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11	The Aronda "Black Box" - Bridging the Gap of Mistrust in Insurance Service Relationships : A Study of Damage Adjustment as a Critical Episode Kumassah, William, Mujcinovic, Mevludin January 2010 (has links) Problem: The nature of insurances, and indeed the customer-provider relationship in insurance services, lends itself to distinctive characteristics. These characteristics have particular implications on overall perceived service and relationship quality, and thus customer retention. The arguably singular characteristic of mutual mistrust prevalent in insurance service relationships, is a source for costs and lost profitability for insurance companies in Sweden. Bridging the “gap of mistrust”, potentially offered by a seemingly simple service, could entail significant benefits for both parties in an insurance service relationship. Research Questions: Does the Aronda Service have the potential to improve a damage adjustment process in a provider-customer insurance service relationship? Can a more effective damage adjustment process improve an insurance service relation between provider and customer? To what extent do the providers perceive that the damage adjustment process is critical to a customer’s stay or switch decisions in an insurance service relationship? Purpose: The aim of the thesis is two-fold: The aim is to investigate and describe the impact of the damage adjustment process in customer relationships between the privately insured and property insurance companies in Sweden And to assess, the potential of the Aronda Service to improve customer relations for insurance companies by improving (in terms of customer satisfaction) the damage adjustment process. Methodology: A qualitative method with deductive reasoning was used. The highly contextual nature of customer-provider relationships was deemed, for the purpose of the study, best suited using a qualitative method. Data collection comprised of interviewing several professionals pertaining to the field of property insurance and damage adjustment, academic literature, peer-reviewed articles, and Ph.D. Dissertations. Theoretical Approach: The theoretical approach is based on consolidation of widely used theories in the field of service and relationship in the “Critical episode on insurance relationships” perspective, presented by Mikael Gidhagen, Senior lecturer at Uppsala University, Sweden. Although the perspective is originally created for B2B relationships, proved great applicability and relevance. Empirical foundation: The empirical foundation consisted of a number of interviews with respondents with extensive corporate and private insurance industry experience. The secondary empirical information was gathered from governmental, consumer services, and industry regulatory bodies’ websites and publications. Conclusion: The uncovered prominent issues in insurance relationships between private individuals and property insurance service providers can at the very least be aided, if not solved, to the benefit of both parties by the proposed digital version of the Aronda “Black Box”. As the importance of documentation in more cases of insurance claims than not are paramount, and by decreasing the coverage knowledge gap of customers, facilitating a matching of service expectations and actual service delivery, customer satisfaction can be more readily achievable for insurance provider. A readily achievable level of customer satisfaction, in turn, means probably prolonged customer retention, and ultimately higher profitability for the insurance companies. As “it cost more to attract a customer, than it does to keep one.” relationship quality critical incidents damage adjustment customer satisfaction customer retention insurance service relationship perceived quality service encounters perceived quality private insurances Business studies Företagsekonomi
12	Ευφυές σύστημα χορήγησης ασφαλειών Δασκαλάκη, Ευφροσύνη 14 December 2009 (has links) Στην εργασία που ακολουθεί, ασχολούμαστε με την εφαρμογή μεθόδων Τεχνητής Νοημοσύνης σε ένα πραγματικό πρόβλημα, που αναφέρεται στην διάγνωση του βαθμού ασφαλισιμότητας ενός πελάτη μιας ασφαλιστικής εταιρείας. Η ανάγκη για την εφαρμογή αυτή προέκυψε από το γεγονός ότι πολλές φορές ο εμπειρογνώμονας της εταιρείας δεν είναι διαθέσιμος, αλλά και όταν είναι, χρειάζεται ένα συμβουλευτικό πρόγραμμα. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, για τη λύση του προβλήματος χρησιμοποιούνται: α) ένα ασαφές έμπειρο σύστημα υλοποιημένο με τη βοήθεια του εργαλείου FuzzyCLIPS, β) ένα έμπειρο σύστημα που χρησιμοποιεί κανόνες με συντελεστές βεβαιότητας τύπου MYCIN, γ) ένα έμπειρο σύστημα που χρησιμοποιεί κανόνες με συντελεστές βεβαιότητας τύπου weighted, υλοποιημένα και τα δύο με βάση το εργαλείο CLIPS και δ) ένα νευρωνικό δίκτυο υλοποιημένο με βάση το εργαλείο WEKA. Στο τέλος συγκρίνουμε τα παραπάνω συστήματα με βάση κάποιες μετρικές. Πριν να ξεκινήσουμε την ανάλυση του προβλήματός μας και των υλοποιήσεων των παραπάνω συστημάτων, αναλύουμε λίγο παραπάνω τους όρους και τα εργαλεία που ήδη αναφέραμε, δίνοντας περισσότερες πληροφορίες για την προέλευση τους, τα χαρακτηριστικά τους, τη χρησιμότητά τους, κτλ. Έτσι, αρχικά δίνουμε περισσότερα στοιχεία για τον τομέα της Τεχνητής Νοημοσύνης και πώς αυτός έχει εξελιχτεί στις τελευταίες δεκαετίες, και αναλύουμε τη συσχέτιση των Έμπειρων Συστημάτων με την Τεχνητή Νοημοσύνη, τα χαρακτηριστικά τους, τη δομή τους, τα πλεονεκτήματα και μειονεκτήματά τους. Στη συνέχεια, αναλύουμε τα τρία εργαλεία που θα χρησιμοποιήσουμε και τις δυνατότητες αυτών. Κι αφού δώσουμε περισσότερες πληροφορίες για το πρόβλημα της ‘Ασφαλισιμότητας’ και τον τρόπο που το αντιμετωπίζουμε, γίνεται παρουσίαση των παραπάνω ευφυών συστημάτων και των αποτελεσμάτων τους σε συγκεκριμένο σύνολο δεδομένων. Τέλος, προχωράμε σε σύγκριση και σχολιασμό των τιμών των μετρικών που προέκυψαν από τις προηγούμενες εφαρμογές, και εξαγωγή των συμπερασμάτων της σύγκρισης. / In the work that follows, we deal with the application of methods of Artificial Intelligence in a real problem, that is concerned with the diagnosis of degree of ‘how safe is to insure a customer’ in an insurance company. The need for this application resulted from the fact that many times over, the expert of the insurance company may not be available, but also when he is, he could use an advisory program. To be more exact, for the solution of the problem described above we use: a) a fuzzy expert system (in our case we use FuzzyCLIPS), b) an expert system that use rules with certainty factors as in the MYCIN tool, c) an expert system that uses rules with certainty factors as in the Weighted tool, both programmed using the CLIPS expert systems tool d) a neural network through WEKA neural network producer tool. Finally, we compare the above mentioned systems by calculating a set of metrics to conclude which method produces the most accurate results. Before analysing our problem and running the systems mentioned above, we analyze fatherly the terms and the tools that we use, providing more information on their characteristics, usefulness, etc. Thus, initially we give more information about Artificial Intelligence and how it has developed in the last decades, and we analyze the cross-correlation of Expert Systems with Artificial Intelligence, their characteristics, their structure, their advantages and disadvantages. After that, we analyze the three tools that we will use, and their possibilities, advantages and disadvantages. After giving more information on the problem of ‘how safe is to insure a customer’ and the way we deal with it, we present the above expert systems and their results in a specific dataset. Finally, we compare the metrics that were calculated from the previous applications, and comment on the conclusions of this comparison. Έμπειρα συστήματα Τεχνητή νοημοσύνη Ασφάλειες ζωής Νευρωνικά δίκτυα Συντελεστές βαρών Ασάφεια 368.01 Expert systems Artificial intelligence Life insurances Neural network Weight factors Certainty factors Fuzzyness
13	Étude du système bancaire mauritanien : aspects juridiques / ' : ' Lemrabott Lewfah, Mohamed Aly 12 December 2016 (has links) Le système bancaire mauritanien a joué un grand rôle dans le développement du pays. De ce fait, il fut au cœur des grandes réformes financières et économiques initiées en Mauritanie. Un système bancaire qui, bien que, largement, inspiré d’autres systèmes (en particulier, le système français), présentera des spécificités qui lui sont propres. L’approche choisie est, à la fois, historique (abordant, de façon chronologique, les différentes étapes d’évolution du système bancaire mauritanien) et thématique (abordant les grands aspects qui distingueront chaque étape). Une approche qui met, également, l’accent sur l’importante dimension juridique de cette évolution. La présente thèse sera consacrée, principalement, à la présentation, des différentes composantes du système bancaire mauritanien (banques classiques, banques islamiques et banques étrangères) et des différentes structures d’appui financier à ce système bancaire, au niveau de la collecte de l’épargne ou d’octroi de crédit (établissements financiers non bancaires, sociétés d’assurances et institutions de microcrédit). Aussi, la place de la finance islamique dans le paysage bancaire mauritanien et la dynamique des relations des pouvoirs publics avec les institutions composant le système bancaire mauritanien constitueront-elles un autre volet de la présente thèse au cœur de laquelle, figure, d’autre part, l’évaluation du degré de compatibilité du système bancaire mauritanien avec les standards internationaux / The mauritanian banking system played a major role in the development of the country. As a result, it was at the heart of the major financial and economic reforms initiated in Mauritania. A banking system which, although largely inspired by other systems (in particular the french system), will present specific features of its own. The approach chosen is both historical (dealing chronologically with the different stages of the development of the mauritanian banking system) and thematic (addressing the major aspects that will distinguish each stage). An approach that also emphasizes the important legal dimension of this development.This thesis will be devoted mainly to the presentation of the different components of the mauritanian banking system (classic banks, Islamic banks and foreign banks) and the various financial support structures for this banking system, (non-bank financial institutions, insurance companies and microcredit institutions). Also, the role of islamic finance in the mauritanian banking landscape and the dynamics of relations between public authorities and the institutions composing the mauritanian banking system will constitute another part of the present thesis at the heart of which, on the other hand, the assessment of the degree of compatibility of the mauritanian banking system with international standards Banques Classiques Banques Islamiques Nationalisation Privatisation Micro-Finance Etablissements Financiers Assurances Banks Islamic Banks Nationalization Privatization Micro-Finance Financial Institutions Insurances
14	Three Essays on the Role of Financial Frictions in Macroeconomics König, Tobias 04 November 2022 (has links) Diese Dissertation besteht aus drei Aufsätzen, die die Rolle unterschiedlichester Arten von finanziellen Friktionen sowohl auf Firmenseite, als auch auf Bankenseite, für die Übertragung von finanziellen Schocks und Geldpolitik analysieren. Im ersten Aufsatz, "Firm Heterogeneity and the Capital Market", studiere ich welche Art von Finanzbeschränkungen der Firmen für die Übertragung von Kapitalmarktfinanzierungsschocks, als auch geldpolitischen Schocks, ausschlaggebend sind. Hierbei gehöre ich zu den Ersten in der Literatur, die Kapitalmarktfinanzierungsschocks direkt aus Firmendaten schätzen. Ich zeige in meiner Studie, dass es für ein tieferes Verständnis von Firmeninvestitionen entscheidend ist, zwischen verschiedenen potentiellen Maßzahlen für Finanzbeschränkungen der Firmen zu unterscheiden. Konkret zeige ich, dass finanzbeschränkte Firmen mit hohen erwarteten zukünftigen Gewinnen nach einem Kapitalmarktfinanzierungsschock ihre Investitionen stärker als andere Firmen erhöhen. Im Unterschied dazu, spielt für die Übertragung von Geldpolitik auf Firmeninvestitionen die Liquidität und die Verschuldungsquote eine stärkere Rolle. Diese Resultate implizieren, dass für Politikmaßnahmen die eine Erhöhung von gesamtwirtschaftlichen Investitionen zum Ziel haben, sowohl Geldpolitik als auch der Zugang zum Kapitalmarkt im Blick behalten werden muss. Der zweite Aufsatz, "The Macroeconomic Effects of a European Deposit (Re-)Insurance Scheme", wurde gemeinsam mit Marius Clemens und Stefan Gebauer geschrieben. Hier analysieren wir die Wohlfahrts- und Stabilisierungseffekte einer europäischen Einlagenrückversicherung. Unser Regime-Switching-Zwei-Länder-DSGE-Modell impliziert, dass eine europäischer Einlagenrückversicherungsfond Konjunkturschwankungen in beiden Ländern gut ausgleichen kann und die Risikoteilung zwischen beiden Ländern verbessert. Allerdings kann das Wirtschaftswachstum langfristig leiden, wenn die Einzahlungen der Banken in den jeweiligen Ländern in die europäische Einlagenversicherung schlecht gelöst sind. Im dritten Aufsatz, "The Financial Accelerator, Wages and Optimal Monetary Policy", analysiere ich in einem makroökonomischen Modell, welche Rolle Geldpolitik einnehmen sollte, wenn Friktionen auf der Bankenseite und Lohnrigiditäten existieren. Ich zeige, dass Zentralbanken im Fall von Finanzmarktschocks einen großen Fokus auf die Stabilisierung von Lohninflation legen sollten. Dies erklärt sich über die geringere Sensitivität von Kapitalnachfrage auf Änderungen in Reallöhnen im Falle von Friktionen auf dem Bankenmarkt. Höhere Reallöhne führen zudem zu Inflation und einem niedrigeren Risikoaufschlag auf Firmenkredite. / This thesis consists of three essays that focus on the role of heterogeneity in both the type and the degree of financial frictions for the pass-through of financial shocks and of monetary policy. In the first essay, "Firm Heterogeneity and the Capital Market", I investigate the importance of firms' financial constraints for the transmission of both equity shocks and monetary policy shocks. I am the first in the literature to obtain an instrument to equity financing shocks directly from firm-level data. I show in my study, that it is necessary to strictly distinguish between different forms of financial constraints if researchers want to investigate the role of firm heterogeneity on firm investment rates. In particular, financially constrained firms with high expected future profits increase their investment rate relatively more when capital market funding conditions are improved. In contrast, firm liquidity and high debt burden of firms explain the heterogeneity in firms' investment response to monetary policy. Therefore, policy makers have to consider both monetary policy conditions and access of firms to capital markets in order to relax the firms' financial constraints and to stimulate investment. The second essay, "The Macroeconomic Effects of a European Deposit (Re-) Insurance Scheme", is joint work with Marius Clemens and Stefan Gebauer. We analyze the stabilization effects of a common European deposit re-insurance scheme. To this end we build a two-country regime-switching general equilibrium model. The findings suggest that a common European deposit insurance scheme reduces business cycle fluctuations in both countries and improve risk sharing within the union. Long term macroeconomic performance however can deteriorate when contributions to the deposit insurance are non-deductible and designed poorly. In the third essay, "The Financial Accelerator, Wages and Optimal Monetary Policy", I investigate optimal monetary policy under the existence of both banking frictions and wage rigidities. In my macroeconomic model, I document that after the economy is hit by adverse financial shocks, monetary policy should stabilize wage inflation to improve welfare. This result can be explained as follows: The presence of financial frictions makes capital demand less elastic to changes in real wages. The wage-inflation stabilization regime that results in relatively higher real wages reduces the capital demand by less in comparison to the non-financial-friction economy. Higher real wages increase inflation and lowers the credit spread. finanziellen Friktionen Geldpolitik Einlagenversicherung Kapitalmärkte Heterogene Firmen Financial Frictions Monetary Policy Firm Heterogeneity Deposit Insurances Capital Markets 339 Makroökonomie und verwandte Themen QC 320 ddc:339
15	Förderung ausländischer Direktinvestitionen in Entwicklungsländern durch Investitionsgarantien und -versicherungen: Eine Analyse des Instrumentariums der MIGA und der Bundesrepublik Deutschland Hartwig, Janis Matthias 25 August 2023 (has links) Risikopolitischer Investitionsschutz nimmt zur Förderung von ausländischen Direktinvestitionen (ADI) in Entwicklungsländern eine wichtige Funktion ein. Die vorliegende Arbeit analysiert unterschiedliche Investitionsschutzinstrumente im internationalen Kapitalverkehr. Hierbei werden Schwerpunkte auf öffentliche Investitionsgarantien und -versicherungen gelegt, wobei das Instrumentarium der Multilateralen Investitions-Garantie-Agentur (MIGA) als Institution der Weltbankgruppe sowie das der Bundesrepublik Deutschland aufgrund ihrer führenden Stellungen als vorrangige Analysegegenstände dienen. Nach einer fundierten Darstellung der Versicherungssysteme werden diese miteinander verglichen. Ferner werden die MIGA und die Investitionsgarantien des Bundes hinsichtlich ihrer Mehrwerte und Grenzen untersucht. Unter Einbeziehung auch kritischer Aspekte zeigt die Arbeit Handlungsperspektive für die Versicherungssysteme auf, um ADI in Entwicklungsländern verstärkt zu fördern. info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/330 ddc:330
16	Le photovoltaïque, une « innovation verte » à l'épreuve du droit : analyse synthétique et critique du cadre juridique photovoltaïque visant le particulier à la Réunion / No English title available Kamkar, Paradis 06 November 2015 (has links) Sous l'impulsion de l'Union européenne et de l'ouverture des marchés, le droit de l'énergie a considérablement évolué ces dix dernières années. Les textes en matière d'énergie solaire photovoltaïque se sont amplifiés depuis la loi « Pope » jusqu'aux lois « Grenelle I » et « Grenelle II », et récemment avec la loi n° 2015-992 du 17 août 2015 relative à la transition énergétique pour la croissance verte, suivies de nombreux décrets pour leur application et une jurisprudence de plus en plus abondante en la matière. Il en résulte un ensemble considérable de textes évolutifs et complexes dont l'accès reste difficile à appréhender et à appliquer. Cette instabilité des règles régissant la matière – certes inévitable au regard des nécessaires changements requis par toute innovation – est source d'insécurité juridique et s'avère extrêmement déstabilisante pour les acteurs du secteur en quête de visibilité. En outre, l'installation d'une centrale de production d'électricité photovoltaïque au sein de son habitation, est à la fois un projet d'investissement et une opération de construction immobilière, qui exige des garanties tant sur le plan financier qu'au niveau de la construction (sûretés et assurances) pour permettre de mieux maîtriser les risques et rassurer les parties au projet. Néanmoins, les nombreux freins contractuels, administratifs et financiers ralentissent le développement du photovoltaïque et se heurtent aux ambitions de promouvoir cette « électricité verte » sur l'ensemble du territoire et notamment parvenir à l'autonomie énergétique de l'île de La Réunion. Ainsi, cette étude présente et analyse le droit de l'énergie photovoltaïque, visant notamment le particulier à La Réunion, sous ses différents angles (fiscal, financier, contractuel, administratif, urbanistique, des responsabilités) – à jour des textes les plus récents – et en explicite les modalités d'application à la lumière des multiples textes réglementaires, législatifs, guides professionnels et de la jurisprudence, que ce soit celle des tribunaux ou des autorités de régulation. / Facing a weakening photovoltaic market and a sector already bedeviled recently by a huge increase of legal texts, private investors decrease. This thesis tackles legal framework concerning photovoltaic energy in Reunion Island. This will include the analysis of fiscal incentives such as investment grants and tax preferences, as well as more general environmental policy instruments (feed-in-tariffs and renewable subsidies and grants). Moreover, this will include the analysis of contracts such as loan agreement, sale contract, lease agreement and connection/Commissioning contracts, as well as more environmental aspect. At last, risks, insurances, liability comprising legal proceedings and guarantees will be studied in this thesis. Énergie solaire photovoltaïque Investissement Aides publiques et fiscalité Maîtrise foncière Contrats photovoltaïques Assurances et responsabilités Procédure et contentieux Solar energy, photovoltaic Subsidies and grants Contract Legal framework Insurances, liability Financing
17	Applying Peaks-Over-Threshold for Increasing the Speed of Convergence of a Monte Carlo Simulation / Peaks-Over-Threshold tillämpat på en Monte Carlo simulering för ökad konvergenshastighet Jakobsson, Eric, Åhlgren, Thor January 2022 (has links) This thesis investigates applying the semiparametric method Peaks-Over-Threshold on data generated from a Monte Carlo simulation when estimating the financial risk measures Value-at-Risk and Expected Shortfall. The goal is to achieve a faster convergence than a Monte Carlo simulation when assessing extreme events that symbolise the worst outcomes of a financial portfolio. Achieving a faster convergence will enable a reduction of iterations in the Monte Carlo simulation, thus enabling a more efficient way of estimating risk measures for the portfolio manager. The financial portfolio consists of US life insurance policies offered on the secondary market, gathered by our partner RessCapital. The method is evaluated on three different portfolios with different defining characteristics. In Part I an analysis of selecting an optimal threshold is made. The accuracy and precision of Peaks-Over-Threshold is compared to the Monte Carlo simulation with 10,000 iterations, using a simulation of 100,000 iterations as the reference value. Depending on the risk measure and the percentile of interest, different optimal thresholds are selected. Part II presents the result with the optimal thresholds from Part I. One can conclude that Peaks-Over-Threshold performed significantly better than a Monte Carlo simulation for Value-at-Risk with 10,000 iterations. The results for Expected Shortfall did not achieve a clear improvement in terms of precision, but it did show improvement in terms of accuracy. Value-at-Risk and Expected Shortfall at the 99.5th percentile achieved a greater error reduction than at the 99th. The result therefore aligned well with theory, as the more "rare" event considered, the better the Peaks-Over-Threshold method performed. In conclusion, the method of applying Peaks-Over-Threshold can be proven useful when looking to reduce the number of iterations since it do increase the convergence of a Monte Carlo simulation. The result is however dependent on the rarity of the event of interest, and the level of precision/accuracy required. / Det här examensarbetet tillämpar metoden Peaks-Over-Threshold på data genererat från en Monte Carlo simulering för att estimera de finansiella riskmåtten Value-at-Risk och Expected Shortfall. Målet med arbetet är att uppnå en snabbare konvergens jämfört med en Monte Carlo simulering när intresset är s.k. extrema händelser som symboliserar de värsta utfallen för en finansiell portfölj. Uppnås en snabbare konvergens kan antalet iterationer i simuleringen minskas, vilket möjliggör ett mer effektivt sätt att estimera riskmåtten för portföljförvaltaren. Den finansiella portföljen består av amerikanska livförsäkringskontrakt som har erbjudits på andrahandsmarknaden, insamlat av vår partner RessCapital. Metoden utvärderas på tre olika portföljer med olika karaktär. I Del I så utförs en analys för att välja en optimal tröskel för Peaks-Over-Threshold. Noggrannheten och precisionen för Peaks-Over-Threshold jämförs med en Monte Carlo simulering med 10,000 iterationer, där en Monte Carlo simulering med 100,000 iterationer används som referensvärde. Beroende på riskmått samt vilken percentil som är av intresse så väljs olika trösklar. I Del II presenteras resultaten med de "optimalt" valda trösklarna från Del I. Peaks-over-Threshold påvisade signifikant bättre resultat för Value-at-Risk jämfört med Monte Carlo simuleringen med 10,000 iterationer. Resultaten för Expected Shortfall påvisade inte en signifikant förbättring sett till precision, men visade förbättring sett till noggrannhet. För både Value-at-Risk och Expected Shortfall uppnådde Peaks-Over-Threshold en större felminskning vid 99.5:e percentilen jämfört med den 99:e. Resultaten var därför i linje med de teoretiska förväntningarna då en högre percentil motsvarar ett extremare event. Sammanfattningsvis så kan metoden Peaks-Over-Threshold vara användbar när det kommer till att minska antalet iterationer i en Monte Carlo simulering då resultatet visade att Peaks-Over-Threshold appliceringen accelererar Monte Carlon simuleringens konvergens. Resultatet är dock starkt beroende av det undersökta eventets sannolikhet, samt precision- och noggrannhetskravet. Monte Carlo Simulation Value-at-Risk Expected Shortfall Peaks- Over-Threshold Life Insurances Generalized Pareto Distribution Extreme-Value-Theory Monte Carlo Simulation Value-at-Risk Expected Shortfall Peaks-Over-Threshold Livförsäkringar Generalized Pareto Fördelning Extremvärdesteori Other Mathematics Annan matematik
18	L'indemnisation par l'assurance de responsabilité civile professionnelle : L'exemple des professions du chiffre et du droit / Compensation from the professional civil liability insurance Bigot, Rodolphe 05 December 2012 (has links) En matière de responsabilité civile des professionnels du chiffre et du droit, l’indemnisation est intégralement réalisée par l’assurance privée. Il existe donc, à cet égard, une nette différence entre l’indemnisation dans le domaine de la responsabilité médicale et dans le domaine objet de la recherche entreprise. Pourtant, les enjeux économiques y seraient d’importance supérieure. Une mutualisation optimale est souvent réalisée par les instances professionnelles du chiffre et du droit. Celles-ci ont souscrit des contrats d’assurance collective créés et proposés dès le dix-neuvième siècle par un même assureur, à présent en situation de quasi monopole de fait.De 2001 à 2010, plus de 100 000 sinistres ont été déclarés par des professionnels du chiffre et du droit auprès de cet apériteur dominant. Un échantillonnage approfondi a permis de constater que l’indemnisation n’a pas toute l’efficacité espérée, étant elle-même contrecarrée par l’action du système assurantiel de défense professionnelle fédéré autour de comités de gestion concertée. Ce système aurait ainsi pris le contrôle de l’indemnisation, de sorte à réaliser une forme d’écrasement des préjudices indemnisables, notamment par le jeu des règlements extrajudiciaires prédominants. En même temps, ce système ne serait pas toujours en mesure de protéger pleinement cette incroyable mutualisation qu’il a pourtant réalisée avec succès. En effet, une altération de la responsabilisation des professionnels assurés pourrait être à la fois la cause et la conséquence de cette importante sinistralité pour laquelle les techniques assurantielles d’autodiscipline semblent être tombées en léthargie, au détriment de l’indemnisation. / In the field of the civil liability of law and accounting practitioners, the compensation of victims is entirely carried out by a private insurer. There is, therefore, in this respect, a plain difference between compensation in the field of medical liability and compensation in the area addressed in this research. Nevertheless, the economic stakes would be rather higher. An optimal mutuality is often done by law and accounting professional bodies. They have entered into collective insurance contracts created and proposed as from the nineteenth century by a sole insurer, today in an almost situation of de facto monopoly. From 2001 to 2010, more than 100 000 claims have been declared by law and accounting professions together with the dominant insurer. A detailed sampling has enabled us to notice that the compensation does not have its entire hoped efficiency, itself being thwarted by the insurance system’s action of professional defense federated around concerted management committees. This system has therefore taken control of the compensation process, in a way to conceive a form of crushing of the prejudices entitled to compensation, mainly through amicable settlements. At the same time, the abovementioned system is not always in a position to fully protect this incredible mutuality that it has however carried out with success. The impairment which affects the responsibilization of insured practitioners could be at the same time the cause and the consequence of this important sum of claims for which the self-disciplined methods used by insurance seem to have faded, to the detriment of compensation. Indemnisation Mutualisation Responsabilisation Commissions Contractualisation Pratiques assurantielles Auxiliaires de justice Ordre public Déjudiciarisation Assurances obligatoires Responsabilité civile professionnelle Célérité Réparation intégrale Sécurité juridique Compensation Mutuality Responsibilization Commissions Contract Practices of insurance Officers of the court Public policy Obligatory insurances Professional civil liability Swiftness Complete compensation Legal security Substancial and processual securities
19	Clément Colson (1853-1939), la science économique de son époque et ses prolongements / Clément Colson (1853-1939), the economics of his time and his extensions. De paoli, Joachim 22 September 2017 (has links) L’objectif de cette thèse est d’analyser les contributions de Clément Colson à la science économique dans le but de mieux connaître sa pensée, de mieux connaître l’École libérale française au début du XXème siècle, d’étudier l’influence qu’a pu avoir cet auteur sur ses principaux élèves, Divisia, Roy et Rueff, et d’évaluer l’actualité de certaines de ses recommandations.Le premier chapitre montre quels sont les apports théoriques de Colson à la science économique.Pour ses élèves, son principal apport serait la théorie de la détermination conjointe du salaire et du taux d’intérêt. Nous montrerons que cette théorie est proche de la règle de gestion optimale en microéconomie attribuée à Clark ; nous verrons alors que l’on peut parler de découverte multiple.Colson est également intéressant au point de vue de la méthode utilisée. Nous verrons alors qu’il utilise les statistiques et les mathématiques dans ses développements : il est à l’origine d’une évaluation pionnière du revenu de la France, son enseignement impulse le calcul économique, il peut être considéré comme un précurseur de l’économétrie en France. Le deuxième chapitre montre que Colson développe la méthode de tarification des voies de communication exploitées en monopole de Jules Dupuit en proposant des moyens pratiques de révélation des préférences. Nous verrons également que cette théorie est reprise de nos jours avec le Yield Management et par les compagnies aériennes à bas coûts. Le troisième chapitre a pour but de voir comment Colson prend en compte la question sociale. Nous verrons qu’il défend une intervention de l’État plus importante que d’autres économistes libéraux afin d’éviter que les ouvriers ne se tournent vers le socialisme. Le quatrième chapitre étudie l’intervention de l’État préconisée par Colson dans le domaine des chemins de fer. Nous verrons que dans ce domaine où l’État est très présent, l’auteur souhaite le limiter. Il préfère ainsi la concession à la régie et souhaite la construction de nouvelles lignes uniquement si elles sont rentables. Nous verrons qu’à nouveau, la crainte du socialisme n’est pas étrangère à ses positions. Sur chacun des thèmes, nous verrons que Colson accorde à la pratique une place importante. Au niveau théorique tout part de l’observation et se termine par l’observation, au niveau pratique il est marqué par les préoccupations de son époque. / The object of this dissertation is to analyse the contributions of Clément Colson to the economics in order to be better acquainted with his thought, with the French Liberal School at the beginning of the 20th century, to see the influence he had on his main students, Divisia, Roy and Rueff, and to evaluate the actuality of his recomandations. The first chapter develops the Colson’s theoretical contributions.For his students, his main contribution would be the theory of the joint setting of wage and of the interest rate. We will explain this theory is close to the optimal management rule in microeconomics attributed to Clark; we will see we can speak then about multiple discovery.Colson is interesting too from the point of view of the method used. We will see he uses statistics and mathematics in his developments: he makes one of the first assesments of the French income, his lectures develop economics calculus, he can be seen as a precursor of econometrics in France. The second chapter shows that Colson develops the Jules Dupuit pricing method for means of communications exploited by a monopoly by proposing practical way of preferences revelation. We will show too that this theory is used nowadays with the Yield Management and by airline lowcost companies.The third chapter has for purpose to see how Colson takes into account the social question. We will see he argues for a more important State intervention than other liberal economists in order to avoid workers to turn to socialism. The fourth chapter is devoted to the State intervention recommended by Colson in the field of railways. We will see that in this field in which the State is very present, the author wishes to limit it. So he prefers the concession to the public exploitation and wishes construction of new railway lines just if they are profitable. We will see again that the fear of socialism is not stranger to his positions. On each theme, we will see that Colson gives an important place to the practice. At the theoretical level all starts and finishes with the observation, at the practice level he is influenced by the preoccupations of his time. Clément Colson Ingénieurs économistes Histoire de la pensée économique Ecole libérale française Jules Dupuit Jacques Rueff François Divisia René Roy Maurice Allais Question sociale Assurances sociales Mode d’exploitation des chemins de fer Tarification des chemins de fer Tarification des transports aériens Yield Management Histoire du calcul économique Histoire de la comptabilité nationale Histoire de l’économétrie Clément Colson Economist engineers History of economics thought French Liberal School Jules Dupuit Jacques Rueff François Divisia René Roy Maurice Allais Social question Social insurances Rail transport operations mode Calculus of railroad utility Railroad pricing Airline pricing Yield Management History of economic calculus History of national accounting History of econometrics 330.09
20	Försäkringsskydd för skadeståndsansvar vid dataskyddsöverträdelser : En undersökning av försäkringsvillkorens omfattning och eventuella begränsningar i förhållande till art. 82 GDPR och grupptalan / Insurance coverage for liability in case of data protection breaches : An investigation into the extent and potential limitations of insurance terms in relation to art. 82 GDPR and class action lawsuits Nahlbom, Robin January 2024 (has links) I uppsatsen utreds försäkringsskyddet för skadeståndsansvar vid dataskyddsöverträdelser. GDPR är den centrala regleringen för personuppgiftsbehandling och fastställer ett antal principer som måste upprätthållas för att den ansvarige ska få behandla personuppgifter. Bryter den ansvarige mot förordningens principer har den registrerade rätt att kräva skadestånd enligt art. 82.1 GDPR. Förordningen fastställer tre kumulativa krav som måste vara uppfyllda för att skadeståndsskyldighet ska föreligga. Det innefattar att en överträdelse av GDPR har skett, att materiell eller immateriell skada till följd av denna överträdelse har uppstått och att det föreligger ett orsakssamband mellan skadan och överträdelsen. Förordningen innehåller även en bestämmelse som tar över medlemsstaternas nationella skadeståndsrättsliga bestämmelser, vilket innebär att GDPR ska tillämpas enligt sin ordalydelse och att de kumulativa kraven enligt art. 82.1 GDPR måste följas. Det innebär att nationella skadeståndsrättsliga begrepp inte bör jämställas med begrepp som framgår av art. 82.1 GDPR eftersom begreppen har tillkommit i en helt annan kontext. Exempelvis översätts i vissa fall materiella och immateriella skador till ekonomiska och ideella skador. Begreppen är inte synonyma och bör inte tillställas samma betydelse eftersom terminologin i art. 82.1 GDPR kan misstolkas. Försäkringsvillkoren som reglerar skadeståndsskyldigheten för dataskyddsöverträdelser och som även hänvisar till art. 82.1 GDPR, innehåller i vissa fall nationella skadeståndsrättsliga begrepp och även andra begrepp som inte framgår av förordningen. Det kan leda till att kongruensen mellan villkorens utformning och förordningens ordalydelse medför tolkningsproblematik vid bedömning om skadeståndsskyldighet föreligger. Därför bör försäkringsvillkoren endast innehålla sådan terminologi som framgår av art. 82.1 GDPR. Dataskyddsöverträdelser medför oftast att en stor grupp människor lider skada varför förordningen tillåter registrerade att föra grupptalan med hjälp av en ideell organisation enligt art. 80 GDPR. Teoretiskt sett kan skadeståndsbeloppen bli högre än försäkringsbeloppen varför det i sådana fall saknas ett försäkringsskydd för grupptalan för den personuppgiftsansvarige. Försäkringsvillkoren anger däremot ingenting om att försäkringen inte täcker ett sådant anspråk. Därmed ställs försäkringsbolagen inför utmaningen att hantera sådana anspråk, varför försäkringen bör uppdateras för att möta skadestånd i en grupptalan vid dataskyddsöverträdelser. / The essay investigates insurance coverage for liability for damages in the event of data protection breaches. GDPR is the central regulation for the processing of personal data and establishes a number of principles that must be upheld for the data controller to process personal data. If the data controller breaches the principles of the regulation, the data subject has the right to claim damages under Art. 82.1 GDPR. The regulation sets out three cumulative requirements that must be met for liability for damages to arise. This includes that a breach of the GDPR has occurred, that material or immaterial damage as a result of this breach has arisen, and that there is a causal link between the damage and the breach. The regulation also includes a provision that supersedes the national tort law provisions of Member States, which means that the GDPR shall be applied according to its wording and that the cumulative requirements under Art. 82.1 GDPR must be followed. This means that national tort law concepts should not be equated with concepts as set out in Art. 82.1 GDPR as the concepts have arisen in a completely different context. For example, in some cases, material and immaterial damages are translated into economic and non-economic damages. The concepts are not synonymous and should not be attributed the same meaning as the terminology in Art. 82.1 GDPR can be misinterpreted. The insurance terms and conditions that regulate liability for damages in the event of data protection breaches and also refer to Art. 82.1 GDPR, in some cases contain national tort law concepts and other concepts that are not evident in the regulation. This may lead to a lack of congruence between the wording of the terms and conditions and the wording of the regulation, resulting in interpretation issues when assessing whether liability for damages exists. Therefore, the insurance terms and conditions should only contain terminology as set out in Art. 82.1 GDPR. Data protection breaches usually result in harm to a large group of people, which is why the regulation allows data subjects to bring a collective action with the assistance of a not-for-profit organization under Art. 80 GDPR. Theoretically, damages awarded may exceed insurance coverage, which means there is no insurance coverage for collective actions for the data controller in such cases. However, the insurance terms and conditions do not specify that the insurance does not cover such a claim. Therefore, insurance companies are faced with the challenge of handling such claims, which is why the insurance should be updated to cover damages in a collective action in the event of data protection breaches. GDPR General Data Protection Regulation protection Insurances breach insurance Class action lawsuit terms and conditions Personal data Personal data protection Registered Privacy protection Insurance coverage sum insured Damages compensation Tort law Material damages Immaterial damages Violation Economic loss Insurance company European Union Personal Data Act Data integrity Confidentiality Confidentiality protection Information protection Personal data protection Insurance contract Liability for damages Data controller DPO Data processor Compensation for damages Claim for damages Insurance coverage Principles Data protection principles Compliance Insurance compensation Tort law Regulation Directive Law Swedish Authority for Privacy Protection Data protection officer European Data Protection Board Article 29 workgroup Article Article 82 Data controller responsibility Sanctions Administrative fines Data Protection Directive Artikel 82 GDPR Dataskydd Försäkring Försäkringar Databrottsförsäkring Grupptalan Försäkringsvillkor Personuppgift Personuppgifter Personuppgiftsskydd Registrerad Registrerade Integritetsskydd Försäkringsbelopp Skadestånd Skadeståndslag Materiell Immateriell Kränkning Förmögenhetsskada Försäkringsbolag Dataskyddsförordningen EU Personuppgiftslag Dataintegritet Sekretess Sekretessskydd Informationsskydd Personuppgiftsskydd Försäkringsavtal Skadeståndsskyldighet Skadeståndsansvar Personuppgiftsansvarig Personuppgiftsbiträde Skadeståndsersättning Skadeståndskrav Försäkringsskydd Principer Dataskyddsprinciper Regelefterlevnad Försäkringsersättning Skadeståndslagen Förordning Direktiv Lag Integritetsskyddsmyndigheten IMY Dataskyddsombud Data EDPB Artikel 82 Personuppgiftsansvar Sanktioner Sanktionsavgifter Dataskyddsdirektivet DPO Artikel 82 GDPR Artikel 82 Europeiska unionen Law and Society Juridik och samhälle

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