pesquisa objetiva caracterizar a situação do abrigamento de crianças de zero a seis anos em Ribeirão Preto, nos quatro abrigos que atendem essa faixa etária, focando: caracterização das crianças abrigadas e suas famílias (dados sócio-demográficos) e caracterização da trajetória do abrigamento. Os dados foram coletados pela pesquisadora, também psicóloga do Fórum de Ribeirão Preto-SP. Pesquisou-se o período de abril/2003 a abril/2005, nos prontuários/pastas das crianças nos abrigos, no banco de dados do Setor de Serviço Social e Psicologia do Fórum e nos processos dessas crianças na Vara da Infância e Juventude do Tribunal de Justiça. Foram utilizadas duas fichas para coleta de dados, uma relativa à criança e à trajetória do abrigamento e outra relativa à família. Além disso, como procedimentos auxiliares para compreensão da realidade realizaram-se entrevistas com os coordenadores dos abrigos, conselheiros tutelares, presidente do Conselho Municipal dos Direitos da Criança e Adolescente de Ribeirão Preto e, com atores sociais em Porto Alegre-RS. Considerando a complexidade do fenômeno, o referencial teórico-metodológico a orientar a coleta e análise deste trabalho é a perspectiva da Rede de Significações. Dentre alguns dos resultados ressalta-se significativa ausência de informações sobre as crianças e suas famílias; 258 crianças foram abrigadas no período; 59% meninos; 51% afros-descendentes; 50% sem informação sobre terem pai; 78% têm irmãos, 55% recebem visitas familiares; 27% estiveram abrigados anteriormente; 86% moram em bairros situados nas zonas mais pobres. Para as famílias, predominância de afros-descendentes; mães como únicas responsáveis pelos filhos; pais com baixa escolaridade, desemprego ou trabalhos que exigem pouca qualificação e oferecem baixos salários; reduzido número de registros de encaminhamentos para programas de atendimento à família. Sobre motivo do abrigamento, predominância de negligência, abandono e falta temporária de condições, associado à dificuldade financeira da família; significativos períodos de institucionalização tanto curtos de até cinco dias quanto longos de um ano ou mais; 63% das crianças retornaram à família de origem e 13% foram adotadas. Um abrigo é municipal, os demais ONGs; apresentam restrições de dias/horários para visitas familiares; apenas dois fazem trabalhos de reintegração familiar e acompanhamento pós-desabrigo. As instituições são atravessadas por mudanças políticas e contextuais, trazendo (des)continuidades no cuidado provido e diferenças nas formas de (não)fazer o registros dos dados. Observaram-se dificuldades de articulação entre os atores envolvidos no abrigamento; dificuldades em delimitar critérios para realizar abrigamentos e desabrigamentos e insuficiência na oferta de políticas públicas. Ao dar visibilidade para as crianças e famílias, a pesquisa contribui com diretrizes atuais de mapeamento local, bem como desnuda a dinâmica do abrigamento. Através dos indicadores pode contribuir para alteração dessa realidade: criação e manutenção do sistema de registros dos dados das crianças e famílias; subsídios para a formulação de políticas públicas a esse segmento. / The institutionalization of poor children has historically and culturally predominated in Brazil. The juridical doctrine practiced over time, the conceptions about family and children, and the social inequality all have influenced the child care services. In Brazil, the Child and Adolescent Statute foresees that \"keeping the child in foster institution\" is a transient and peculiar measure. The objective of the present research is to characterize the institutional situation of children aged 0 to 6 years old who live in four foster institutions situated in Ribeirão Preto by examining the sheltered children and their families (socio-demographic data) as well as their path towards institutionalization. Data were collected by the researcher, who is also psychologist of the Court of Ribeirão Preto, SP. The period of time between April 2003 and April 2005 was studied and the corresponding records/files were obtained from the childrens foster institutions, from the Psychology and Social Services database, and from the court processes. Two types of data were collected, namely, one relative to both children and their path towards institutionalization and other relative to their family. Besides, further procedures were performed in order to better understand the real situation of the children: interviews with coordinators of the shelters, tutor-counsellors, Chairman of the Ribeirão Preto Council for Child\'s and Adolescents Rights, and social actors in Porto Alegre, RS. Considering the complexity of the phenomenon, the theoretical-methodological basis to guide both data collection and study analysis involves the perspective of the Network of Meanings. Among the results, the most significant one was the lack of information on the children and their families; 258 children were sheltered in the period of study; 59% were boys; 51% were afro-descending; 50% knew nothing about their father; 78% had siblings; 55% received family visits; 27% had been previously sheltered; and 86% lived in poor areas. Their families were predominantly afro-descending; the mothers were the only responsible for the children; their parents had low educational level and most of them were unemployed or worked in low-qualification jobs with lower wages; and they had a reduced number of referrals to family social programs. The reasons for institutionalization include negligence, abandonment and transitory lack of social conditions in association with financial difficulties. The length of institutionalization ranged from short periods of five days to longer periods of one year or more; 63% of the children returned to their family of origin, and 13% were adopted. One of the foster institution is municipal and the other ones are ONGs, and all have time restrictions regarding family visits. Only two foster institutions have programs for family reintegration and post-institutionalization follow-up. These institutions suffer political and contextual changes, often resulting in care interruption and differences in the method of recording the data. Arrangement difficulties were observed among the actors involved in establishing criteria for institutionalization and (de)institutionalization in addition to the lack of public policy. By giving visibility to such children and families, the present research provides updated local mapping guidelines as well as reveals the dynamics of institutionalization. Through these indicators, this reality can be changed as follows: creation and maintenance of a recording data system for children and their families, and subsidies for formulating public policies to this population.

Bakgrund: I Sverige avlider varje år cirka 90.000-100.000 personer. Trettiofem till fyrtio procent av svårt sjuka avlider inne på sjukhus och 40–50% på någon form av hospice. Att vara närstående till någon som är svårt sjuk medför många emotionella svårigheter såsom oro, stress och ovisshet. Sjuksköterskan har en viktig roll då hen genom emotionellt stöd kan lindra onödigt lidande hos närstående.Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva närståendes erfarenheter av emotionellt stöd från sjuksköterskan vid den sena palliativa fasen inom slutenvård samt beskriva skillnader mellan palliativ vård på sjukhus och specialiserad palliativ vård.Metod: Designen var en allmän litteraturstudie med systematisk sökning efter empiriska vetenskapliga artiklar.Resultat: Närståendes erfarenheter delades upp i sex olika kategorier: tydlig och ärlig information gav känsla av lättnad och trygghet, tillgängligheten till sjuksköterska gav känsla av närhet och minskad ensamhet, samtalet gav känsla av att vara sedd och betydelsefull, praktiskt stöd gav känsla av tacksamhet och att bli omhändertagen, egentid och tillgång till privat utrymme gav känsla av ro och bevarad integritet, skillnader mellan palliativ vård på sjukhus och specialiserad palliativ vård.Slutsats: Närståendes erfarenheter visade att sjuksköterskan gav emotionellt stöd då hen gav tydlig och ärlig information, fanns tillgänglig, samtalade med närstående, gav praktiskt stöd samt möjliggjorde egentid och privat utrymme för närstående. Det visade sig att på hospice och liknande palliativa vårdenheter var erfarenheterna övervägande positiva medan erfarenheterna från sjukhus var både positiva och negativa.

Backrounds: The period of adolescence is characterized by the search for own identity, part of which can be experimenting with addictive substance or other forms of risk behavior may occur. The occurrence of risk behavior can also be affected by a stereotypical place during staying in institutional care. In institutional care there is further emotional mistress due to lack of interaction with primary person and lack of satisfaction of the emotional needs of a person. Objectives: The aim of my thesis is to describe the attachment types and personality characteristics showing the positive relation in connection with the risk behavior and to map correlation between these two phenomena. Another aim is to map the phenomenon of use of tobacco and to describe it in connection with the attachment types. Study sample: The study sample was consisted by 78 girls from the institutional treatment institutes in the Czech Republic in the age range of 13-18 years old. Methods: The data was gained through the questionnaires: questionnaire of demographic facts and situation of using the addictive substances in adolescent (Meyers, K. & al., 1995), questionnaire of the relation structure ECR-RS (Fraley & al., 2011) and questionnaire SURPS of the personality characteristics introducing the risk of use of the addictive...

M.Ed. (Philosophy of Education) / The central aim of the study was to make an analysis of the values and value-orientations of girls committed to a child-care school in order to understand better their thought processes and behaviour. It was necessary to focus on values and value orientations as these are indicative of what is important to the girls and can be regarded as underlying motives for human behaviour. The motivation for this study lies in the fact that committal is a sensitive and often problematic situation. Children in ordinary schools are committed to child-care schools, and committed children in chid care schools are transferred to reform schools. The most important grounds for committal are need of care and unacceptable behaviour, hence the importance of examining values and value-orientations as underlying motives for behaviour. The primary expectation when committing a child to a child-care school is that the child will be guided towards a positive behaviour change. This study revealed that the value-orientation of an individual is subject to influence and that behaviour changes can be brought about through purposeful coaching of values. Bearing in mind the purposeful influencing of the value orientation of the committed pupil, it is essential that the educator should take special note of the various aspects of the committal, the living conditions, values and value-orientation of these learners. In this respect the most important aspects described in the study are: * an analysis and description of the grounds for committal and the legal stipulations applicable in cases of need of care. * The identifying of a hierarchy of fifteen main type values which can be regarded as possible determinants in assessing the behaviour of girls. * The identifying of characteristics which are typical of the lifestyle of committed girls, and which have an influence on their values, value-orientation and behaviour. With reference to the above aspects of the investigation the following are important findings: * Generally, the girls are committed on grounds of being in need of care for unacceptable behaviour. 'In need of care' refers to material inadequacies and a poor socio-economic existence. The 'unacceptable behaviour' which motivated most committals were serious disobedience, contact with undesirable friends, truancy, petty thieving, chronic absence from home and absconding from home. * With regard to the hierarchy of values it was discovered during the investigation that the values most affected were economic, relationship related, life- and personal values. Those least affected were moral, intellectual, physical and authoritative. The hierarchy of values is indicative of what is important to committed girls and affects their behaviour. * The characteristics of the lifestyle of most of the committed girls were: large families (more than five children) broken families (step parents) age at committal: 13/14 years home language: Afrikaans church attendance of parents: fairly good. Living conditions have an effect on value-orientation and contributes to behaviour on the grounds of which committal takes place.

M.A. (Social Work) / Relevant literature clearly indicates a steady increase in not only the number of aged persons but also the demented population. Consequently it has become imperative that the nursing staff responsible for the day - and night care of demented patients in a residential setting, acquire appropriate knowledge of dementation as such, and clarity on their roles in an endeavour to decelerate the dementation process. They, furthermore, need to be aware of the special needs of demented aged persons --needs which call for particular professional skills. In this study the emphasis is on the development and evaluation of a group work programme for nurses in two homes for demented aged persons. The programme is based upon knowledge on dementation, and its contents are directed at a repertoire of skills which, when effectively practised, will serve as a support system to nurses. Researcher made use of an indirect measuring method: an experimental - and control group were established at two homes where direct observation was done in respect of the behaviour of the residents and the nature of nursing. A questionnaire was completed by the experimental - and control group, prior to and following on the provision of a group work programme. The target universe consisted of fifteen nurses at two homes for demented aged persons. Nine and six members of the nursing staff were respectively connected to the experimental - and control groups. The experimental group attended nine sessions which incorporated the mediating - goal model designed by Papell and Rothman (in du Preez 1979:73)...

This study is aimed at looking at the relationship experiences between the adolescent with visual impairment in institutional care and his family. A lack of sufficient guidelines in this field has been identified in the relevant literature. Experts working with these adolescents have confirmed this shortcoming. In order to reach the required goal, a number of objectives were set. By means of a literature study and consultation with experts in the field of blindness as a symptom (in terms of the degree of visual impairment that is experienced), a theoretical framework was set up with regard to the following: adolescence as part of life; the adolescent's relationship with his family; institutional care and institutionalization; as well as play therapeutic assessment and play therapeutic techniques. An empirical study where semi-structured interviews were used as a method of data collection, was undertaken to assess the relationship of the adolescent with visual impairment in institutional care with his family. The following aspects were handled specifically: the way the adolescents with visual impairment in institutional care experience holidays and weekends with their families; their view of their families' perception of them coming home for holidays or weekends; their opinion with regard to family chores and responsibilities that are allocated to them; their experience of participating in the decision making process in the family; their perception of the treatment that they receive from their parents – does it differ in any way from that of their siblings?; their view with regard to “feeling part of” the family as an equal and complete family member; their opinion with regard to things that they would have liked to be done differently during their growing up process; as well as advice that they would give to parents who have children with the same disabilities. Individual semi-structured interviews were used with the ten respondents. Applied research was undertaken as the researcher aimed at establishing solutions for problems that occur with the adolescent with visual impairment in institutional care with regard to his relationship with his family. The researcher used a qualitative approach as research procedure in order to get qualitative empirical data. Considering that in this study a relatively unknown field was researched, a phenomenological strategy within an exploratory study was used to explore, understand and interpret the research question, which is not well known. The research question formulated for this study was: What are the experiences of the adolescent with visual impairment in institutional care with regard to his relationship with his family? Empirical data, which was obtained by using an interview schedule and a play therapeutic technique, showed that: § Adolescents with visual impairment in institutional care are experiencing ambivalent feelings (positive and negative) with regard to spending holidays and/or weekends with their families. There are a variety of factors influencing this experience, whether positively or negatively. § The way adolescents with visual impairment in institutional care view their families' perception with regard to them coming home for holidays or weekends, is mainly influenced by three factors, namely: special activities that are organized during the time that the adolescent is at home, as well as verbal and non-verbal behavior that is communicated towards the adolescent. § Adolescents with visual impairment have a specific opinion with regard to chores and responsibilities that were allocated to them since they were younger. This includes aspects like the adolescents' willingness and ability to complete chores, as well as their willingness to ask for help. They intimated that they are willing to accept chores and responsibilities as they experience positive feelings when they are able to complete such tasks successfully. § Adolescents with visual impairment in institutional care have a specific opinion about their participation in the decision making process in the family. This includes emotions that are experienced with regard to the decision making process (positive emotions are experienced when their opinions are asked in family decisions), their involvement in the decision making process, as well as the influence of decision making on the atmosphere in the house. § Adolescents with visual impairment have a fixed perception with regard to the treatment that they receive from their parents. This perception includes the following aspects: a need for normal treatment, the consequences of preference treatment from their parents, strict treatment (overprotective treatment) from their parents, as well as the emotions they experience about the type of treatment that they are exposed to. § The way adolescents with visual impairment view themselves as “part of” the family - as equals to all household members - is influenced by the following aspects: the influence of institutionalization on the feeling of “belonging to“ (adolescents are away from home for long periods of time and the only contact they have are telephone calls); family events (special activities in which both the family and the adolescent participate during holidays or weekends); family interaction (the families communicational patterns during holidays or weekends); as well as the private space of the adolescents (bedrooms). § Adolescents with visual impairment have a specific opinion with regard to things that they would have liked to be done differently during their process of growing up. They feel that their families should have more insight into the world of people who are visually impaired. They also have the need to be treated in the same way as other family members – they do not want to be overprotected. § Adolescents with visual impairment want to give relevant advice to parents of children who have the same disability. The advice that they suggested are: The child must function more independently; parents must be honest with their child at all times; the child must be treated normally; a feeling of unconditional, positive acceptance must be revealed to the child; no unnecessary restriction must be imposed on the child. They also gave advice with regard to general information (to expand parents' knowledge). The study revealed the experience of the adolescent with visual impairment in institutional care of his relationship with his family, which holds further research possibilities. The desired information was acquired and can be used in further studies of the adolescent in a similar situation. / Dissertation (MSD (Play Therapy))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Social Work and Criminology / Unrestricted

The purpose of the research was to use life mapping during the intervention period in order to enhance the self-knowledge of the children in their mid-childhood years, in a children’s home. In order to reach this goal, the life mapping- and the gestalt play- therapeutic processes had been combined with, art and creativity included in the process. The study is quantitative and a standardised measuring instrument had been used for the pre-test and posttest, according to the single-system design. The hypothesis was tested by way of statistical analysis, by comparing data obtained from the pre-test and posttest. The child in a children’s home does not always know who he/she is. Because of possible trauma experienced before admission to the children’s home, self-knowledge could not be developed from within or from input obtained out of the social environment. Sometimes, a child in a children’s home, does not know why he/she was admitted. It is necessary for the child to know where he/she came from, where he/she is at present and where is he/she is going. The framework of life mapping integrates these concepts. By compiling a life map, a child obtains self-knowledge. When he/she had formed a perception of who and what he/she is and what he/she wants to achieve, the child can start working on self-fulfillment. With self-knowledge and a good perception of his/her life, the child develops a self concept, which usually contains an element of self-evaluation. The child can start leading an own life, make own choices, take responsibility for his/her own life and becomes independent, notwithstanding the circumstances of origin. The purpose is to bring back balance and a sense of self into the life of the child, which are also the purposes emphasised by both life mapping and gestalt play therapy. The literature study includes both the behaviour and emotions of the child in a children’s home. The influence on the life of the child had been investigated. Objective one was to build on the knowledge base on life mapping and gestalt play therapy processes. The processes were compared and integrated in this study. Life mapping as a concept, is known since the early 20th century, but was not applied in therapy, often. The developmental phase of a child in mid-childhood, in a children’s home had been studied. The developmental tasks in the mid-childhood are varied and is a progression of tasks from the previous phases. The synthesis, according to Erikson, during this phase, is capability. Industry versus inferiority could be seen as the “crisis” of this developmental phase. The child starts having the concept of the true self, versus the ideal self and he/she compares him/herself with others. Objective two was intervention by way of life mapping, together with the gestalt principles. This proved to have been very successful with observing the research results. Aspects of the whole life of every respondent had been included into the life maps. The fact that the life had been looked at in totality is in accordance with the gestalt concept of gestalt therapy. The respondents started owning their own personality traits and began to experiencing their uniqueness. It was thus enhancement of self-knowledge that took place. All the objectives of the study had been reached. The study resulted in an 80 percent significant change in the average self-knowledge of the respondents. / Dissertation (MSD Play Therapy(Social Work))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Social Work and Criminology / unrestricted

Please read the abstract in the section, 00front, of this document / Dissertation (MA(MW))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Social Work and Criminology / unrestricted

Court-dependent children--Hermeneutic dialectic circle--Transactions--Saliencies--Need for permanence--Conflicts--Bio-psycho-social-cultural assessment--Communication--Training--Guardianship.

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