This document provides a summary report of the M.I.T. Masters Thesis, "Systematic IPT Integration in Lean Development Programs" by Tyson R. Browning. These studies argue for the inclusion of program integration principles as an essential aspect of lean enterprise product development and organization. / Lean Aerospace Initiative

Environmental concern has greatly increased in magnitude within the companies of Swedish industry. Product development has become a strategic area: the environmental adaptation of products is fundamental for a decrease in environmental impact from human activities, and product development is an area of the greatest importance to the competitiveness of companies. Integrating environmental aspects into product development at operations level is needed to achieve product improvements. The theme of this thesis is how to integrate environmental aspects into product development. An overarching purpose has been to identify adequate activities and changes required for integration. Great importance has been attached to conducting changes, especially by investigating how successfully to implement support tools in product development. Qualitative research interviews have been used to collect empirical data. Conclusions on measures industrially applicable to enabling the integration of environmental aspects have been drawn, as empirical data and experiences have been accumulated. Environmental aspects give rise to new considerations in product development: causal relationships between products and environmental impact; the life-cycle approach; and, new priorities and trade-offs between function, cost and quality of products. A need for activities supporting these considerations is identified; and, preferably, several activities, concerning knowledge development, work procedures and support tools, should be applied. It is also important to identify environmental actors for providing expertise and enthusiasm in the organisation. The implementation of support tools has to be carefully considered. To guide such implementation a framework with key factors has been developed. The framework suggests a cyclical implementation process, identification of the organisational change field, and consistent management behaviour. Keys to successful implementation are goal setting, knowledge development, adequate resources, anchoring at all levels, and a focus on individuals. To stay competitive, companies need to be proactive and respond to the driving forces underlying environmental adaptation. To make possible the environmental adaptation of products, several measures are needed. The following proactive measures have been identified: Management ought to set direction with a comprehensive view on business development and physical flows in the business. Commitment to desired change must be created to make sure changes are accepted and durable. Knowledge and skills need to be developed with an action learning approach. Work procedures need to be adjusted to include environmental criteria and secure interaction between product developers and environmental experts. Support tools can support a structured approach and enable rapid progress to be attained. / QC 20100623

Este trabalho apresenta um modelo de referência para o processo de desenvolvimento de produtos no setor moageiro de trigo. O modelo tem a finalidade de facilitar os projetos de novos produtos, avaliando a necessidade, requisitos e limitações do setor; de modo a contribuir para melhores resultados em custos, qualidade e tempo de desenvolvimento, integração entre as áreas funcionais e transferência de informações. O modelo de referência proposto foi elaborado a partir de conhecimentos adquiridos da literatura de desenvolvimento de produto, diagnóstico do ambiente interno e externo do setor moageiro, estudo sobre duas empresas moageiras de médio porte e seus fornecedores. A modelagem é orientada por sete diretrizes, que visam definir as práticas de gestão para conduzir o processo de desenvolvimento de produtos (PDP) aos objetivos esperados e as particularidades desejadas. A estrutura operacional do modelo é composta por três macro-fases e oito fases, abrangendo desde o planejamento do portfólio de produtos até a retirada do produto do mercado. Estas fases são desmembradas em atividades e tarefas, onde ferramentas de apoio ao modelo podem ser utilizadas para gerar as informações de saídas necessárias para o avanço do projeto. No término de cada fase, as principais informações são compiladas em forma de um documento, que deve passar pela avaliação da direção (gate). A direção determina entre: continuar, descontinuar o projeto ou revisar a fase. A aplicação do modelo de referência foi realizada a partir de um plano para sistematizar o PDP de uma das empresas estudadas. A intervenção para adaptar o modelo de referência à empresa apresentou as etapas de: analisar a situação atual do PDP, propor melhorias e conduzir a aplicação do modelo. Entre os principais resultados, destaca-se a facilidade de enquadrar as soluções propostas para melhorar o PDP da empresa ao modelo referencial. Mostrando, assim, que o modelo de referência é exeqüível e de fácil adaptação as especificidades das empresas da indústria moageira. Também foi possível conferir, que o modelo está alicerçado na metodologia do desenvolvimento integrado de produtos, onde o banco de dados integrado permite a troca de informações e o aprendizado no processo de desenvolvimento, proporcionando o amadurecimento da estrutura organizacional. / This work presents a reference model for the milling wheat product development process. The model targets to facilitate the project of new products, evaluating the necessity, requirements and limitations of the sector. It contributes for better results in costs, quality, development time, integration among functional areas, and proper information transfer. The reference model proposed was elaborated from knowledge acquired in product development literature research, diagnosis from the internal and external milling industry environment, study about two medium size milling company and a questionnaire filed up by their suppliers. The model is oriented from seven policies, which aim to define managing practices to conduce the products development process (PDP) through the expected goals and the desired particularities. The operational structure of the model is composed by three macro-phases and eight phases, enclosing from product portfolio planning to the end of product life in the market. These phases are divided in activities and tasks, where model's support tools can be used to generate the output information necessary to the advance of the project. At the end of each phase, the main information is compiled in form of a document, which must pass by a top management evaluation gate. Top management decides between: continuing, discontinuing the project, or review the phase. The reference model application was planned to systemize milling wheat companies' PDP. The intervention to adapt the reference model to the company presented the following stages: analyse the actual status of the PDP, propose improvements, and conduct model application. Among the main results, stand out the facility to apply the proposed solutions to improve the company's PDP using the reference model. Showing that the reference model is easy to adapt and implement in milling wheat companies. It was also possible to figure out that the model is founded in the integrated product development methodology, where the integrated data base allow information and know-how transfer during the development process, proportioning improvement of the organization structure.

Este trabalho apresenta um modelo de referência para o processo de desenvolvimento de produtos no setor moageiro de trigo. O modelo tem a finalidade de facilitar os projetos de novos produtos, avaliando a necessidade, requisitos e limitações do setor; de modo a contribuir para melhores resultados em custos, qualidade e tempo de desenvolvimento, integração entre as áreas funcionais e transferência de informações. O modelo de referência proposto foi elaborado a partir de conhecimentos adquiridos da literatura de desenvolvimento de produto, diagnóstico do ambiente interno e externo do setor moageiro, estudo sobre duas empresas moageiras de médio porte e seus fornecedores. A modelagem é orientada por sete diretrizes, que visam definir as práticas de gestão para conduzir o processo de desenvolvimento de produtos (PDP) aos objetivos esperados e as particularidades desejadas. A estrutura operacional do modelo é composta por três macro-fases e oito fases, abrangendo desde o planejamento do portfólio de produtos até a retirada do produto do mercado. Estas fases são desmembradas em atividades e tarefas, onde ferramentas de apoio ao modelo podem ser utilizadas para gerar as informações de saídas necessárias para o avanço do projeto. No término de cada fase, as principais informações são compiladas em forma de um documento, que deve passar pela avaliação da direção (gate). A direção determina entre: continuar, descontinuar o projeto ou revisar a fase. A aplicação do modelo de referência foi realizada a partir de um plano para sistematizar o PDP de uma das empresas estudadas. A intervenção para adaptar o modelo de referência à empresa apresentou as etapas de: analisar a situação atual do PDP, propor melhorias e conduzir a aplicação do modelo. Entre os principais resultados, destaca-se a facilidade de enquadrar as soluções propostas para melhorar o PDP da empresa ao modelo referencial. Mostrando, assim, que o modelo de referência é exeqüível e de fácil adaptação as especificidades das empresas da indústria moageira. Também foi possível conferir, que o modelo está alicerçado na metodologia do desenvolvimento integrado de produtos, onde o banco de dados integrado permite a troca de informações e o aprendizado no processo de desenvolvimento, proporcionando o amadurecimento da estrutura organizacional. / This work presents a reference model for the milling wheat product development process. The model targets to facilitate the project of new products, evaluating the necessity, requirements and limitations of the sector. It contributes for better results in costs, quality, development time, integration among functional areas, and proper information transfer. The reference model proposed was elaborated from knowledge acquired in product development literature research, diagnosis from the internal and external milling industry environment, study about two medium size milling company and a questionnaire filed up by their suppliers. The model is oriented from seven policies, which aim to define managing practices to conduce the products development process (PDP) through the expected goals and the desired particularities. The operational structure of the model is composed by three macro-phases and eight phases, enclosing from product portfolio planning to the end of product life in the market. These phases are divided in activities and tasks, where model's support tools can be used to generate the output information necessary to the advance of the project. At the end of each phase, the main information is compiled in form of a document, which must pass by a top management evaluation gate. Top management decides between: continuing, discontinuing the project, or review the phase. The reference model application was planned to systemize milling wheat companies' PDP. The intervention to adapt the reference model to the company presented the following stages: analyse the actual status of the PDP, propose improvements, and conduct model application. Among the main results, stand out the facility to apply the proposed solutions to improve the company's PDP using the reference model. Showing that the reference model is easy to adapt and implement in milling wheat companies. It was also possible to figure out that the model is founded in the integrated product development methodology, where the integrated data base allow information and know-how transfer during the development process, proportioning improvement of the organization structure.

Este trabalho apresenta um modelo de referência para o processo de desenvolvimento de produtos no setor moageiro de trigo. O modelo tem a finalidade de facilitar os projetos de novos produtos, avaliando a necessidade, requisitos e limitações do setor; de modo a contribuir para melhores resultados em custos, qualidade e tempo de desenvolvimento, integração entre as áreas funcionais e transferência de informações. O modelo de referência proposto foi elaborado a partir de conhecimentos adquiridos da literatura de desenvolvimento de produto, diagnóstico do ambiente interno e externo do setor moageiro, estudo sobre duas empresas moageiras de médio porte e seus fornecedores. A modelagem é orientada por sete diretrizes, que visam definir as práticas de gestão para conduzir o processo de desenvolvimento de produtos (PDP) aos objetivos esperados e as particularidades desejadas. A estrutura operacional do modelo é composta por três macro-fases e oito fases, abrangendo desde o planejamento do portfólio de produtos até a retirada do produto do mercado. Estas fases são desmembradas em atividades e tarefas, onde ferramentas de apoio ao modelo podem ser utilizadas para gerar as informações de saídas necessárias para o avanço do projeto. No término de cada fase, as principais informações são compiladas em forma de um documento, que deve passar pela avaliação da direção (gate). A direção determina entre: continuar, descontinuar o projeto ou revisar a fase. A aplicação do modelo de referência foi realizada a partir de um plano para sistematizar o PDP de uma das empresas estudadas. A intervenção para adaptar o modelo de referência à empresa apresentou as etapas de: analisar a situação atual do PDP, propor melhorias e conduzir a aplicação do modelo. Entre os principais resultados, destaca-se a facilidade de enquadrar as soluções propostas para melhorar o PDP da empresa ao modelo referencial. Mostrando, assim, que o modelo de referência é exeqüível e de fácil adaptação as especificidades das empresas da indústria moageira. Também foi possível conferir, que o modelo está alicerçado na metodologia do desenvolvimento integrado de produtos, onde o banco de dados integrado permite a troca de informações e o aprendizado no processo de desenvolvimento, proporcionando o amadurecimento da estrutura organizacional. / This work presents a reference model for the milling wheat product development process. The model targets to facilitate the project of new products, evaluating the necessity, requirements and limitations of the sector. It contributes for better results in costs, quality, development time, integration among functional areas, and proper information transfer. The reference model proposed was elaborated from knowledge acquired in product development literature research, diagnosis from the internal and external milling industry environment, study about two medium size milling company and a questionnaire filed up by their suppliers. The model is oriented from seven policies, which aim to define managing practices to conduce the products development process (PDP) through the expected goals and the desired particularities. The operational structure of the model is composed by three macro-phases and eight phases, enclosing from product portfolio planning to the end of product life in the market. These phases are divided in activities and tasks, where model's support tools can be used to generate the output information necessary to the advance of the project. At the end of each phase, the main information is compiled in form of a document, which must pass by a top management evaluation gate. Top management decides between: continuing, discontinuing the project, or review the phase. The reference model application was planned to systemize milling wheat companies' PDP. The intervention to adapt the reference model to the company presented the following stages: analyse the actual status of the PDP, propose improvements, and conduct model application. Among the main results, stand out the facility to apply the proposed solutions to improve the company's PDP using the reference model. Showing that the reference model is easy to adapt and implement in milling wheat companies. It was also possible to figure out that the model is founded in the integrated product development methodology, where the integrated data base allow information and know-how transfer during the development process, proportioning improvement of the organization structure.

Context. With the development of software industry, Integrated Product Development (IPD) is employed by more and more companies(IBM，HUAWEI) in software development processes. Although there have been many fundamental studies on the IPD method, limited work has been done on case studies of the actual development processes. In order for the development team to better deal with the challenges in the integrated product development process, it is necessary to further study the challenges encountered by the development team and how to solve/mitigate these problems. Objectives. The main purpose of this research is to identify the challenges of IPD application in the software development process. Three research objectives were proposed to support the objectives. The first is to investigate the challenges in the integrated product development process. The second is to investigate the factors that cause the challenge. The third is to find solutions to these challenges. Methods. This research used a systematic mapping method to investigate the IPD challenges mentioned in the existing literature and obtain the factors and solutions of IPD challenges. Based on the systematic mapping method, a case study was conducted on a software company using the IPD method for process development. Archival data is used to understand and record the development process of selected projects. Then conduct interviews to obtain the challenges faced by IPD team members in the project development process and the factors leading to the challenges, and obtain the solutions that practitioners adopt when facing these challenges. Results. Through systematic mapping, the research identified 15 primary studies and 9 IPD challenges, the factors and solutions that lead to IPD challenges mentioned in primary studies have also been obtained. This research also conducted a frequency analysis of these challenges, and they will be effective evidence to support the results of the case study. Through case studies, 6 IPD challenges in the actual development process were identified. This research conducted an in-depth analysis of these challenges and obtained the factors and solutions that led to these challenges. Conclusions. This research summarizes the challenges faced by integrated product development in the actual development process, analyzes the factors that lead to the challenges, and proposes solutions/mitigation plans for the identified challenges. This research fills the gaps in the related fields of integrated product development. the research results of this thesis can help teams using integrated product development technologies to identify and avoid similar problems in advance.

<p>VIRTUAL PROTOTYPING has been generally adopted in product development in order to minimise the traditional reliance on testing of physical prototypes. It thus constitutes a major step towards solving the conflict of actual increasing development cost and time due to increasing customer demands on one side, and the need to decrease development cost and time due to increasing competition on the other. Particularly challenging for the off-road equipment industry is that its products, working machines, are complex in architecture. Tightly coupled, non-linear sub-systems of different technical domains make prediction and optimisation of the complete system’s dynamic behaviour difficult.</p><p>Furthermore, in working machines the human operator is essential for the performance of the total system. Properties such as productivity, fuel efficiency, and operability are all not only dependent on inherent machine properties and working place conditions, but also on how the operator uses the machine. This is an aspect that is traditionally neglected in dynamic simulations, because the modelling needs to be extended beyond the technical system.</p><p>The research presented in this thesis focuses on wheel loaders, which are representative for working machines. The technical system and the influence of the human operator is analysed, and so-called short loading cycles are described in depth. Two approaches to rule-based simulation models of a wheel loader operator are presented and used in simulations. Both operator models control the machine model by means of engine throttle, lift and tilt lever, steering wheel, and brake only – just as a human operator does. Also, only signals that a human operator can sense are used in the models. It is demonstrated that both operator models are able to adapt to basic variations in workplace setup and machine capability. Thus, a “human element” can be introduced into dynamic simulation of working machines, giving more relevant answers with respect to operator-influenced complete-machine properties such as productivity, fuel efficiency, and operability already in the concept phase of the product development process.</p> / ISRN/Report code: LiU-Tek-Lic 2005:44

In Guinea Bissau, one of the third most underdeveloped countries, there are many areas that are hard to reach by any other kind of vehicles than motorcycles – cars struggle with the poor road conditions. This means that many smaller communities, that are at a considerable distance from a larger road or city, become isolated and vulnerable. When the water pumps break down, one of the main issues in the repair process is that the pump mechanics simply struggle to transport their tools and spare parts to these areas. The consequence is that the water pumps are left broken and out of use and people go back to using the water holes instead, where the water normally is of significantly worse quality and often contaminated. This leads to sickness, diseases and loss of workforce in the entire country. This project aims to develop a prototype of a monotrailer that can be used by the pumpmechanics in Guinea Bissau. A monotrailer is a transport vehicle which is attached behind a motorcycle. Motorcycles have very limited loading options, but with a monotrailer the possibilities can be extended. The road conditions are rough, the area of usage is hard to define and the manufacturing possibilities are limited. Given this, the challenges of this project is to develop the monotrailer in a way that it can be manufactured on site and fulfil its purpose. The project has been carried out in both Stockholm aa well as in Guinea Bissau and is acooperation between KTH and Unicef Wash Section. / I Guinea Bissau, som är ett av världens tredje mest underutvecklade länder, finns många landområden som är svåra att nå med något annat fordon än motorcyklar – vägarna är så undermåliga att bilar har stora svårigheter att ta sig fram. Det innebär att många mindre samhällen och byar som ligger på betydande avstånd från en större väg eller stad, blir isolerade och lätt hamnar i en sårbar position. När vattenpumpar i byarna går sönder, har det visat sig att ett av de största problemen kring reparationsprocessen är att pumpmekanikerna helt enkelt har svårt att transportera sina verktyg och reservdelar till dessa platser. Påföljden blir att vattenpumparna står oanvända och befolkningen återgår till att hämta vatten i vattenbrunnarna, där vattnet är av betydligt sämre kvalitet och ofta kontaminerat. Detta ledertill ohälsa, sjukdomar och bortfall av arbetskraft i hela landet. Detta projekt syftar till att utveckla en prototyp av en monotrailer för bruk av pumpmekaniker i Guinea Bissau. En monotrailer är ett transportfordon som fästs bakom en motorcykel. Motorcyklar har väldigt begränsade lastmöjligheter och med en monotrailer kan dessa utökas. Vägförhållandena är tuffa, användningsområdet för monotrailern är svårt att definiera och tillverkningmöjligheterna är begränsade. Givet detta, ligger därför utmaningen i detta projekt att utveckla monotrailern så att den går att tillverka på plats och fyller sitt syfte. Projektet har utförts både i Stockholm och på plats i Guinea Bissau och är ett samarbetemellan KTH och Unicef Wash Section.

VIRTUAL PROTOTYPING has been generally adopted in product development in order to minimise the traditional reliance on testing of physical prototypes. It thus constitutes a major step towards solving the conflict of actual increasing development cost and time due to increasing customer demands on one side, and the need to decrease development cost and time due to increasing competition on the other. Particularly challenging for the off-road equipment industry is that its products, working machines, are complex in architecture. Tightly coupled, non-linear sub-systems of different technical domains make prediction and optimisation of the complete system’s dynamic behaviour difficult. Furthermore, in working machines the human operator is essential for the performance of the total system. Properties such as productivity, fuel efficiency, and operability are all not only dependent on inherent machine properties and working place conditions, but also on how the operator uses the machine. This is an aspect that is traditionally neglected in dynamic simulations, because the modelling needs to be extended beyond the technical system. The research presented in this thesis focuses on wheel loaders, which are representative for working machines. The technical system and the influence of the human operator is analysed, and so-called short loading cycles are described in depth. Two approaches to rule-based simulation models of a wheel loader operator are presented and used in simulations. Both operator models control the machine model by means of engine throttle, lift and tilt lever, steering wheel, and brake only – just as a human operator does. Also, only signals that a human operator can sense are used in the models. It is demonstrated that both operator models are able to adapt to basic variations in workplace setup and machine capability. Thus, a “human element” can be introduced into dynamic simulation of working machines, giving more relevant answers with respect to operator-influenced complete-machine properties such as productivity, fuel efficiency, and operability already in the concept phase of the product development process. / <p>ISRN/Report code: LiU-Tek-Lic 2005:44</p>

Globe Group, a company under the brand Greenworks Tools, is one of the industry leaders in battery-powered outdoor equipment, developing tools that deliver the performance of a gasoline-powered tool without the hassle and emissions associated with it. Gasoline-powered tools are still prevalent in the field of arboriculture where arborists work daily with chainsaws while performing tree felling and pruning. Now a new type of chainsaw is in development by Globe Group which is characterized by its lightweight and large battery capacity, which brings extraordinary battery life. This feature is possible by redesigning the chainsaw to support an external battery, which is housed in a separate battery pack instead of placing the battery directly inside the tool. The aim of the project is to adapt and design the battery pack for arborists by using a user-centered design approach with focus on ergonomics. This is done by having a close cooperation with the arborists during the whole project, from pre-study to final concept evaluation, to explore and fulfill the needs of the user. By using a wide range of research and design methods, a final concept is developed to reach the needs of the user and company. / Globe Group, som står bakom varumärket Greenworks Tools, är branschledande inom batteridriven utomhusutrustning och levererar verktyg med samma prestandanivå som hos ett bensindrivet verktyg, fast utan utsläpp och krångel som det typiskt är förknippat med. Bensindrivna verktyg är fortfarande mycket vanliga inom trädvårdssektorn där arborister arbetar med motorsågar dagligen vid trädfällning och grenbeskärning. Nu är en ny typ av motorsåg under utveckling av Globe Group som kännetecknas av sin lätta vikt och stora batterikapacitet, vilket ger extra lång batterilivslängd. Denna kombination är möjligt genom att ha ett externt batteri vilket är huserat i ett separat batteripaket istället för att placera batteriet direkt in i verktyget. Projektets mål är att anpassa och konstruera batterifickan specifikt för målgruppen arborister genom att använda en användarcentrerad designapproach med fokus på ergonomi. Detta görs genom ett nära samarbete med arboristerna under hela projektets gång, från förstudie till utvärdering av resultat, för att utforska och uppfylla användarens behov. Ett slutligt koncept är utvecklat för att tillgodose både användarens och företagets behov/krav.