This diploma thesis deals with competitive environment between health insurances in the Czech republic. I focused on historical development in the context of health insurances, their position in Czech market through their size, amount of insured, incomes and costs. I compare the whole system with Slovak market. I also focus on rate of competiton between health insurance companies in the Czech republic.

<p>The purpose of the thesis is to illustrate how payments of damages between companies are treated from a taxation point of view, and to analyse, in a tax law perspective, the consequences that follow the transactions. Furthermore, a comparison is made between damages and transactions similar to damages, such as amicable settlements and fines between companies, to ascertain whether they are treated similar. Finally, there is an analysis of the consequences of taxation of insurances, both premiums and compensations, followed by a comparison with the consequences of taxation of damages.</p>

The purpose of the thesis is to illustrate how payments of damages between companies are treated from a taxation point of view, and to analyse, in a tax law perspective, the consequences that follow the transactions. Furthermore, a comparison is made between damages and transactions similar to damages, such as amicable settlements and fines between companies, to ascertain whether they are treated similar. Finally, there is an analysis of the consequences of taxation of insurances, both premiums and compensations, followed by a comparison with the consequences of taxation of damages.

Background and problem The Student union and Länsförsäkringar in Jönköping has an agreement that provides students at Jönköping university with subsidized insurances. The fact that none of the mentioned parties knows what the insurance market at Jönköping university actually looks like makes this an interesting field to study. This thesis will aim to provide the parties with a map of this insurance market and increased knowledge about how students think and behave regarding insurences. Purpose The overall purpose of this thesis is to increase the knowlegde about students’ buying behavior regarding insurences. We will also investigate if there are uninsured students at Jönköping university and quantify that amount. Furthermore, we will examine if there are any differences between insured and uninsured students that could be possible explanations for the students behavior. Method We have used quantative phone interviews to map the insurence market and two qualitative focus group interviews to fulfill the rest of our purpose. Theoretical framework The most of the theory in this thesis is fetched from the area of consumer behavior, but is complemented by theory about financial services. Conclusion 6,7 percent of the students were uninsured and we found a number of different variables that provide differences in how insured and uninsured students behave. These variables are: influences, percived social pressure, percived knowledge, trust for the insurance providers, view on risks and service intangibility. We found that a lack of a percieved need is an important cause that some student is uninsured. We also identified a number of different situations where students are easier to affect. These situations are: school start, moving away from home, quit school, house building and starting a family. / Bakgrund och problem Studentkåren och Länsförsäkringar i Jönköping har ett samarbete som går ut på att erbjuda studenthemförsäkring till studenter på Högskolan i Jönköping. Dock vet ingen av dessa intressenter hur försäkringsmarknaden ser ut. Detta gör det intressant att kartlägga försäkringsmarknaden på högskolan samt att försöka öka förståelsen för hur studenter tänker och beter sig i försäkringssammanhang. Syfte Det övergripande syftet med den här uppsatsen är att öka förståelsen för studenternas köpbeteende i hemförsäkringssammanhang. Vi vill också undersöka om det finns oförsäkrade studenter på Högskolan i Jönköping, kvantifiera andelen och utreda om det finns skillnader mellan försäkrade och oförsäkrade studenter som kan vara tänkbara orsaker till de val som studenter gör. Metod Vi har använt oss av telefonintervjuer av kvantitativ karaktär i syfte att kartlägga försäkringsmarknaden vid högskolan och av fokusgruppsintervjuer av kvalitativ karaktär för uppfylla den resterande delen av vårt syfte. Teoretiskt ramverk Teorin i denna studie är framförallt hämtad från området konsumentköpbeteende men kompletteras också med teorier från området finansiella tjänster. Slutsats 6,7 procent av studenterna på Högskolan i Jönköping saknade hemförsäkring och det påträffades många variabler som utgör skillnader mellan försäkrade och oförsäkrade studenters köpbeteende. Dessa variabler är influenser, upplevelse av socialt tryck, upplevd kunskap, förtroende för försäkringsbolag, syn på risker och upplevelse av immaterialitet. Studien fann också att en avsaknad av upplevt behov är en viktig orsak till att studenter i vissa fall är oförsäkrade. Vi har även identifierat vissa situationer där möjligheten att påverka studenter angående hemförsäkringar är större, till exempel när studenterna börjar högskolan, flyttar hemifrån, slutar studierna, köper hus samt bildar familj.

<p>Background and problem</p><p>The Student union and Länsförsäkringar in Jönköping has an agreement that provides students at Jönköping university with subsidized insurances. The fact that none of the mentioned parties knows what the insurance market at Jönköping university actually looks like makes this an interesting field to study. This thesis will aim to provide the parties with a map of this insurance market and increased knowledge about how students think and behave regarding insurences.</p><p>Purpose</p><p>The overall purpose of this thesis is to increase the knowlegde about students’ buying behavior regarding insurences. We will also investigate if there are uninsured students at Jönköping university and quantify that amount. Furthermore, we will examine if there are any differences between insured and uninsured students that could be possible explanations for the students behavior.</p><p>Method</p><p>We have used quantative phone interviews to map the insurence market and two qualitative focus group interviews to fulfill the rest of our purpose.</p><p>Theoretical framework</p><p>The most of the theory in this thesis is fetched from the area of consumer behavior, but is complemented by theory about financial services.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>6,7 percent of the students were uninsured and we found a number of different variables that provide differences in how insured and uninsured students behave. These variables are: influences, percived social pressure, percived knowledge, trust for the insurance providers, view on risks and service intangibility.</p><p>We found that a lack of a percieved need is an important cause that some student is uninsured. We also identified a number of different situations where students are easier to affect. These situations are: school start, moving away from home, quit school, house building and starting a family.</p> / <p>Bakgrund och problem</p><p>Studentkåren och Länsförsäkringar i Jönköping har ett samarbete som går ut på att erbjuda studenthemförsäkring till studenter på Högskolan i Jönköping. Dock vet ingen av dessa intressenter hur försäkringsmarknaden ser ut. Detta gör det intressant att kartlägga försäkringsmarknaden på högskolan samt att försöka öka förståelsen för hur studenter tänker och beter sig i försäkringssammanhang.</p><p>Syfte</p><p>Det övergripande syftet med den här uppsatsen är att öka förståelsen för studenternas köpbeteende i hemförsäkringssammanhang. Vi vill också undersöka om det finns oförsäkrade studenter på Högskolan i Jönköping, kvantifiera andelen och utreda om det finns skillnader mellan försäkrade och oförsäkrade studenter som kan vara tänkbara orsaker till de val som studenter gör.</p><p>Metod</p><p>Vi har använt oss av telefonintervjuer av kvantitativ karaktär i syfte att kartlägga försäkringsmarknaden vid högskolan och av fokusgruppsintervjuer av kvalitativ karaktär för uppfylla den resterande delen av vårt syfte.</p><p>Teoretiskt ramverk</p><p>Teorin i denna studie är framförallt hämtad från området konsumentköpbeteende men kompletteras också med teorier från området finansiella tjänster.</p><p>Slutsats</p><p>6,7 procent av studenterna på Högskolan i Jönköping saknade hemförsäkring och det påträffades många variabler som utgör skillnader mellan försäkrade och oförsäkrade studenters köpbeteende. Dessa variabler är influenser, upplevelse av socialt tryck, upplevd kunskap, förtroende för försäkringsbolag, syn på risker och upplevelse av immaterialitet.</p><p>Studien fann också att en avsaknad av upplevt behov är en viktig orsak till att studenter i vissa fall är oförsäkrade. Vi har även identifierat vissa situationer där möjligheten att påverka studenter angående hemförsäkringar är större, till exempel när studenterna börjar högskolan, flyttar hemifrån, slutar studierna, köper hus samt bildar familj.</p>

Capturing mortality became a crucial modelling problem throughout the years due to the raising demand of life insurances and annuities. Fitting three models, namely, logistic, Heligman– Pollard HP4 and power–exponential model, to real life data shows that latter two models represent the actual data quite well. Pricing a term life insurance and a whole life annuity, implemented using the MATLAB software, based on these models ends in the result that the Heligmann–Pollard HP4 model is the less preferable model, in perspective of an insured, than the logistic or power–exponential ones.

Försäkringstagarens aktsamhetskrav skiljer sig för olika slags egendomsförsäkringar där försäkringsvillkor för brand, vattenutströmning, inbrott samt rån har studerats i denna framställning. Aktsamhetskraven kan exempelvis ge uttryck för hur en anställd i ett företag ska agera eller hur försiktig denne bör vara för att försärsäkringsersättning ska utgå vid en inträffad skada. Försäkringsbolagen har stora möjligheter att utforma villkoren och därmed välja hur höga krav det ska ställas på den försäkrade. Bolagen kan även välja att lägga över bevisbördan på försäkringstagaren för att ett försäkringsfall har inträffat samt reglera vilka personer i ett företag som ska likställas med den försäkrade. Det finns även biförpliktelser i FAL som försäkringstagaren ska ta hänsyn till för att inte riskera att försäkringsersättningen sätts ned eller uteblir helt. Efter nya FAL infördes bland annat den så kallade omfattningsbestämmelsen i 8 kap. 16 § 2 st. FAL. Bestämmelsen tillåter som huvudregel inte att försäkringsbolagen får ställa krav på den försäkrades beteende i villkor som beskriver försäkringens omfattning. Ett omdiskuterat begrepp som framför allt förekommer i allriskförsäkringen, och som uppställs som ett omfattningsvillkor, är oförutsedd skada. Att försäkringstagarens aktsamhet har betydelse för att avgöra om en skada varit oförutsedd, är inte förenligt med gällande rätt. Dessutom kan kravet till stor del jämföras med FAL:s uppställda förpliktelse att inte framkalla ett försäkringsfall, vilket medför att ett sådant krav kan ses som obefogat. Det finns även andra tvivelaktiga formuleringar i försäkringsvillkoren. Tillämpningen av omfattningsbestämmelsen är i stort behov av att tydliggöras, för att inte riskera att det ställs oskäliga krav på försäkringstagaren i förhållande till egendomsförsäkringens ändamål. Det är inte rimligt om försäkringsskyddet hade uteslutit alla skador som grundar sig i någon form av oaktsamhet hos den försäkrade. Ett skäl till att ett företag väljer att teckna en försäkring är för att tillåtas att göra misstag, utan att det föranleder att försäkringsbolaget står fritt från ansvar.

A partir da Constituição Federal de 1988, são introduzidos novos contornos ao ordenamento jurídico brasileiro. O texto constitucional incorpora diversos direitos sociais e dá caráter normativo a princípios de justiça social. No direito privado, verifica-se, também, a introdução de um conteúdo social por meio da inserção de cláusulas gerais na legislação infraconstitucional, especialmente no que diz respeito aos contratos. Nesse novo quadro institucional, o Poder Judiciário passa a ocupar lugar de destaque, pois há um deslocamento de decisões políticas e sociais dos Poderes Legislativo e Executivo para o Judiciário. Observa-se um crescimento exponencial da judicialização de casos envolvendo os direitos sociais, principalmente no que tange a questões relacionadas à saúde. A judicialização tem atingido também as relações contratuais entre particulares. Todavia, nessa atuação do Judiciário podem ser identificados problemas, como a falta de preocupação com os impactos produzidos pelas decisões na sociedade. Dentro desse contexto, o objetivo do presente trabalho é analisar empiricamente a forma como os ministros do Superior Tribunal de Justiça decidem conflitos contratuais no campo da saúde suplementar. Para tanto, a primeira parte do trabalho é dedicada à caracterização e contextualização do setor da saúde suplementar brasileiro. Após, relato de forma breve o histórico de sua regulamentação. A segunda parte do trabalho aborda os principais aspectos jurídicos e econômicos que envolvem os contratos de plano de saúde. Na terceira parte, são apresentados os resultados quantitativos obtidos a partir de coleta e sistematização de dados das decisões judiciais analisadas. Por fim, na quarta e última parte do trabalho, é feito um esforço de reflexão crítica acerca dos argumentos trazidos pelos ministros do STJ, a luz, principalmente, da literatura de análise econômica do direito, sendo verificado se há alguma relação, ainda que hipotética, entre a forma de decidir dos juízes e possíveis efeitos socioeconômicos apontados pela doutrina. / From the 1988 Brazilian Constitution, are introduced alterations in the Brazilian legal system. The Constitution incorporates many social rights and gives normative character to principles of social justice. In private law, there is also the introduction of a social content through insertion of general terms in the infra-constitutional legislation, especially as regards contracts. In this new institutional framework, the Judiciary holds a prominent place, because there is a shift of political and social decisions of the Legislative and Executive to the Judiciary. There is an exponential growth of judicialization of cases involving social rights, especially in regard to health issues. The judicialization has also reached the contractual relations among individuals. However, problems can be identified in this proceeding of the Judiciary, such as lack of concern about the impacts of the decisions in society. In this context, the aim of this study is to analyze empirically how the justices of the Superior Court of Justice decide contract disputes in the private healthcare sector. In order to do such, the first part of the work is dedicated to the characterization and contextualization of Brazilian private healthcare sector. After, it is briefly presented the history of its regulation. The second part addresses the main legal and economic aspects involving health insurance contracts. In the third part, I present the quantitative results obtained from data collection and systematization of judicial decisions analyzed. Finally, in the fourth and final part of the work, a critic effort is made to analyze the arguments brought by justices of the Superior Court of Justice, in the light of the economic analysis of law, and also examined whether there is any relationship, even though hypothetical, between how the judges decide possible socioeconomic effects pointed by doctrine.

A partir da Constituição Federal de 1988, são introduzidos novos contornos ao ordenamento jurídico brasileiro. O texto constitucional incorpora diversos direitos sociais e dá caráter normativo a princípios de justiça social. No direito privado, verifica-se, também, a introdução de um conteúdo social por meio da inserção de cláusulas gerais na legislação infraconstitucional, especialmente no que diz respeito aos contratos. Nesse novo quadro institucional, o Poder Judiciário passa a ocupar lugar de destaque, pois há um deslocamento de decisões políticas e sociais dos Poderes Legislativo e Executivo para o Judiciário. Observa-se um crescimento exponencial da judicialização de casos envolvendo os direitos sociais, principalmente no que tange a questões relacionadas à saúde. A judicialização tem atingido também as relações contratuais entre particulares. Todavia, nessa atuação do Judiciário podem ser identificados problemas, como a falta de preocupação com os impactos produzidos pelas decisões na sociedade. Dentro desse contexto, o objetivo do presente trabalho é analisar empiricamente a forma como os ministros do Superior Tribunal de Justiça decidem conflitos contratuais no campo da saúde suplementar. Para tanto, a primeira parte do trabalho é dedicada à caracterização e contextualização do setor da saúde suplementar brasileiro. Após, relato de forma breve o histórico de sua regulamentação. A segunda parte do trabalho aborda os principais aspectos jurídicos e econômicos que envolvem os contratos de plano de saúde. Na terceira parte, são apresentados os resultados quantitativos obtidos a partir de coleta e sistematização de dados das decisões judiciais analisadas. Por fim, na quarta e última parte do trabalho, é feito um esforço de reflexão crítica acerca dos argumentos trazidos pelos ministros do STJ, a luz, principalmente, da literatura de análise econômica do direito, sendo verificado se há alguma relação, ainda que hipotética, entre a forma de decidir dos juízes e possíveis efeitos socioeconômicos apontados pela doutrina. / From the 1988 Brazilian Constitution, are introduced alterations in the Brazilian legal system. The Constitution incorporates many social rights and gives normative character to principles of social justice. In private law, there is also the introduction of a social content through insertion of general terms in the infra-constitutional legislation, especially as regards contracts. In this new institutional framework, the Judiciary holds a prominent place, because there is a shift of political and social decisions of the Legislative and Executive to the Judiciary. There is an exponential growth of judicialization of cases involving social rights, especially in regard to health issues. The judicialization has also reached the contractual relations among individuals. However, problems can be identified in this proceeding of the Judiciary, such as lack of concern about the impacts of the decisions in society. In this context, the aim of this study is to analyze empirically how the justices of the Superior Court of Justice decide contract disputes in the private healthcare sector. In order to do such, the first part of the work is dedicated to the characterization and contextualization of Brazilian private healthcare sector. After, it is briefly presented the history of its regulation. The second part addresses the main legal and economic aspects involving health insurance contracts. In the third part, I present the quantitative results obtained from data collection and systematization of judicial decisions analyzed. Finally, in the fourth and final part of the work, a critic effort is made to analyze the arguments brought by justices of the Superior Court of Justice, in the light of the economic analysis of law, and also examined whether there is any relationship, even though hypothetical, between how the judges decide possible socioeconomic effects pointed by doctrine.

<p><strong>Problem: </strong>The nature of insurances, and indeed the customer-provider relationship in insurance services, lends itself to distinctive characteristics. These characteristics have particular implications on overall perceived service and relationship quality, and thus customer retention. The arguably singular characteristic of mutual mistrust prevalent in insurance service relationships, is a source for costs and lost profitability for insurance companies in Sweden. Bridging the “gap of mistrust”, potentially offered by a seemingly simple service, could entail significant benefits for both parties in an insurance service relationship.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Research Questions: </strong>Does the Aronda Service have the potential to improve a damage adjustment process in a provider-customer insurance service relationship?</p><p><strong> </strong></p><ul><li>Can a more effective damage adjustment process improve an insurance service relation between provider and customer?</li></ul><ul><li>To what extent do the providers perceive that the damage adjustment process is critical to a customer’s stay or switch decisions in an insurance service relationship? </li></ul><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The aim of the thesis is two-fold:</p><ol><li>The aim is to investigate and describe the impact of the damage adjustment process in customer relationships between the privately insured and property insurance companies in Sweden</li><li>And to assess, the potential of the Aronda Service to improve customer relations for insurance companies by improving (in terms of customer satisfaction) the damage adjustment process.</li></ol><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>A qualitative method with deductive reasoning was used. The highly contextual nature of customer-provider relationships was deemed, for the purpose of the study, best suited using a qualitative method. Data collection comprised of interviewing several professionals pertaining to the field of property insurance and damage adjustment, academic literature, peer-reviewed articles, and Ph.D. Dissertations.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Theoretical Approach: </strong>The theoretical approach is based on consolidation of widely used theories in the field of service and relationship in the “Critical episode on insurance relationships” perspective, presented by Mikael Gidhagen, Senior lecturer at Uppsala University, Sweden. Although the perspective is originally created for B2B relationships, proved great applicability and relevance.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Empirical foundation: </strong>The empirical foundation consisted of a number of interviews with respondents with extensive corporate and private insurance industry experience. The secondary empirical information was gathered from governmental, consumer services, and industry regulatory bodies’ websites and publications.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The uncovered prominent issues in insurance relationships between private individuals and property insurance service providers can at the very least be aided, if not solved, to the benefit of both parties by the proposed digital version of the Aronda “Black Box”. As the importance of documentation in more cases of insurance claims than not are paramount, and by decreasing the coverage knowledge gap of customers, facilitating a matching of service expectations and actual service delivery, customer satisfaction can be more readily achievable for insurance provider. A readily achievable level of customer satisfaction, in turn, means probably prolonged customer retention, and ultimately higher profitability for the insurance companies. As “it cost more to attract a customer, than it does to keep one.”</p><p><strong> </strong></p>