The principal purpose of this study is to provide a refined empirical investigation concerning country-specific determinants of horizontal and vertical intra-industry trade (IIT,) in relation to South Africa using the gravity model of trade in a panel data setting. Prior to investigating the case of South Africa's intra-industry trade a critical review of the relevant theoretical, methodologcal, and empirical literature is provided. The study operationalises the theoretical dstinction between horizontal and vertical IIT using the latest methodology of decomposing total IIT into horizontal intra-industry trade (HIIq and vertical intra-industry trade (WIT,). Thts study makes several advances on earlier empirical studies of intra-industry trade determinants. These include the introduction of new countq-specific determinants of intraindustry trade that previous studies have not examined. Furthermore, it is the first empirical study that traces the relationshp between intra-industry trade flows and intellectual property rights (IPRs). Moreover, to ensure the sensitivity and robustness of the results, several econometric approaches have been used in estimating the gravity model of South Africa's intra-industry trade: the consistent coefficient approach, the fixed effects approach, the random effects approach, and the between effects approach. The econometric results are generally satisfactory in terms of economic interpretation and statistical significance and thus offer new empirical validation to the theoretical explanatory variables. The key findngs suggest the following: the volume of South Africa's IIT has increased during the study period and its WIT exceeds its HIIT. The latter result reflects the nature of South Africa's trade as it imports high valued added products and exports primary and mineral products. South Africa's intra-industry trade and its two components are positively related to market size and standard of living, and negatively related to geographcal distance. Furthermore, separately, the IPRs and the imitation ability of South Africa's tradmg partners are not important factors in determining IIT flows; however, the interaction between them is an important factor. Thts study also reveals South Africa should pursue its intra-industry trade with rest of world concentrating on local industries that produce most competitive varieties, absorbing labor and other resources from the production of other varieties.

智慧財產權乃是人類智慧的結晶，為國勢強弱的指標。環顧自工業革命以還，智慧財產所有權法制之開展，不惟素執教有文化交流之前導，更形成二十世紀科技傳播之主要管道。是以智慧財產權制度之良寙，關係一國政經文教之盛衰，現代國家無不寄予非常之重視。 　　由於國際貿易的發達，以及國際關係的密切，一國經濟情況的變動，同時也影響到他國的經濟情況，因此國際局勢的演變，甚或一國在經濟政治策略上的修正，均足以使無數國家的經濟組合因此為之動搖，或毀滅。身處二十世紀複雜而微妙的國際關係裹，除了要了解並把握本國的經濟、社會、文化等實際情況外，更須要了解揣摩他國制度，從而異中求同，探索彼此間最大利益。 　　研究機關組織也是一樣，不可閉門造車，應多研究外國經驗，考慮問題不宜太細，並應將機關業務的特性納入考量。智慧財產權制度與工商業的發展是相輔相成的，愈是工商業發達的國家，有關智慧財產權的管理機構與法律規範也就愈為進步。歐、美、日先進工業國家在智慧財產權方面多係由獨立專責機構處理，我國現亦正積極準備成立智慧財產權專責機構，以利相關事務之推動。專利事務有別於一般行政事務，涉及技術與法律，目前大部分國家均由專利局或專利商標局掌理。亦有成立智慧財產局統籌專利、商標、著作權等智慧財產權事務。一個現代化的國家，未設置專門辦理專利、商標業務的專責機構者，幾可謂絕無僅有。職是之故，為求辦好專利、商標業務，我國應儘速成立專責機構，集專門人才於一爐，共策我國智慧財產權制度的健全與推行。 　　研究公共行政學最有意義的事，莫過於實際參與公共行政問題的解決。適逢此智慧財產權保護聲浪之際，筆者有幸，實際參與智慧財產權保護問題的解決。希望以個人微小的力量，將有關智慧財產權的問題加以分析研究，以能喚起政府當局及全國民眾正視與探討此一攸關經濟發展與文化提升之問題。而儘速成立智慧財產權專責機構，建立完善的審查制度，在形式上得以提升組織氣候；在實質上以發揮產業科技革新及提升文化水準的主導地位。 　　本文共分為七章三十一節，各章要旨如下： 　　第一章「緒論」，計分三節，包括研究動機與研究目的、研究方法與研究限制、研究流程與重要名詞界定。 　　第二章「智慧財產權的基本概念」，計分四節來討論，包括智慧財產權的意義、範圍、特性、重要性及功用，智慧財產權制度的沿革。 　　第三章「我國智慧財產權行政體制之現況」，計分四節來討論，包括我國智慧財產權制度之發展及現行專利權、商標權、著作權主管機關之現況等。 　　第四章「世界各國智慧財產權行政制度之現況」，計分七節來討論，包括日本、韓國、美國、德國、英國與中國大陸智慧財產權行政組織之現況及智慧財產權合作組織－歐洲專利局之設立與組織等。 　　第五章「我國現行智慧財產權制度所面臨的問題」，計分三節來討論，包括美國特別三○一條款-貿易報復的壓力、我國現行智慧財產權行政體制與有關體系及資源制度之缺失等。 　　第六章「我國智慧財產權行政組織重整之理論基礎」，計分五節來討論，包括組織的成長、演進與變遷，組織重組理論，行政組織與公務人力必須配合環境變遷作適時的調整，行政組織調整所面臨的問題，及研擬行政機關組織法規應遵循的事項等。 　　第七章「健全我國智慧財產權制度之研究發現與建議事項」，為研究建議及結語，計分五節，包括儘速設立一個健全而完善的智慧財產權專責機關、健全我國專利審查人員制度、健全我國智慧財產權相關體制、及我國應爭取加入世界相關組織以確保國人權益等。

Abstract: Indigenous communities have worked for centuries to develop systems of knowledge pertaining to their local environments. Much of the knowledge that has been directly acquired or passed down over generations is of marketable use to corporations, especially in the pharmaceutical industry. Upon gaining the necessary information to convert traditional knowledge into a marketable entity, the corporation will place a patent on the product of their research and development and reap the monetary benefits under the protection of intellectual property legislation. Without appropriate benefit sharing, indigenous communities are robbed of their cumulative innovation and development and denied access to the very medicines that they assisted in development. This study will examine the efforts made by indigenous communities to develop benefit-sharing agreements under national ‘sui generis’ legislation and the international legislation of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).

This thesis analyses the struggle over rights to benefits and ownership of plant genetic resources and the global regime complex on the management of plant genetic resources, and how different regimes concerning these resources cooperate or stand in opposition to each other. Because of changes in US patent law and the establishment of TRIPS, patent claims over plant genetic resources has increased dramatically globally. This, amongst other things, in turn has lead to the acrimonious negotiations of access and benefit sharing arrangements within the framework CBD. The objective of this thesis is to examine the interaction between the international regimes regulating genetic resources and intellectual property and to analyse how these regime interactions, affect the protection of traditional knowledge held by local communities, indigenous peoples and small farmers in developing countries. The thesis concludes that it exists several regime interactions that are disruptive and undermine the possibility of protecting traditional knowledge from misappropriation. It is further concluded that modifications of the existing IPR regimes, on the disclosure of inventions, with a certificate of legal provenance, securing FPIC, MAT and benefit sharing, may serve as one brick in the wall that protect traditional knowledge from misappropriation through wrongly granted patents. But a certificate of legal provenance will not do the work alone. To protect traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources in the long term bio-cultural solutions which sustains the entire community where traditional knowledge is embedded is needed.

This article with the international intellectual property rights regime sets up system for the case example, inquire into nowadays the mainstream theory(Neoliberal institutionalism, Neo- realism) to descend the basic standpoint of the international cooperation to the globalization. Secondly, the concept that the global goverance is gradually producing under the current of the globalization, however the author find that manages the theory concept to mainly build and construct by the foundation of the economic globalization in the global goverance now, it is the train of thought of theory of the Neoliberal institutionalism that the economic globalization is analogous to the degree in accordance with following; And the international regime theory is nowadays the Neoliberal institutionalism , to the main theoretical foundation cooperating in promoting even more. Therefore, this article from the research international regime theory will be a beginning, through examined the operation that the international intellectual property rights regime to explain the possibility of global goverance. Or is the present stage the global goverance theory only is the hegemony country union mainstream theory ideology implements another kind of form ruling.

This thesis analyzes the enforcement measures for the protection of intellectual property rights in an international and regional framework. The challenges posed by the digital technology / the difficulties faced by right holders, judiciary, public agencies, international and regional organizations in the implementation stages will be discussed by referring to the legal texts such as the TRIPS Agreement, the EU Enforcement Directive and Regulations. All dimensions of counterfeiting and piracy will constitute an important focus of this thesis. The thesis will seek to clarify uncertainties arising from the jurisdictional conflicts for the determination of the applicable law and competent courts in intellectual property cases involving foreign elements.

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This paper attempts to present and analyze problems that may arise from the use of Genetically Modified (GM) products and issues raised by the Intellectual Property (IP) rights that Genetic Engineering (GE) companies have on their products. Arguments in favor and against the existence of health risks and environmental risks of GM products are presented. The European policy of the socioeconomic effects of the GM products is discussed and is proposed the application of the precautionary principle for the prevention of unintended consequences from the GM products to other than health and environmental domains. The need of IP rights is supported, but is also suggested an IP rights flexibility. Do IP rights violate the rights of all people to a nourishing life, natural resources, the right to decide about what they eat and the right to live in a viable ecosystem? Finally, I provide an analysis of the effects on the farmers due to the IP rights on GM crop for cultivation and state dependency issues that may occur.

China's policy makers see international standards as a barrier to their country's economic development, more importantly, as an offence to the country's national pride. This belief has been reinforced by the view that multi-national companies have used international standards to force developing countries to deprive them of the ability to enter the international markets by forcing them to pay high royalty rates, due to the patents incorporated in these standards. Moreover, these standards, as they believe, have been created at international standards setting platforms dominated by multi-national companies and developed countries. In return, China has launched several initiatives to create home-made Chinese standards free from patent claims of these companies. China's home-madestandards, some of which differ significantly from international standards, also reportedly serve to protection of its domestic market. China's accession to the WTO was formally approved in November 2001 and China became the WTO's 143rd member on December 11, 2001. WTO membership opened a new era for China. In spite of the international expectations for removal of all trade protection mechanisms which are incompatible with the international trade regime, China is reported to have sought to reform its policies by employing new strategies concerning IPR and standards. The thesis of this report is that China has not diverged significantly from developing home-made Chinese standards after the country’s entry into the WTO, but Chinese authorities have adopted more flexible strategies to implement this policy. Accordingly, this report is about change in policy strategies. I argue that China has continued to enforce its own will upon foreign companies with a strong self-confidence stemming from its ability to negotiate on unequal terms with foreign companies, owing to its sheer market size. However, China's new strategies have been shaped by weak coordination and disagreement among government agencies and institutions. To illustrate the potential explanatory power of this account, I have examined two important home-made standards initiatives by China; Wireless Authentication and Privacy Infrastructure (WAPI) and Audio Video Coding Standards (AVS). From the examination of the WAPI and AVS cases, I conclude that China's strategies have continued to evolve through disagreements and negotiations between Chinese government institutions within policy boundaries set by China's WTO membership and increasing international criticism. / text

Η προστασία των πνευματικών δικαιωμάτων και η απόδειξη γνησιότητας του κατόχου, επομένως και η πιστοποίηση της αυθεντικότητας των ψηφιακών αντικειμένων είναι ένα πολύ καυτό ζήτημα και για την επίλυσή του επιστρατεύονται μέθοδοι απόκρυψης πληροφορίας και τεχνικές υδατογράφησης. Εκτός από τη φιλοσοφική αντιμετώπιση του θέματος, προτείνονται μια μέθοδος απόκρυψης πληροφορίας και δύο τεχνικές υδατογράφησης, με σκοπό την προστασία των πνευματικών δικαιωμάτων και την πιστοποίηση της αυθεντικότητας των ψηφιακών αντικειμένων. Η μέθοδος απόκρυψης πληροφορίας δανείζεται έννοιες από την κρυπτογραφία εισάγοντας σε μεγάλες εικόνες ένα δύσκολο στιγμιότυπο, δηλαδή έναν τρία χρωματίσιμο γράφο. Ο γράφος μαζί με το χρωματισμό του αποτελεί το κλειδί. Για να μην αποκαλυφθεί όλος ο χρωματισμός του γράφου σε μια πιθανή διαμάχη, εφαρμόζεται το πρωτόκολλο των διαντιδραστικών αποδείξεων μηδενικής γνώσης (ZKIP) για δύσκολα υπολογιστικά προβλήματα. Η διαδικασία της ένθεσης γίνεται με χρήση του μετασχηματισμού wavelets, παρέχοντας καλή ποιότητα των παραγόμενων εικόνων και ανθεκτικότητα σε περιπτώσεις επιθέσεων. Οι δύο τεχνικές υδατογράφησης εφαρμόζονται στο χωρικό πεδίο και στο πεδίο συχνοτήτων, αντίστοιχα. Η τεχνική που εφαρμόστηκε στο χωρικό πεδίο εκμεταλλεύεται τυχόν ομοιότητες του υδατογραφήματος με τις αρχικές εικόνες για να επιλεγούν οι θέσεις ένθεσης. Αντίθετα στην τεχνική υδατογράφησης που εφαρμόστηκε στο πεδίο συχνοτήτων γίνεται χρήση του μετασχηματισμού wavelet. Σε όλες τις τεχνικές παρατηρήθηκαν ικανοποιητικά αποτελέσματα μετά την ένθεση της εισαγόμενης πληροφορίας έτσι ώστε να μη είναι οπτικά αντιληπτή. Επίσης εξετάστηκε και η ανθεκτικότητα της εισαγόμενης πληροφορίας στις εικόνες ύστερα από πιθανές επιθέσεις και επιβεβαιώθηκε ότι επιζεί ένα αρκετά μεγάλο ποσοστό της εισαγόμενης πληροφορίας, γεγονός που καταξιώνει τις προτεινόμενες μεθόδους. / The copyright protection and the authentication is a very hot topic and for its solution are called up data hiding methods and watermarking techniques. Αpart from the philosophical confrontation of the subject, there are proposed a data hiding method and two watermarking techniques that aim to copyright protect and the authenticate digital objects. The data hiding technique combines concepts from cryptography and it can be applied to large images by inserting a hard instance, i.e. a 3-colorable graph. The graph itself with its coloring compose the key. In order not to reveal all its coloring in a possible conflict, the Zero Knowledge Interactive Proof Protocol (ZKIP) is applied. The insertion process has been done using wavelets transformation, offering good quality of the produced images and robustness against possible attacks. The two watermarking techniques are applied in spatial domain and in frequency domain, respectively. The technique that was applied in spatial domain is exploiting any similarity between the watermark and the initial images so that to select at best the insertion positions. On the contrary, in the watermarking technique that is applied in the frequency domain, wavelets transformation has been used and the watermark was inserted in the differential coefficients of the image, in order to be imperceptible. To all the above techniques, it has been observed sufficient results after the insertion of the redundant information, so that it turned to be visible imperceptibly. Moreover, the robustness of the redundant information was each time after possible attacks examined, and it was confirmed that a rather big percentage of the redundant information is survived, making more reliable the proposed techniques.