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Master of Science

This thesis began as a study in creating good family houses in a town built for students. It evolved into a study of the form of the houses themselves. The nature and qualities of the site generated the form the buildings ultimately would take. The site is a south facing slope with distant mountain views that improve as the viewer ascends. The orientation allows for a line of buildings along the east-west axis where each can enjoy the benefits of unobstructed southern glazing. The slope offers the opportunity to create a proper base upon which to place the houses. This base provides a level, more usable site and creates a new horizon which edits the view below. The houses are four subdivided cubes elevated above the shared semicircular base. One half of each cube is divided into three floors, the other half is open from floor to roof and contains the large open staircase winding up to the upper floors. One has an opportunity to experience the full scale of the cube, both from the bottom looking up and as one ascends through it. The southern glass wall allows for passive solar heating in the winter and takes maximum advantage of the mountain views. The remaining three walls are punctured only where necessary to bring light to the more private rooms. This focuses attention to the southern view and lessens the awareness of the houses on either side. The result is efficient use of the land with perceived seclusion. / Master of Architecture

An experimental investigation was carried out to determine the feasibility of using thermal conductivity measurements to detect moisture concentrations in a highly porous glass fiber insulation. A new technique employing thermistor probes was used to measure thermal conductivity over a range of low moisture contents. The results indicate that the material's thermal conductivity is a strong nonlinear function of the moisture concentration. The sensitivity of the moisture content to thermal conductivity is greatest for moisture contents less than 25 per cent for the material tested. A numerical procedure for predicting the temperature and moisture distributions in a highly porous material is detailed. / Ph. D.

Electrical conductance in the ferromagnetic insulating (FMI) phase of manganites has been experimentally investigated. The investigations were performed on single crystals of compositions La0.82Ca0.18MnO3 and Nd0.7Pb0.3MnO3. The nature of electrical conductance is determined to be Shklovskii–Efros variable range hopping (SE–VRH). Further, at high bias levels, non–linear conductance (NLC) is observed. A “hot electron” model, that quantitatively explains the bias and temperature dependence of the NLC, consistent with the SE–VRH nature of electrical conductance, is presented. The limits of validity of the model are discussed.

The content of this thesis is the documentation for the project of Microbrewery in Hodonin. This microbrewery is a detached building on building plot in the urban area of Hodonin. In the building is located a microbewery with planed beer production 3500 hl per year and restaurant for 150 guest with the summer terrace planed for 35 guests. Building is a ground floor structure with cellar under the part of it. The ground floor is divided into the section for guest and a part for restaurant’s services with kitchen, storages and background for employees. In the restaurant is located a brewhouse which is a heart of the object. Microbrewery – fermenting room, lager cellar, tank cellar, boiler room, engine room for ventilation, storage of barrels and drinks are located in the basement. Bearing system is formed by walls- in the ground floor by ceramic blocks and monolithic concrete walls, in the basement by the concrete formwork blocks. The building is insulated. The roof above the kitchen and the restroom for guests is a flat roof. The roof above the restaurant consists of a wooden chest nailed trusses with a slope of 4%. As the roof covering is used a PVC foil

Os transformadores são equipamentos fundamentais para o sistema elétrico e o acompanhamento regular de suas condições de operação é muito importante para que se reduzam custos associados ao seu ciclo de vida, bem como para que se possa garantir a sua confiabilidade e a sua durabilidade. As falhas elétricas ocorrem, muitas vezes, motivadas pela degradação do sistema isolante e consequentemente danificam o equipamento. O óleo é um dos componentes isolantes que se deteriora com facilidade devido ação de falhas ou variação de temperatura e umidade. O acompanhamento e a manutenção da qualidade do óleo isolante são etapas essenciais para proporcionar uma operação confiável dos equipamentos elétricos garantindo a confiabilidade do fornecimento de energia. Um dos parâmetros que pode ser monitorado no óleo é a água, pois esta reduz drasticamente a rigidez elétrica do dielétrico. Uma revisão na literatura relata alguns procedimentos de diagnósticos disponíveis para avaliar a condição do óleo de transformadores, tais como as análises físico química e a análise de gases dissolvidos (DGA). Pesquisas recentes revelam um tópico ressaltado que consiste na utilização de sensores acústicos para caracterização de líquidos, uma vez que essa análise possui a vantagem de ser não destrutiva, com possibilidade de aplicações não invasivas e em transformadores em operação. Neste contexto, esta tese propõem uma metodologia acústica para contribuir na detecção de umidade no óleo mineral isolante utilizando sensores piezoelétricos. A metodologia consiste na utilização de sensores para emitir e recepcionar os sinais transmitidos através de amostras de óleos de transformadores. Os experimentos foram realizados na faixa de MHz, utilizando transdutores comerciais e na faixa de kHz, utilizando um transdutor piezoelétrico desenvolvido pelo Grupo de Alta Tensão e materiais da USP de São Carlos. Medidas da amplitude do sinal são correlacionadas com o teor de água contido nas amostras de óleos. Os resultados revelam que é possível diagnosticar se as amostras de óleo estão aptas ou não para uso em transformadores. Em alguns casos é possível distinguir as quatro classes das amostras de óleo mineral isolante testadas: óleo novo (virgem), óleo regenerado, óleo sujo e óleo queimado. A metodologia proposta, além de ser inédita, se mostra promissora para auxiliar no diagnóstico de amostras de óleo mineral isolante em campo. / Transformers are fundamental equipment in electrical power system and constant monitoring their operating conditions is very important to reduce the costs associated with their life cycle, as well as to guarantee their reliability and durability. One of the main cause of electrical failures in power transformers is the degradation of the power transformer insulation system, which can cause permanent damages. A crucial element in their insulation system is oil used to insulate parts, but also to cool the equipment. Therefore monitor and maintain the insulating oil are essential steps to provide a reliable operation of the electrical equipment guaranteeing the reliability of the power supply. A review in the literature reports a wide variety of diagnostic procedures available to assess the condition of transformer oil, such as physical chemical analysis and dissolved gas (DGA) analysis. Recent research reveals a highlighted topic that consists of the use of acoustic sensors for characterizing liquids, since the acoustic analysis presents the characteristic of being non-destructive with possibility of non-invasive and application during transformer operation i.e. in line. In this context, this thesis proposes an acoustic methodology for the analysis of mineral insulating oil using piezoelectric sensors. The methodology consists of the use of sensors to emit and receive signals transmitted through oil transformer samples. The experiments were carried out in the MHz band, using commercial transducers and in the kHz band, using a piezoelectric transducer developed by the High Voltage and Materials Group from USP of São Carlos. Measurements of signal amplitude are correlated with the water content contained in the oil samples. The results show that it is possible to diagnose whether or not the oil samples are suitable for use in transformers. In some cases it is possible to distinguish the four classes of tested mineral oil samples. The proposed methodology is promising for the diagnosis of mineral insulation oil samples in the field.

O objetivo deste trabalho de pesquisa foi de fazer a modelagem por meio de sistemas de inferência Fuzzy da análise da concentração dos gases dissolvidos no óleo mineral isolante e desta forma diagnosticar defeitos elétricos internos em transformadores de Potência. Assim sendo o sistema proposto deve fornecer respostas que auxiliem no diagnóstico de falhas e avarias nos interiores dos transformadores e no processo de tomada de decisões no acompanhamento da evolução destas falhas de forma a aumentar a confiabilidade em relação à utilização dos métodos individualmente. O sistema desenvolvido baseou-se na pesquisa acadêmica de normas e técnicas mais utilizadas na literatura que relacionam o gás dissolvido no óleo mineral isolante com a falha. O sistema proposto foi validado por meio de dados reais de dois transformadores pilotos e vários sistemas Fuzzy foram construídos, cada um especialista em um determinado método. Os resultados encontrados mostraram-se compatíveis com aqueles obtidos pelos métodos convencionais comprovando que a ferramenta pode ser utilizada como suporte para uma análise rápida e confiável do estado do óleo isolante dos transformadores. / The objective of this research was to model by analyzing the fuzzy inference systems the concentration of gases dissolved in the insulating oil and diagnosing thereby internal defects in electrical power transformers. Therefore the proposed system should provide answers that help in the diagnosis of faults and malfunctions in the interiors of the transformers and in the decision-making process in monitoring the evolution of these failures in order to increase the reliability regarding the use of the methods individually. The system developed was based on academic research standards and techniques commonly used in the literature relating the gas dissolved in the insulating oil with failure. The proposed system was validated by real data of two pilots transformers and various Fuzzy systems were built, each an expert in a particular method. The results were compatible with those obtained by conventional methods proving that the tool can be used as support for quick and reliable analysis of the insulating oil condition of transformers.

Esta pesquisa apresenta uma metodologia, baseada em duas técnicas não invasivas para identificação e diagnóstico de pontos quentes em transformadores de potência durante plena operação ou em fase de projeto. A primeira técnica é baseada na medição de radiação infravermelha, emitida pelo equipamento em funcionamento e registrada por meio de análise termográfica. A segunda técnica é possível a partir do conhecimento prévio das características construtivas do transformador, fazendo uso do Método dos Elementos Finitos (MEF). A segunda técnica pode ser validada a partir das medições realizadas utilizando a primeira técnica. A formação de gases no interior dos transformadores de potência, devido à elevação da temperatura do óleo isolante em função dos pontos quentes, é discutida em detalhes com base nas normas técnicas estabelecidas pelo IEEE e IEC. As técnicas e procedimentos abordados ao longo dessa pesquisa foram obtidos a partir de um transformador com potência nominal de 120 MVA e relação de tensão 13,8/230 kV, projetado para integrar uma fazenda eólica ao Sistema Interligado Nacional (SIN). / This research presents a methodology based on two noninvasive techniques for identification and diagnostic of hot spots in power transformers during operation or project development. The first is based on measurements of infrared radiation from the equipment during operation and recording by thermography. The second technique is possible from the previous knowing of the constructive characteristics of the power transformer, by using the Finite Element Method (FEM). The second technique can be validated from measurements obtained using the first technique. The gas formation into the power transformers, because of the high temperatures in the insulating oil due to the hot spots, is discussed in details based on normative recommendations well established by the IEEE and IEC. All techniques and procedures to be approached in this research were obtained using a 120-MVA power transformer with voltage relationship of 13.8/230 kV that was projected to interconnect a wind farm to the Interconnected Brazilian System (Sistema Interligado Nacional - SIN).