Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:25:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dis Ionnara Vieira de Araujo direito.pdf: 1311323 bytes, checksum: 56095dad735d1773f9f599e0d0ac7df1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-09-25 / The model of mechanized agricultural development, highly dependent on fertilizers and pesticides, does not answer the current demands of the international market especially for quality and food safety. Considering this, the Brazilian government has created agricultural programs of certification, one of them, the Integrated Agricultural Production System (SAPI) is the object of this paper. This system has its focus on new sanitary rules, technological, environmental and social impacts of a consumer market conscious and concerned about the health and environment. The certification mark gives this legal system contribution to the agricultural policies of certification and labeling programs by trying to ensure healthy food, free from hormones and pesticides, through a rigid system of traceability and monitoring process. The comparative method of historical analysis was used in the research. As theoretic reference, this research was based on the ideas of the Brazilian jurist Eros Roberto Grau, who studies law in motion, constantly changing, as it does in reality, a perspective in which the law, as a public policy instrument, is used to amend the social contradictions. In addition to this author, as a theoretic reference, the theories of sociologist Boaventura de Sousa Santos will be used, specially the ones developed in the book Producing to Live: the ways of non-capitalis production. / O modelo de desenvolvimento agrícola mecanizado e altamente dependente de insumos agrícolas não responde as demandas atuais, especialmente do mercado internacional, por qualidade e segurança alimentar. Em face disto, o Governo brasileiro criou políticas agrícolas de certificação, dentre elas, o Sistema Agropecuário de Produção Integrada (SAPI) objeto de estudo deste trabalho. Este sistema atenta para novas exigências sanitárias, tecnológicas, ambientais e sociais de um mercado consumidor consciente e preocupado com sua saúde e com o meio ambiente. A marca de Certificação dá a este sistema aporte jurídico para as políticas agrícolas de certificação e os programas de rotulagem buscando garantir na agricultura alimentos sadios e isentos de resíduos de hormônios e agroquímicos, por meio de um rígido sistema de rastreabilidade e pelo monitoramento do processo. Utilizou-se na pesquisa o método comparativo e histórico de análise. Como referencial teórico, esta pesquisa se fundou nas idéias do jurista brasileiro Eros Roberto Grau, que estuda o direito em movimento, em constante modificação, como ocorre na realidade concreta, numa visão prospectiva na qual o direito enquanto política pública é instrumento de modificação das contradições sociais. Além deste autor, como referencial teórico, serão utilizadas as teorias do sociólogo Boaventura de Sousa Santos, expressas na obra Produzir para Viver: os caminhos da produção não capitalista.

Modern chemical technology is an efficient tool for solving problems, particularly within the complex environment of the pulp and paper industry, and the combination of experimental studies, mill data and mass balance calculations are of fundamental importance to the development of the industry. In this study various examples are presented, whereby chemical technology is of fundamental importance. It is well documented that under normal conditions the molten salt mixture from the kraft recovery boiler flows down into the dissolving tank without problems. However, in the case of  alternatives to the kraft recovery boiler, knowledge of more precise data of the molten salts is required for the design calculations. In this study the viscosity for the case of sodium carbonate and 30 mole% sulphide has been measured and is of the magnitude 2 – 3 cP at temperatures relevant for a recovery boiler, i.e. similar to water at room temperature. The presence of non-process elements (NPE) in a typical pulp mill has been investigated. The main input is with regards to the wood, and anticipated problems include; deposits in evaporators, high dead-load in liquor streams, plugging of the upper part of the recovery boiler and decreasing efficiency in the causticization department. Efficient green liquor clarification is of the greatest importance as an efficient kidney for many NPE. Mill data and calculations show that the magnesium added in the oxygen delignification does not form a closed loop. Integration of a prehydrolysis kraft pulp mill producing dissolving pulp with a plant producing viscose textile fiber could be highly beneficial. The prehydrolysis liquor will contain both sugars and acetic acid. It is however not possible to fully replace the sulphuric acid of the viscose spinning bath with acetic acid of own production. The sulphuric chemicals from the viscose plant can be partly taken care of in the kraft recovery area as well as the viscose plant which can be supplied with alkali and sulphuric acid. Zinc-containing effluents from the viscose plant can be treated with green liquor to precipitate zinc sulphide. / Modern chemical technology is an extremely efficient tool for solving problems particularly in a complicated environment such as the pulp and paper industry. Here, examples are studied during which chemical technology is of fundamental importance. At normal conditions the molten salt mixture from the kraft recovery boiler flows down into the dissolving tank without hindrance. However, for certain kraft recovery boiler alternatives, knowledge of more precise data of the molten salts is required. The viscosity for the case of sodium carbonate and 30 mole% sulphide has been measured and is of the magnitude 2 – 3 cP at relevant temperatures. The main input of non-process elements (NPE) is down to the wood, and known problems include deposits in evaporators and decreasing efficiency in the causticization department. Green liquor clarification is an efficient kidney for many NPE. Magnesium added in the oxygen delignification does not form a closed loop. Integration of a prehydrolysis kraft pulp mill producing dissolving pulp with a plant producing viscose textile fiber could be of significant interest, as the handling of both alkali and sulphuric compounds can be integrated. Problems will however arise as the capacity of the pulping line and the chemical recovery has to be adjusted.

The purpose of this dissertation is to specify the issues of integrated production of fruit and vegetables in the Czech Republic. Furthermore, the paper aims to capture the current situation based on completed surveys which were distributed among consumers, producers and complementary distributional units.

O cajueiro (Anacardium occidentale L.) à uma planta de grande importÃncia econÃmica para o Nordeste brasileiro, pela diversidade de produtos proporcionados pelo fruto e pedÃnculo e pela quantidade de empregos gerados. Apesar disso, inexiste uma padronizaÃÃo nos sistemas de produÃÃo empregados, com reflexos negativos na produÃÃo e qualidade da matÃria-prima destinada ao consumo e à indÃstria. A conversÃo dos sistemas de produÃÃo vigentes para o sistema de produÃÃo integrada poderà contribuir para atenuar este quadro. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar os sistemas de produÃÃo integrada e convencional para cajueiro-anÃo precoce, quanto à produÃÃo de castanha e à produÃÃo e qualidade do caju-de-mesa (caju para consumo in natura). O experimento foi instalado em um pomar comercial, localizado no municÃpio de Beberibe (CE), em duas Ãreas contÃguas, de aproximadamente 0,5 ha cada, distanciadas entre si de 35 m, onde foram desenvolvidos os sistemas de ProduÃÃo Integrada (PI) e Convencional (PC), respectivamente. No sistema PI foram aplicadas as prÃticas recomendadas nas Normas TÃcnicas de ProduÃÃo Integrada de Caju. No PC foram aplicadas as prÃticas comumente utilizadas pelo produtor. Para as caracterÃsticas produtivas foram analisadas as seguintes variÃveis para castanha: produÃÃo (kg/planta), nÃmero/planta e peso mÃdio (g). Para caju-de-mesa foram avaliados: produÃÃo (kg/planta), nÃmero/planta e o peso mÃdio (g). Para as caracterÃsticas qualitativas foram analisadas: cor da pelÃcula, firmeza de polpa, sÃlidos solÃveis totais (SST), acidez total titulÃvel (ATT), teor de vitamina C e pH. Nas avaliaÃÃes das caracterÃsticas produtivas foi utilizado o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com dois tratamentos e 12 repetiÃÃes, onde cada planta constituiu-se numa unidade experimental. Para as anÃlises das caracterÃsticas de qualidade foi empregado o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com dois tratamentos e cinco repetiÃÃes, constituÃdas de seis cajus cada. As mÃdias obtidas foram comparadas pelo teste t (P≤0,050). Observou-se diferenÃa significativa nas variÃveis produÃÃo e nÃmero de castanhas comerciais e nÃmero total de castanhas, com a mÃdia do primeiro sistema superior a do segundo. Para as variÃveis ATT e teor de vitamina C verificou-se que as mÃdias obtidas no sistema PI foram significativamente superiores Ãs do PC. Para a variÃvel pH, observou-se diferenÃa significativa entre as mÃdias obtidas nos sistemas, sendo o valor obtido no PC superior ao do PI. A qualidade pÃs-colheita de pedÃnculos, a produÃÃo e o nÃmero de castanhas foram influenciados pelos sistemas de produÃÃo. / The cashew tree (Anacardium occidentale L.) is a plant of great economic importance for the Brazilian Northeast Region due to the diversity of products generated for the fruit and peduncle and the amount of generated jobs. Despite this, there is no standardization in the cropping systems presently used, with negative consequences in the yield and quality of the raw material for consumption and for industry. The conversion of traditional orchards to the integrated-fruit-production system will contribute to minimize this scenery. The objective of this work was to compare the integrated fruit production (IFP) and the conventional cropping production (CP) systems in dwarf cashew orchards, as to nut yield and apple quality for fresh fruit market. The experiment was installed in a commercial orchard, located in Beberibe County, Cearà State, Brazil, at two isolated areas of approximately 0,5 hectare each, where the systems of IFP and CP had been developed. In the IFP system, cropping practices were applied according to the Legal Marks of Integrated Fruit Production in Brazil. In the CP system, cropping practices were applied accordingly with common used by local growers. Twelve plants were randomly selected in each area were used as experimental unit. For the yield analyses, the following variables characteristics had been analyzed: nut yield (kg/tree), nut number/tree and nut weight (g). For the apple analyses, production (kg/tree), number/plant and the average weight (g) were evaluated. For the qualitative characteristics, apple color, firmness, soluble solids (SS), titratable acidity (TA), vitamin C content and pH were evaluated. A completely randomized design, with two treatments and 12 replications, with one plant per plot, was used for evaluating yield characteristics. Similar design was used for quality characteristics, but only five replications with six apples per plot. Means were compared by test t (P≤0,05). Significant differences were observed for the variables cashew nut yield, number of commercial nuts and cashew nut total number. IFP mean were superior to the CP one. For the TA and vitamin C content variables, the IFP system was significantly superior to the CP ones. For the pH variable, a significant difference was observed between the averages of the systems, being the value gotten in the CP superior to the one of the IFP. The post-harvest quality of the cashew apples, the cashew nut production and cashew nut number had been influenced by the production systems.

The aim of this study is to determine the content of selected metals (As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, Se, Sn, Sr, Pb, V, Zn) in samples of leaves and grapes produced by ecologic agriculture and compare to results with leaves and grapes produced by integrated agriculture. The measured results used to assess the impact of agricultural technology on the quality of vines and grapes. The amount of elements was analysed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry after previous digestion of sapmles using microwaves. Concentrations of elements in leaves and grapes from organic and integrated farming did not differ significantly only in the case of copper concentrations were measured higher concentrations in samples from organic farming. This difference is probably caused by different doses of authorized protective equipment based on copper in the organic and integrated farming.

La investigación está orientada al diseño e implementación de un Modelo Integrado de Gestión de la Producción para la fabricación de llaves de cerradura, este modelo integra la teoría de restricciones para resolver los cuellos de botella y utiliza algunas herramientas de Lean Manufacturing para eliminar los desperdicios que se generan en los procesos que generan los cuellos de botella. El objetivo de la aplicación del modelo es el mejorar la productividad de la línea de fabricación de llaves de cerradura, la reducción de costos mediante la mejora de la eficiencia de sus procesos que permitan a la empresa ser más competitiva en el mercado. The research is focused on the design and implementation of an integrated management of production for the manufacture of keys lock model, this model integrates the theory of constraints to solve bottlenecks and used some tools of lean manufacturing to eliminate waste that is generated in the processes that create bottlenecks. The purpose of applying the model is to improve the productivity of the manufacturing line lock keys, reducing costs by improving the efficiency of their processes that enable the company to be more competitive in the market.

[pt] O crescente uso de modelos integrados de produção (MIP) na indústria de petróleo como solução para representar o potencial de uma jazida se justifica pelos atuais cenários encontrados para o desenvolvimento de novos projetos, caracterizado por baixos preços de venda do petróleo e conceitos de produção de alta complexidade. Esta abordagem, em que diferentes partes de um sistema de produção são integradas, permite ao usuário um entendimento detalhado das interações entre reservatório, poços e rede de escoamento, e facilita a detecção de gargalos e consequentemente a otimização do plano de explotação. Neste contexto, é fundamental obter uma modelagem satisfatória do fluido em todo o sistema de produção. O modelo deve honrar tanto o escoamento no meio poroso, isotérmico, quanto o escoamento nos poços e dutos, que precisa ser caracterizado em várias temperaturas. Além disso, o modelo deve ter tempo de simulação adequado. Uma maneira criteriosa de modelar as propriedades de um fluido é através do ajuste de uma equação de estado (EOS). Uma EOS detalhada com 24 componentes determinada por cromatografia gasosa e EOS simplificadas com 14, 9, 7, 6, 5 e 4 pseudocomponentes foram geradas para avaliar este problema. As EOS foram usadas para representar as propriedades PVT em um MIP e ao final foram comparadas as respostas das EOS simplificadas e detalhadas, a fim de estabelecer resultados adequados com um tempo computacional adequado. Os resultados obtidos mostram que o uso de EOS excessivamente simplificadas, apesar da melhoria no tempo computacional, podem gerar resultados insatisfatórios em modelos integrados de produção. / [en] The growing use of integrated production models (IPM) in the oil industry as a solution to represent the potential of a field is justified by the current scenarios found for the development of new projects, characterized by low oil prices and high complexity production concepts. This approach, where different parts of a production system are integrated, allows the user to have a detailed understanding of the interactions between reservoir, wells and gathering system, and facilitates the detection of bottlenecks and consequently the optimization of the exploitation plan. In this context, it is essential to obtain a satisfactory fluid model in the entire production system. The model must honor both the flow in the porous media, isothermal, and the flow in the wells and pipelines, which must be characterized at various temperatures. In addition, the model must have adequate simulation time. A rigorous way to model the properties of a fluid is by adjusting an equation of state (EOS). A detailed EOS with 24 components determined by gas chromatography and simplified EOS with 14, 9, 7, 6, 5 and 4 pseudocomponents were generated to evaluate this problem. The EOS were used to represent the PVT properties in a IPM and the responses of the simplified and detailed EOS were compared, in order to establish an adequate results with an adequate computational time. The results obtained show that the use of excessively simplified EOS, despite the improvement in computational time, can generate unsatisfactory results in integrated production models.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-25T19:30:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FLAVIA BIASSIO RIFERTE.pdf: 1208016 bytes, checksum: a3a41200773a41b4df4e551bc10e6c96 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The success of agroforestry system (AFS) is the result of appropriate combinations of crops, forage and tree component and soil fertility. Changes in the microclimate in AFS, can affect the potassium use efficiency by crops. The high absorption of potassium (K) by the plants of white oat, corn and eucalyptus make potassium fertilization an essential practice in AFS. The objectives of this study were to quantify (i) the dry matter yield (DM) and nutrient accumulation in shoots of white oat (season 2014); (ii) the DM and grain yield, and the nutritional status of maize (season 2014/15); (iii) potassium use efficiency by crops in succession (white oat - maize); and (iv) assess the main soil fertility attributes after the white oat crop (season 2014) and maize (season 2014/2015) in AFS fertilized with K. The experiment was installed in Model Farm of Agronomic Institute of Paraná (IAPAR), in the city of Ponta Grossa (PR) in an Oxisoil úmbrico. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with split plots and three replications. The plots consist of four transects - growing distances from trees (transects: 1 - 0- 4 m away; 2 - 4-8 m away; 3 - 8-12 m distance and 4 - 12-16 m away). In the subplots were studied four annual K2O levels (0, 100, 200 and 300 kg ha-1 year-1), as potassium chloride (600 g kg-1 K2O), applied to the surface, and half of each levels applied at sowing of each crop (white oat - winter and maize - summer). The DM yields and nutrients accumulation in the shoots of white oat were determined on management with herbicide. In maize, was evaluated the nutritional status and measured DM and grain yields. Also, values of pH, contents of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and K exchangeable, base saturation (V) and the percentage of K in the effective CECe were determined in the layers of 0-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm. The DM yield and the accumulation of nutrients in the shoots of white oat decreased due to the shade provided by the eucalyptus. To this culture in AFS, the levels of K2O increased the yield of DM and the accumulation of sulfur (S) in the shoot. In situation of shading of 64.5%, recycling of nutrients by white oat provided for the subsequent corn crop, better nutrition and, on average, higher DM and grain yields. In this situation, the addition of K2O (up to 230 kg ha- 1 year-1) would provide higher yield of corn grain. This decrease in K level directly implies greater potassium use efficiency, lower production cost and could make possible the cultivation of corn in AFS in the Campos Gerais region. The application of potassium fertilizer high water solubility, in the surface of the soil, reduced, in some situations, Ca and Mg content in the surface layer, it favored the mobility of K and increased its content of this nutrient throughout the soil profile and thus their participation in CECe. The tree component reduced nutrient concentrations in transecta 1 (most influential eucalyptus region), resulting in lower pH values and V in subsurface soil layers (below 20 cm deep). / O sucesso do sistema agroflorestal (SAF) é resultante das combinações adequadas de culturas agrícolas, forrageiras e componente arbóreo e da fertilidade do solo. Modificações no microclima, em SAF, podem afetar a eficiência de uso de potássio (K) pelas culturas agrícolas. A elevada absorção de K pelas plantas de aveia branca, milho e eucalipto tornam a fertilização potássica uma prática essencial. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram quantificar (i) o rendimento de matéria seca (MS) e acúmulo de nutrientes na parte aérea da aveia branca (safra 2014); (ii) o rendimento de MS e de grãos, e o estado nutricional do milho (safra 2014/15); (iii) a eficiência de uso de K pelas culturas em sucessão (aveia branca – milho) e (iv) avaliar os principais atributos de fertilidade do solo, após o cultivo de aveia branca (safra 2014) e milho (safra 2014/2015), em SAF fertilizado com K. O experimento foi instalado na Fazenda Modelo do Instituto Agronômico do Paraná, em Ponta Grossa (PR) em um Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico úmbrico. O delineamento experimental empregado foi de blocos casualizados, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas com três repetições. As parcelas consistiram em quatro transectas –distâncias de cultivo em relação às árvores (transectas: 1 – 0-4 m de distância; 2 – 4-8 m de distância; 3 – 8-12 m de distância; e 4 – 12-16 m de distância). Nas subparcelas foram estudadas quatro doses anuais de K2O (0, 100, 200 e 300 kg ha-1 ano-1), na forma de cloreto de potássio, aplicadas em superfície, em área total, sendo a metade de cada dose aplicada por ocasião da semeadura de cada cultura (aveia branca – inverno e milho – verão). Foram determinados os rendimentos de MS e acúmulos de macronutrientes na parte aérea da aveia branca por ocasião do manejo com herbicida. Com relação ao milho, foi avaliado o estado nutricional e mensurado os rendimentos de MS e grãos. Ainda, determinou-se os valores de pH; os teores de cálcio (Ca), magnésio (Mg) e K trocáveis; saturação por bases (V) e o percentual de K na CTC efetiva do solo, nas camadas de 0-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-20, 20-40 e 40-60 cm. O rendimento de MS e o acúmulo de macronutrientes na parte aérea da aveia branca foi diminuído devido ao sombreamento proporcionado pelo eucalipto. Para essa cultura em SAF, as doses de K2O aumentam o rendimento de MS e também, o acúmulo de enxofre (S) na parte aérea. Em situação de sombreamento com intensidade de 64,5%, a reciclagem de nutrientes pela aveia branca proporcionou, para a cultura de milho, melhor nutrição e, na média, maiores rendimentos de MS e de grãos. Nessa situação, a adição de K2O (até 230 kg ha-1 ano-1) proporcionaria maior rendimento de grãos de milho. A diminuição na dose de K implica diretamente em maior eficiência de uso do potássio, menor custo de produção e possibilita viabilizar o cultivo de milho em SAF na região dos Campos Gerais. A aplicação de fertilizante potássico de alta solubilidade em água, na superfície do solo, diminuiu, em algumas situações, os teores de Ca e Mg na camada superficial, favoreceu a mobilidade do K e aumentou seu o teor deste nutriente ao longo do perfil do solo e, consequentemente sua participação na CTCe. O componente arbóreo diminuiu as concentrações de nutrientes na transecta 1 (região de maior influência do eucalipto), resultando em menores valores de pH e V nas camadas subsuperficiais do solo (abaixo de 20 cm de profundidade).