The purpose of this study was to compare the results obtained on the Stanford-Binet, Form L-M, and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children for a group of cultural-familial and undifferentiated mental retardates. Such as study should provide some evidence as to whether the two instruments adequately measure similar abilities and whether the IQ's obtained from one can be considered comparable with the IQ's obtained from the other.

The purposes of this study are as follows: 1) to investigate the similarities and differences in the temperaments of a higher creative group and a lower creative group and 2) to investigate the effectiveness of the Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey in identifying higher creative individuals and lower creative individuals, as measured by the AC Test of Creative Ability.

The purpose of this study was to identify reading achievement of pupils assigned to the reading clinic and analyze and compare this achievement by grade levels with levels of intelligence. More specifically, the investigation attempted to determine: 1. The grade level at which the reading clinic was most effective; 2. The intelligence level at which the reading clinic was most effective; 3. The statistical significance of the variation in group intelligence test IQ's; and 4. The correlation between group intelligence test IQ's and total reading achievement.

Telomeres are located at the ends of all eukaryotic chromosomes and provide the stability of chromosomes. They consist of simple tandem hexametric repeats and play an important part in cell longevity. In human lymphocytes, telomeres shorten progressively with age. Mental retardation (MR) is a disorder with intelligence quotient below average (IQ < 70) and impairment in adaptive skills. IQ by Weschsler Adult Intelligence Scales revised (WAIS-R) appears to peak in the of 30-34 and thereafter decline gradually. Life expectancy is defined as the number of years remaining to be lived. The overall increase in life expectancy indicates an improvement in longevity. The life expectancy of MR patients is shorter than that of the general population. The purpose of this study is to predict the relationship between telomere length and IQ in normal control as well as to analyze the differences among the average telomere length for the control and subgroups of MR cases. Fifty-nine patients who met the fourth edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) criteria for mental retardation were included in this study. According to the degree of intellectual impairment, MR patients were divided into 4 types: mild, moderate, severe, and profound. Fifty-two female nursing students aged 19-21 were recruited as normal controls. DNA was isolated from their lymphocytes. Telomere length was analyzed by Southern blot hybridization. The length was calculated by the Photo CaptMw Version 99.03 software. Correlation between the telomere length and IQ in normal control was performed by the Pearson product-moment correlation. One-way ANOVA was used to test if any differences existed among the normal, mild, moderate, severe, and profound MR. Analyses displayed that there were no correlations between telomere length and IQ including PIQ(r=-0.001; p=0.922), VIQ(r=-0.033; p=0.817), TIQ(r=-0.026, p=0.857), and no difference existed among the normal and subgroups of MR cases. Results obtained from this study indicated that life expectancy of MR patients may approximate to that of the general population if live in the well environment.

Introdução: São vistos muitos efeitos benéficos do aleitamento materno. Estudos demonstram que crianças amamentadas com leite materno quando comparadas às alimentadas com fórmulas lácteas artificiais, apresentam melhor desenvolvimento cognitivo. Em pacientes com esquizofrenia, o aleitamento materno vem sendo avaliado como fator de proteção. Os níveis de quimiocinas CCL11, marcador biológico relacionado principalmente com o envelhecimento precoce, também tem sido associado ao desempenho cognitivo nesses pacientes. Estudos mostram uma correlação negativa deste marcador com o desempenho em testes de memória de trabalho e com a tarefa de flexibilidade cognitiva. Sendo assim, surge o interesse em estudar as diferenças entre níveis plasmáticos da quimiocina CCL11, quociente de inteligência e história do aleitamento materno (no peito) em pacientes com esquizofrenia e controles. Métodos: Estudo caso-controle com 56 indivíduos, sendo 30 pacientes com esquizofrenia e 26 controles saudáveis, divididos em grupos que foram aleitados e grupos que não foram. Foi aplicado questionário com dados sócio-econômicos, história ao nascer, dados clínicos e alimentação ao nascer. Foi dosado a quimiocina CCL11 e aplicado testes psicológicos para avaliarem quociente de inteligência, funcionalidade, sintomas psiquiátricos, curso da doença e diagnóstico. Para os controles foi utilizada uma escala para descartar doença psiquiátrica. Resultados: A quimiocina CCL11 apresentou valores significativamente mais altos (>0,5) em pacientes com esquizofrenia quando comparados aos controles e no grupo de amamentados, os esquizofrênicos também apresentaram valores significativamente mais altos, mas em nível intermediário (entre 0.106 e 0.5). Não houve correlação da CCL11 com o número de hospitalizações, idade, tempo de diagnóstico e escolaridade. Também não foi evidenciada correlação entre tempo de aleitamento materno em relação aos fatores do Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Houve uma tendência de correlação entre a idade de início da doença e o aleitamento materno. Foi encontrada correlação positiva do CCL11 com o tempo de aleitamento materno. Ao comparar os pacientes esquizofrênicos que foram aleitados com os que não foram, foi encontrada diferença estatisticamente significativa apenas para o quociente de inteligência. Conclusão: O aleitamento materno está associado a níveis mais baixos de CCL11, escores mais altos de quociente de inteligência e com a esquizofrenia. A quimiocina CCL11 é mais alta em quem não amamentou, especialmente nos esquizofrênicos. / Introduction: Are seen many beneficial effects of breastfeeding. Studies show that children breastfed, compared to fed artificial milk formulas, have better cognitive development. In patients with schizophrenia, breastfeeding has been evaluated as a protective factor. The levels of CCL11 chemokine, biomarker related mainly to premature aging, have also been associated with cognitive performance in these patients. Studies show a negative correlation of this marker with the performance of working memory tests and with cognitive flexibility task. Thus, there is the interest in studying the differences between plasma levels of CCL11 chemokine, intelligence quotient and history of breastfeeding in patients with schizophrenia and controls. Methods: Case-control study with 56 subjects, 30 patients with schizophrenia and 26 healthy individuals divided into groups that were breastfed group and those who were not. A socio-economic survey, birth history, clinical data and power at birth was applied. It was dosed to CCL11 chemokine and applied psychological tests to assess intelligence quotient, functionality, psychiatric symptoms, course of the disease and diagnosis. For the controls we used a scale to rule out psychiatric illness. Results: The chemokine CCL11 had significantly higher values (> 0.5) in patients with schizophrenia compared with controls and the breastfed group, schizophrenics also had significantly higher values, but on intermediate level (between 0.106 and 0.5). There was no correlation of CCL11 to the number of hospitalizations, age, time of diagnosis and education. It was also not evident correlation between duration of breastfeeding in relation to factors of Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. There was a trend of correlation between the age of onset of the disease and breastfeeding. There was a positive correlation between CCL11 with the duration of breastfeeding. By comparing the schizophrenic patients who were breastfed with those who were not, there was a statistically significant difference only for the intelligence quotient. Conclusion: Breastfeeding is associated with lower levels of CCL11, higher intelligence quotient scores and schizophrenia. The CCL11 chemokine is higher in those who did not breastfeed, especially in schizophrenic.

Introdução: São vistos muitos efeitos benéficos do aleitamento materno. Estudos demonstram que crianças amamentadas com leite materno quando comparadas às alimentadas com fórmulas lácteas artificiais, apresentam melhor desenvolvimento cognitivo. Em pacientes com esquizofrenia, o aleitamento materno vem sendo avaliado como fator de proteção. Os níveis de quimiocinas CCL11, marcador biológico relacionado principalmente com o envelhecimento precoce, também tem sido associado ao desempenho cognitivo nesses pacientes. Estudos mostram uma correlação negativa deste marcador com o desempenho em testes de memória de trabalho e com a tarefa de flexibilidade cognitiva. Sendo assim, surge o interesse em estudar as diferenças entre níveis plasmáticos da quimiocina CCL11, quociente de inteligência e história do aleitamento materno (no peito) em pacientes com esquizofrenia e controles. Métodos: Estudo caso-controle com 56 indivíduos, sendo 30 pacientes com esquizofrenia e 26 controles saudáveis, divididos em grupos que foram aleitados e grupos que não foram. Foi aplicado questionário com dados sócio-econômicos, história ao nascer, dados clínicos e alimentação ao nascer. Foi dosado a quimiocina CCL11 e aplicado testes psicológicos para avaliarem quociente de inteligência, funcionalidade, sintomas psiquiátricos, curso da doença e diagnóstico. Para os controles foi utilizada uma escala para descartar doença psiquiátrica. Resultados: A quimiocina CCL11 apresentou valores significativamente mais altos (>0,5) em pacientes com esquizofrenia quando comparados aos controles e no grupo de amamentados, os esquizofrênicos também apresentaram valores significativamente mais altos, mas em nível intermediário (entre 0.106 e 0.5). Não houve correlação da CCL11 com o número de hospitalizações, idade, tempo de diagnóstico e escolaridade. Também não foi evidenciada correlação entre tempo de aleitamento materno em relação aos fatores do Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Houve uma tendência de correlação entre a idade de início da doença e o aleitamento materno. Foi encontrada correlação positiva do CCL11 com o tempo de aleitamento materno. Ao comparar os pacientes esquizofrênicos que foram aleitados com os que não foram, foi encontrada diferença estatisticamente significativa apenas para o quociente de inteligência. Conclusão: O aleitamento materno está associado a níveis mais baixos de CCL11, escores mais altos de quociente de inteligência e com a esquizofrenia. A quimiocina CCL11 é mais alta em quem não amamentou, especialmente nos esquizofrênicos. / Introduction: Are seen many beneficial effects of breastfeeding. Studies show that children breastfed, compared to fed artificial milk formulas, have better cognitive development. In patients with schizophrenia, breastfeeding has been evaluated as a protective factor. The levels of CCL11 chemokine, biomarker related mainly to premature aging, have also been associated with cognitive performance in these patients. Studies show a negative correlation of this marker with the performance of working memory tests and with cognitive flexibility task. Thus, there is the interest in studying the differences between plasma levels of CCL11 chemokine, intelligence quotient and history of breastfeeding in patients with schizophrenia and controls. Methods: Case-control study with 56 subjects, 30 patients with schizophrenia and 26 healthy individuals divided into groups that were breastfed group and those who were not. A socio-economic survey, birth history, clinical data and power at birth was applied. It was dosed to CCL11 chemokine and applied psychological tests to assess intelligence quotient, functionality, psychiatric symptoms, course of the disease and diagnosis. For the controls we used a scale to rule out psychiatric illness. Results: The chemokine CCL11 had significantly higher values (> 0.5) in patients with schizophrenia compared with controls and the breastfed group, schizophrenics also had significantly higher values, but on intermediate level (between 0.106 and 0.5). There was no correlation of CCL11 to the number of hospitalizations, age, time of diagnosis and education. It was also not evident correlation between duration of breastfeeding in relation to factors of Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. There was a trend of correlation between the age of onset of the disease and breastfeeding. There was a positive correlation between CCL11 with the duration of breastfeeding. By comparing the schizophrenic patients who were breastfed with those who were not, there was a statistically significant difference only for the intelligence quotient. Conclusion: Breastfeeding is associated with lower levels of CCL11, higher intelligence quotient scores and schizophrenia. The CCL11 chemokine is higher in those who did not breastfeed, especially in schizophrenic.

Introdução: São vistos muitos efeitos benéficos do aleitamento materno. Estudos demonstram que crianças amamentadas com leite materno quando comparadas às alimentadas com fórmulas lácteas artificiais, apresentam melhor desenvolvimento cognitivo. Em pacientes com esquizofrenia, o aleitamento materno vem sendo avaliado como fator de proteção. Os níveis de quimiocinas CCL11, marcador biológico relacionado principalmente com o envelhecimento precoce, também tem sido associado ao desempenho cognitivo nesses pacientes. Estudos mostram uma correlação negativa deste marcador com o desempenho em testes de memória de trabalho e com a tarefa de flexibilidade cognitiva. Sendo assim, surge o interesse em estudar as diferenças entre níveis plasmáticos da quimiocina CCL11, quociente de inteligência e história do aleitamento materno (no peito) em pacientes com esquizofrenia e controles. Métodos: Estudo caso-controle com 56 indivíduos, sendo 30 pacientes com esquizofrenia e 26 controles saudáveis, divididos em grupos que foram aleitados e grupos que não foram. Foi aplicado questionário com dados sócio-econômicos, história ao nascer, dados clínicos e alimentação ao nascer. Foi dosado a quimiocina CCL11 e aplicado testes psicológicos para avaliarem quociente de inteligência, funcionalidade, sintomas psiquiátricos, curso da doença e diagnóstico. Para os controles foi utilizada uma escala para descartar doença psiquiátrica. Resultados: A quimiocina CCL11 apresentou valores significativamente mais altos (>0,5) em pacientes com esquizofrenia quando comparados aos controles e no grupo de amamentados, os esquizofrênicos também apresentaram valores significativamente mais altos, mas em nível intermediário (entre 0.106 e 0.5). Não houve correlação da CCL11 com o número de hospitalizações, idade, tempo de diagnóstico e escolaridade. Também não foi evidenciada correlação entre tempo de aleitamento materno em relação aos fatores do Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Houve uma tendência de correlação entre a idade de início da doença e o aleitamento materno. Foi encontrada correlação positiva do CCL11 com o tempo de aleitamento materno. Ao comparar os pacientes esquizofrênicos que foram aleitados com os que não foram, foi encontrada diferença estatisticamente significativa apenas para o quociente de inteligência. Conclusão: O aleitamento materno está associado a níveis mais baixos de CCL11, escores mais altos de quociente de inteligência e com a esquizofrenia. A quimiocina CCL11 é mais alta em quem não amamentou, especialmente nos esquizofrênicos. / Introduction: Are seen many beneficial effects of breastfeeding. Studies show that children breastfed, compared to fed artificial milk formulas, have better cognitive development. In patients with schizophrenia, breastfeeding has been evaluated as a protective factor. The levels of CCL11 chemokine, biomarker related mainly to premature aging, have also been associated with cognitive performance in these patients. Studies show a negative correlation of this marker with the performance of working memory tests and with cognitive flexibility task. Thus, there is the interest in studying the differences between plasma levels of CCL11 chemokine, intelligence quotient and history of breastfeeding in patients with schizophrenia and controls. Methods: Case-control study with 56 subjects, 30 patients with schizophrenia and 26 healthy individuals divided into groups that were breastfed group and those who were not. A socio-economic survey, birth history, clinical data and power at birth was applied. It was dosed to CCL11 chemokine and applied psychological tests to assess intelligence quotient, functionality, psychiatric symptoms, course of the disease and diagnosis. For the controls we used a scale to rule out psychiatric illness. Results: The chemokine CCL11 had significantly higher values (> 0.5) in patients with schizophrenia compared with controls and the breastfed group, schizophrenics also had significantly higher values, but on intermediate level (between 0.106 and 0.5). There was no correlation of CCL11 to the number of hospitalizations, age, time of diagnosis and education. It was also not evident correlation between duration of breastfeeding in relation to factors of Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. There was a trend of correlation between the age of onset of the disease and breastfeeding. There was a positive correlation between CCL11 with the duration of breastfeeding. By comparing the schizophrenic patients who were breastfed with those who were not, there was a statistically significant difference only for the intelligence quotient. Conclusion: Breastfeeding is associated with lower levels of CCL11, higher intelligence quotient scores and schizophrenia. The CCL11 chemokine is higher in those who did not breastfeed, especially in schizophrenic.

ABSTRACT STRESS FOR INDIVIDUALS WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS: EFFECTS OF AGE, GENDER, AND INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT by Kristen Louise Hess Researchers previously have found that individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) experience higher levels of stress and anxiety than individuals who are typically developing and than those with other disabilities. The purpose of this study was to identify the nature and degree of stress reported for individuals with ASD, with particular attention to the effects of age, gender, and intelligence quotient (IQ). Stressful events were identified by the Stress Survey Schedule for Persons with Autism and Other Developmental Delays (SSS), the only tool developed specifically to measure perceived stress in individuals with ASD. Clinicians or parents completed the SSS for 313 individuals ages 3-41 with an ASD diagnosis in east and west coast diagnostic and treatment facilities. Multiple regression equations and multivariate analyses of variance were conducted to explore relationships between scores on the SSS and their age, gender, and IQ. Analysis of the results revealed that two types of stress, Changes and Threats (R2=.07) and Unpleasant Events (R2=.05), were the greatest overall stressors for these individuals. Age, gender, and IQ correlated significantly with stressors measured in the scales related to Sensory/Personal Contact (F(3, 309) = 9.17, p < .01), Anticipation/Uncertainty (F(3, 309) = 3.08, p < .05), Food-Related Activity (F(3, 309) = 3.21, p < .05), and Unpleasant Events (F(3, 309) = 2.36, p < .10). Significant differences were found with regard to age as a unitary construct and age by IQ. Results suggest that younger individuals with ASD may experience more stress than their older counterparts. Although higher levels of stress were reported for males across all eight scales, gender was determined to have a significant main effect only with Pleasant Events (F(1, 135) = 4.20, p < .05). On six of the eight scales, individuals with lower IQ scores were reported to be more stressed and analysis reflected significance for IQ on Changes and Threats (F(1, 294) = 3.85, p < .05) and Unpleasant Events (F(1, 294) = 5.71, p < .05). Normative scores for all scales by age, gender, and IQ were reported. This study was the first to examine individual factors mediating the experience of stress for a large group of individuals with ASD. It also extends the line of research using the SSS, which will aid professionals when developing instructional, behavioral, and medical interventions.

The purpose of the current investigation is to two-fold: 1) to determine whether relational training increases block design and IQ score 2) to determine if relational training results in increased performance on block design programs. The Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI-IV) for Children intelligence assessment was assessed to the participant prior to baseline and after training, and programs adapted from the PEAK-Relational Training System were used for relational training procedures. A multiple-baseline design across skills (relational frames) design was used in the present study. Test relations (Y-Z) were probed during training after 3 training trial blocks and novel stimuli were used. The results indicate that the relational procedures were effective in increasing IQ on the block design subtest. The implications of the current study are discussed.

It is the purpose of the writer to discover if there is any significant difference between the teacher ratings of boys and girls with equated intelligence quotients. And if such differences are found to exist, an attempt will be made to determine to what extent they prevail.