The dissertation explores the trope of bodily abjection in Mexican literature and film that spans from the 1910s to the 1970s as a device for unveiling predominant discourses regarding the foundational myth of the Mexican Revolution. Sickly, mutilated, marginal, or even spectral bodies that appear throughout the cultural production of Mexico’s revolutionary century are closely linked with the literary and filmic representation of the insurgent experience. These bodies are studied as harbingers of the contentious relationship between revolutionary subjects and institutions that claimed to be the legitimate representatives and custodians of revolutionary culture. The dissertation seeks to demonstrate how abject representations of bodies reappear in Mexican literature and film when the possibility of armed insurgency emerges as an alternative to state-centered revolutionary discourse. While my research examines an eclectic corpus of works, crafted by authors and filmmakers belonging to different moments of the 20th century, all showing varied ideological affiliations, I argue that corporeal abjection consistently puts on display how insurgency cannot be incorporated into the imaginary of State power. The literary production of the Ateneo de México, Rafael Muñoz, José Revueltas, and the films of independent directors such as Paul Leduc and Alfredo Joskowicz are among the works this dissertation analyzes. In these heterogeneous texts, the abject bodies of insurgents constitute a valuable interpretive resource that remains largely unexplored in the study of contemporary Mexican cultural production.

A imprensa insurgente encomendada por Miguel Hidalgo e por José Morelos, durante o movimento de independência da Nova Espanha, marcou uma ruptura com a imprensa oficial no início do século XIX. Ao levantar os problemas sociais do Vice-Reino e estratégias para combatê-los, configurou um novo espaço de debate político que respondia prioritariamente às urgências de notícias da guerra e à publicação de constantes manifestos em que se justificava a causa separatista. Analisar o desenvolvimento dos impressos durante a independência constitui um mecanismo para compreendermos a formação de espaços de sociabilidade num momento de debate intenso sobre a formulação de uma identidade mexicana. Os jornais revolucionários podem ser lidos, a partir desta perspectiva, não apenas como um lugar de discussão, mas como um elemento que se vincula a outras instâncias de ação social e estabelece uma comunicação a fim de formar opiniões políticas. / The insurgent press demanded by Miguel Hidalgo and José Morelos, during the independence movement of New Spain, established a rupture with the official media from the early 19th century. When putting through the light the social problems of the Vice-Reign and the strategies to fight against it, a new space for political debate was created, answering mainly to the urgency of the news from the war and the publication of constant manifests in which the independence is a mechanism for us to understand the formation of places for sociability in a moment of intensive debates on the construction of a Mexican identity. The revolutionary newspapers can be read, through this perspective, not only as a place for arguments, but also an element connected to other social practices and establish a communication with the mission to create political opinion.

A imprensa insurgente encomendada por Miguel Hidalgo e por José Morelos, durante o movimento de independência da Nova Espanha, marcou uma ruptura com a imprensa oficial no início do século XIX. Ao levantar os problemas sociais do Vice-Reino e estratégias para combatê-los, configurou um novo espaço de debate político que respondia prioritariamente às urgências de notícias da guerra e à publicação de constantes manifestos em que se justificava a causa separatista. Analisar o desenvolvimento dos impressos durante a independência constitui um mecanismo para compreendermos a formação de espaços de sociabilidade num momento de debate intenso sobre a formulação de uma identidade mexicana. Os jornais revolucionários podem ser lidos, a partir desta perspectiva, não apenas como um lugar de discussão, mas como um elemento que se vincula a outras instâncias de ação social e estabelece uma comunicação a fim de formar opiniões políticas. / The insurgent press demanded by Miguel Hidalgo and José Morelos, during the independence movement of New Spain, established a rupture with the official media from the early 19th century. When putting through the light the social problems of the Vice-Reign and the strategies to fight against it, a new space for political debate was created, answering mainly to the urgency of the news from the war and the publication of constant manifests in which the independence is a mechanism for us to understand the formation of places for sociability in a moment of intensive debates on the construction of a Mexican identity. The revolutionary newspapers can be read, through this perspective, not only as a place for arguments, but also an element connected to other social practices and establish a communication with the mission to create political opinion.

Depuis la deuxième moitié du XXe siècle, la Colombie se trouve submergée dans un conflit interne permanent qui s´étend pour plus de cinquante ans. Dans celui-ci convergent des divers acteurs armés : l`armée colombienne, les groupes paramilitaires et la guérilla, qui jouent un rôle central dans la définition du conflit et de la réalité sociale et politique du pays. Pourtant, l’image que chacun se fait autant du conflit que d’eux-mêmes dépend de l’interprétation que chacun donne aux faits et à la manière dans laquelle ils se perçoivent en intervenant dans la construction de cette réalité. Ainsi, avec le but d’indaguer dans l’interprétation d’une partie des acteurs du conflit, et cherchant faire un apport à la compréhension de cette période de l`histoire de la Colombie, une approche à l`imaginaire insurgé du Movimiento 19 de Abril, M-19, est ici proposé. Ce groupe étant l’une des guérillas les plus actives dans le pays, étant donné la magnitude de ces opérations armées, est aussi l’une des premières à établir depuis seize ans d’activité militante, des accords avec le gouvernement de la Colombie, signant un accord de paix et se transformant finalement en parti politique (1990). Pour ce faire, des récits des exmilitants de l’organisation s’incluent dans l’investigation afin de que ceux-ci apportent, depuis ses perspectives, à une meilleure compréhension et à la reconstruction de l’histoire du pays ; de cette façon on peut comprendre aussi ce qui les a amenés au soulèvement en armes et sa vision du monde. Dans la quête de faire connaître ses propositions et ses interprétations de ce qui se passait dans l`époque en Colombie, le M-19 déploie des actions et des discours, avec lesquels fait allusion aux ressources symboliques et matérielles afin de se représenter en tant que groupe insurgé et exprimer ainsi, ses dénonciations, ses propositions et ses interprétations de la réalité. C’est à partir de ces éléments que l’on peut constater l’existence d’une narrative insurgent ainsi que certaines pratiques encadrées dans les rites de passage. C’est donc à travers l’analyse de ces rites qui marquent les transformations internes du groupe, ainsi qu’à travers la reconstruction du mythe insurgent, compris en termes d’un réseau discursive construit à partir du langage, des symboles et des pratiques avec lesquelles les ex-militants se souviennent des années actives dans la guérilla, qu’une approche à l’imaginaire du M-19 peut se faire. / During the second half of the XXth Century, Colombia was submerged into a permanent internal conflict that has extended for much of half a century. In such conflict, there are different converging armed actors: The Colombian army, the guerrilla and paramilitary groups, who have played a significant role defining the conflict and the social and political reality of the country. However, the image each one creates of it and of themselves, depends profoundly on the interpretation that each one makes of the facts, as well as on the way in which they picture themselves intervening in the construction of this reality. Thus, aiming at getting insight of the interpretation of this reality made by one of the groups in the conflict, while contributing at the same time at understanding further this historical moment in Colombia, a study of the insurgent imaginary of the Movimiento 19 de Abril, M-19 is proposed. The M-19 was one of the most active guerrillas in the country due to the scope of its operations and one of the first that, after 16 years of militancy, establishes accords with the central government, signing a peace agreement and finally, becoming a political party (1990). In order to proceed, accounts from the organization`s ex militants are the main source of information integrated in the research so that they can contribute, from their perspective, to better understand and reconstruct the history of Colombia, and in this way, understand what led them to raise in arms and their vision of the world. In the search to make public their proposals and their interpretation of what was happening in Colombia during that time, the M-19 deploys several actions and discourses in which they make reference to symbolic and material resources in order to establish themselves as an insurgent group; and to express in this way, their demands, their proposals and their interpretations of the reality. From these elements, the existence of an insurgent narrative as well as of certain practices framed in what is known as rites of passage can be ascertained. Thus, It is through the analysis of these rites that mark the internal transformations of the group, as well as through the reconstruction of the insurgent myth –understood here in terms of a discursive patchwork composed by the language, the symbols and the practices through which the ex-militants recall their active years in the guerrilla- that an approach of the collective imaginary of the M-19 can be made. / A partir de la segunda mitad del siglo XX, Colombia se encuentra sumegida en un conflicto interno permanente que se extiende por más de medio siglo. En él, convergen diferentes actores armados: ejército, paramilitares y guerrilla, que juegan un rol principal en la definición del conflicto y de la realidad social y política del país. Pero la imagen que cada cual se hace de este y de sí mismos depende de la interpretacion que cada cual da de los hechos y de la manera en que ellos se ven interviniendo en la construcción de dicha realidad. Con el fin de indagar en la interpretación de una parte de los actores del conflicto y aportar en la comprensión de este periodo histórico en Colombia, se propone aquí realizar un acercamiento al imaginario insurgente del Movimiento 19 de Abril, una de las guerrilas más activas dada la magnitud de sus operativos y un de las primeras, que tras 16 años de militancia, logra entablar acuerdos con el gobierno, firmar la paz y transformarse a un movimiento político (1990). Para hacerlo, se incluyen los relatos de ex militantes de la organización para que, desde su perspectiva, aporten a un mejor entendimiento y a la reconstrucción de la historia del país y así comprender qué los llevo al alzamiento armado y cuál era su visión de mundo. En la búsqueda de dar a conocer sus propuestas e interpretaciones de lo que estaba ocurriendo en Colombia en esa época, el M-19 despliega diferentes acciones y discursos, en donde hace alusión a recursos simbólicos y materiales para representarse como grupo insurgente y expresar así sus denuncias, sus propuestas y sus interpretaciones de la realidad. A partir de estos elementos se constata la existencia de un relato insurgente y de ciertas prácticas que se enmarcan dentro de lo que se conoce como ritos de paso; a través del análisis de estos ritos que marcan las transformaciones internas del grupo y de la reconstrucción del mito insurgente, entendido como un entramado discursivo construido por el lenguaje, los símbolos y las prácticas con los que se reviven los años en la guerrilla, se hace un acercamiento al imaginario colectivo del M-19.

Las crecientes preocupaciones sobre el cambio climático y una creciente crisis ecológica se están volviendo cada vez más visibles en la literatura de diferentes géneros, especialmente en la literatura postapocalíptica y "cli-fi" (literatura sobre cambio climático). Reconociendo que el desastre ecológico afecta a las mujeres de manera desproporcionada, esta tesina emplea un análisis literario ecofeminista para examinar dos novelas en las que la trama principal está impulsada por una crisis ecológica causada por la contaminación. Más específicamente, esta tesina investiga la novela Mugre Rosa de Fernanda Trías (2021) y la novela Noxa de María Inés Krimer (2016), para descubrir qué estrategias utilizan las protagonistas femeninas para enfrentar sus situaciones peligrosas y cómo esto moldea su agencia desde un punto de vista ecofeminista. La tesis encuentra que las protagonistas de ambas novelas emplean varias estrategias para sobrevivir y a veces resistir la crisis ecológica que las rodea, pero también muestran momentos de apatía, rabia e inacción. Hay diferencias significativas entre las novelas, donde la protagonista de Noxa es retratada como más activa en la lucha contra la crisis y la protagonista de Mugre Rosa es más apática y furiosa. Esto se discute luego en términos de agencia transcorpórea y vulnerabilidad insurgente (Alaimo 2008, 2009). Finalmente, la tesina también discute de qué manera estas representaciones pueden transmitir unas preocupaciones ecofeministas al lector. Argumenta que muchas preocupaciones ecofeministas son visibles en ambas novelas, que van desde una crítica al capitalismo patriarcal hasta el control de los cuerpos femeninos, pasando por cuestiones de maternidad y monstruosidad, hasta finalmente la relación entre los seres humanos y la naturaleza. Esto demuestra la necesidad de un análisis más profundo de las preocupaciones ecológicas en la literatura, lo cual es probable que se vuelva cada vez más presente en estos tiempos. / Rising concerns about climate change and a mounting ecological crisis are becoming increasingly visible in literature of different genres, especially in post-apocalyptic and ‘cli-fi’ literature. Recognising that ecological disaster often disproportionally affects women, this thesis employs an ecofeminist literary analysis to examine two such novels where the main plot is driven by an ecological crisis caused by pollution. More specifically, this thesis investigates the novel Mugre Rosa by Fernanda Trías (2021) and the novel Noxa by María Inés Krimer (2016), to find out what strategies the female protagonists use to confront their perilous situations and how this shapes their agency from an ecofeminist standpoint.  The thesis finds that protagonists in both novels employ various strategies to survive and sometimes resist the ecological crisis that surrounds them, but also show moments of apathy, rage and inaction. There are significant differences between novels, where the protagonist of Noxa is portrayed as more active in fighting against the crisis and the protagonist of Mugre Rosa is more apathetic and raging. This is then discussed in terms of transcorporeal agency and insurgent vulnerability (Alaimo 2008, 2009).  Finally, the thesis also discusses in what ways these representations can convey ecofeminist concerns to readers. It argues that many ecofeminist concerns are visible in both novels, ranging from a criticism of patriarchal capitalism to the control of female bodies to issues of maternity and monstrosity to finally the relationship between humans and nature. This shows a need for further analysis of ecological concerns in literature, which is likely to become ever more present in these times.

[pt] Esta dissertação de mestrado tem como objeto de investigação as práticas pedagógicas de professores que ensinam matemática nos anos iniciais do Ensino Fundamental de forma a superar as práticas tradicionais hegemônicas. A partir de uma investigação qualitativa utilizando recursos inspirados na metodologia história de vida, foram realizadas entrevistas com quatro professores polivalentes que atuam nos anos iniciais do Ensino Fundamental e lecionam matemática com práticas não tradicionais. O objetivo principal da investigação foi entender de que forma suas trajetórias pessoais, formativas e profissionais foram atravessadas pelo ensino de matemática e de que maneira essas trajetórias transformaram suas práticas docentes. Em diálogo com autores como Nóvoa, Goodson, Candau e Boaler, os resultados da pesquisa, dentro de suas limitações metodológicas, apontaram que a capacidade dos professores entrevistados de romper com as práticas ditas tradicionais e apresentar práticas docentes insurgentes está ligada a sua atuação como professor pesquisador, evidenciando o caráter reflexivo de sua prática. Dessa forma, o rompimento com as práticas tradicionais está conectado com o fato desses professores não serem especialistas em matemática, mas sim conhecedores da profissão docente. / [en] This dissertation investigates the pedagogical practices of teachers who teach mathematics in the early years of elementary school to overcome hegemonic traditional practices. Based on qualitative research using resources inspired by the life history methodology, interviews were conducted with four polyvalent teachers who work in the early years of elementary school and teach mathematics using non-traditional practices. The main objective of the research was to understand how their personal, formative, and professional trajectories were influenced by the teaching of mathematics and how these trajectories transformed their teaching practices. In dialogue with authors such as Nóvoa, Goodson, Candau, and Boaler, the research results, within their methodological limitations, indicated that the ability of the interviewed teachers to break away from traditional practices and present insurgent teaching practices is linked to their role as teacher-researchers, highlighting the reflective nature of their practice. Thus, the break with traditional practices is connected to the fact that these teachers are not mathematics specialists but rather knowledgeable about the teaching profession.