This project examines the medical management of pain and injury in British Olympic sport. By drawing upon the perspectives of health-care providers, it explores key developments such as the professionalisation, formalisation and bureaucratisation of sports medicine and the consequences of such developments on doctors' and physiotherapists' working practices, relationships with each other and on athlete care. A questionnaire about the backgrounds (e.g. the qualifications, experience and methods of recruitment and appointment) was sent to members of the British Olympic Association's Medical Committee and Physiotherapy Forum in November 2007 and in-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 14 doctors and 14 physiotherapists between January and June 2008. Data indicate that attempts to professionalise sports medicine into a medical speciality have created fragmentation and resistance among the various groups involved in athlete care at this level. Whilst clinicians were committed by multi-disciplinary practice overall, data reveal qualitative differences between practitioners who have established themselves within bureaucratic organisations such as the English Institute of Sport (EIS) compared to those who provide largely voluntary medical services via National Governing Bodies of Sport (NGBs). Thus, practitioners in positions of managerial authority were constrained to negotiate the underlying amateur values of numerous sports medicine staff at the same time as striving for a professional ethos. Processes of professionalisation have also impacted upon the inter-professional relations between doctors and physiotherapists and the social organisation of athlete-care. As a consequence of their work setting, clinicians were constrained to adhere to the performance-motivated demands of their athlete and coach clients over longer-term health concerns. Because of their greater orientation towards performance, physiotherapists were able to effectively "compete" with doctors in a number of practice contexts and so claim considerable professional autonomy. This project adds to the existing body of knowledge on the medical practices of sports medicine clinicians in elite level sport and demonstrates the heterogeneity within this area of practice. Furthermore, the thesis highlights the importance of understanding clinicians working practices as a consequence of their particular work setting.

The starting point of the present thesis is nurses’ reported experiences of disagreements with physicians for pushing life sustaining treatment too far. The overall aim was to describe and compare nurses’ and physicians’ perspectives on the boundaries for life-sustaining treatment and to evaluate whether ethics rounds could promote mutual understanding and stimulate ethical reflection. A mixed methods design with qualitative and quantitative data was used, including interviews and questionnaires. The health professionals’ experiences/perceptions were based on known patients foremost from general wards, but also intensive care units, at four Swedish hospitals. The first two studies treated the perspective on boundaries for life-sustaining treatment and the last two evaluated philosopher- ethicist led ethics rounds. Analysis of data was performed using a phenomenological approach and content analysis as well as comparative and descriptive non-parametric statistics. In the first study, the essence of the physicians’ decision-making process to limit life-sustaining treatment for ICU patients, was a process of principally medical considerations in discussions with other physicians. In the second study, there were more similarities than differences between nurses’ and physicians’ opinions regarding the 714 patients studied. The physicians considered limited treatment as often as the nurses did. The ethics rounds studies generated mixed experiences/perceptions. It seemed that more progress was made toward the goal of promoting mutual understanding than toward the goal of stimulating ethical reflection. Above all, the rounds seemed to meet the need for a forum for crossing over professional boundaries. The most salient finding was the insight to enhance team collaboration, that the interprofessional dialogue was sure to continue. Predominating new insights after rounds were interpreted as corresponding to a hermeneutic approach. One of nurses’ negative experiences of the ethics rounds was associated with the lack of solutions. Based on the present findings, one suggestion for improvement of the model of ethics rounds is made with regard to achieving a balance between ethical analyses, conflict resolution and problem solving. In conclusion, the present thesis provides strong evidence that differences in opinions regarding boundaries for life-sustaining treatment are not associated with professional status. The findings support the notion of a collaborative team approach to end-of-life decision-making for patients with diminished decisionmaking capacity. There is an indication that stimulation of ethical reflection in relation to known patients may foremost yield psychosocial insights. This could imply that social conflicts may overshadow ethical analysis or that ethical conflicts and social conflicts are impossible to distinguish.

INTRODUÇÃO: Este estudo tem como foco a educação de profissionais da saúde. Para responder às complexas necessidades dos fazeres e saberes em saúde deve haver a superação do modelo curricular fragmentado e exclusivamente uniprofissional. Políticas e programas de educação e saúde têm reorientado o processo de formação dos profissionais que atuam no cuidado em saúde a partir da ênfase na integralidade da atenção à saúde, participação no controle social e de currículos integrados e comprometidos com a melhoria das condições de vida da população. OBJETIVO: Compreender os significados da vivência multiprofissional na atividade de ensino ‘Práticas Integradas em Saúde I’ em cenários de prática do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS)/Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS), analisando seu potencial para a educação interprofissional. METODOLOGIA: Trata-se de um estudo de caso de abordagem qualitativa, cujo campo de investigação foi a atividade de ensino integradora dos cursos da saúde – disciplina Práticas Integradas em Saúde I – da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). A produção de dados foi constituída pela análise documental, formulário online, entrevistas individuais semiestruturadas com egressos, estudantes de graduação e gestor universitário (n=24), grupo focal com professores (n=11) e observação participante com registros em diário de campo. A amostra foi intencional definida pelo critério da saturação e densidade do material textual. Os dados foram interpretados pela análise temática de conteúdo de Bardin com o apoio do software ATLAS.ti (Visual Qualitative Data Analysis). O estudo teve aprovação do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da UFRGS e da Prefeitura Municipal de Porto Alegre. RESULTADOS: A disciplina integradora é um movimento contra-hegemônico ao modelo de formação uniprofissional. Seu aspecto inovador está expresso pelo caráter multiprofissional, oportunizando a convivência entre estudantes de graduação, professores universitários e profissionais da saúde de diferentes núcleos profissionais em cenários de prática do SUS. Essa inte(g)ração possibilitou aprendizagens sobre as diferentes profissões da saúde, organização de um trabalho em equipe pautado na colaboração , reconhecimento do trabalho na Estratégia de Saúde da Família, com destaque para o processo de trabalho do Agente Comunitário de Saúde, expressando valores da educação interprofissional (EIP). A disciplina integradora fomenta espaços de aproximação com o SUS, por meio da vivência nos territórios com equipes multiprofissionais da APS. Desafios pedagógicos de organização das atividades nos cenários de prática (planejamento das tutorias) e limitação de tempo e de espaços institucionalizados para o compartilhamento das experiências entre os estudantes que representam diferentes profissões foram destacados. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS: A disciplina integradora apresenta-se como um potente cenário para o desenvolvimento da EIP na graduação. Para a consolidação da proposta de inte(g)ração da disciplina, momentos presenciais para o compartilhamento das percepções sobre a vivência no território entre os estudantes e professores devem ser garantidos, assim como espaços de educação permanente e continuada para os professores que dela participam. É fundamental que a Universidade invista na ampliação das atividades de ensino compartilhadas entre os cursos da saúde, e que a comunidade acadêmica se comprometa e se envolva na inte(g)ração. / INTRODUCTION: The present study aims the Health Professionals Education. To respond the complex needs of health practices and knowledge there must be an overcoming of the fragmented and exclusively uni professional curriculum model. Education and health policies and programs have redirected the process of training the different professions that work with health care giving emphasis on the integrality of attention to health, participation in social control, also with committed and integrated pedagogical programs, in order to improve the living conditions of the population. OBJECTIVE: To understand the meanings of multi professional experience in the teaching activity – ‘Integrated Practices in Health I’ - in practical scenarios of the Unified Health System/ Primary Health Care, analyzing its potential for inter professional education. METHODOLOGY: It is a case study with a qualitative approach whose field of research was the integrated teaching activity of the Health Courses - discipline ‘Integrated Practices in Health I’ - of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). Data production consisted of documentary analysis, online forms, individual semi- structured interviews with graduates, undergraduate students and University manager (n=24), focus group with professors (n=11) and participant observation with field diary registration. The sample was intentional defined by the standard of saturation and density of the textual data. The data were interpreted by Bardin thematic analysis of content with support of the software ATLAS.H (Visual Qualitative Data Analysis). The study was approved by Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) and Porto Alegre City Hall. RESULTS: The integrative discipline is a counter-hegemonic movement to the uniprofessional training model. Its innovative aspect is expressed by the multi professional character allowing the coexistence between undergraduate students, university professors and health professionals from different professional backgrounds of the Unified Health System practice scenarios. This integration made it possible for students to learn about different health professions, the organization of a teamwork based on collaboration, the recognition of teamwork in the Family Health Strategy with emphasis on the work process of the Community Health Agent, expressing values of the inter professional education. In addition the integrative discipline encourages approaching spaces with the Unified Health System through living in territories with Primary Health Care multi professional teams. Pedagogical challenges of organizing activities in practice scenarios (planning the tutorials) and limitation of time and institutionalized spaces to share experiences among students, representing different professions were highlighted. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: Integrative discipline presents itself as a potent scenario for the development of Inter professional education. For the consolidation of the proposal of a integrative discipline, face-to-face moments for sharing the living perceptions in the territory between students and professors must be assured, as well as spaces of permanent and continued education for the professors that are part in the project. It is essential that the University make investments in the expansion of teaching activities shared among the Health Courses, and that the academic community engages and engages with interaction.

INTRODUÇÃO: Este estudo tem como foco a educação de profissionais da saúde. Para responder às complexas necessidades dos fazeres e saberes em saúde deve haver a superação do modelo curricular fragmentado e exclusivamente uniprofissional. Políticas e programas de educação e saúde têm reorientado o processo de formação dos profissionais que atuam no cuidado em saúde a partir da ênfase na integralidade da atenção à saúde, participação no controle social e de currículos integrados e comprometidos com a melhoria das condições de vida da população. OBJETIVO: Compreender os significados da vivência multiprofissional na atividade de ensino ‘Práticas Integradas em Saúde I’ em cenários de prática do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS)/Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS), analisando seu potencial para a educação interprofissional. METODOLOGIA: Trata-se de um estudo de caso de abordagem qualitativa, cujo campo de investigação foi a atividade de ensino integradora dos cursos da saúde – disciplina Práticas Integradas em Saúde I – da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). A produção de dados foi constituída pela análise documental, formulário online, entrevistas individuais semiestruturadas com egressos, estudantes de graduação e gestor universitário (n=24), grupo focal com professores (n=11) e observação participante com registros em diário de campo. A amostra foi intencional definida pelo critério da saturação e densidade do material textual. Os dados foram interpretados pela análise temática de conteúdo de Bardin com o apoio do software ATLAS.ti (Visual Qualitative Data Analysis). O estudo teve aprovação do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da UFRGS e da Prefeitura Municipal de Porto Alegre. RESULTADOS: A disciplina integradora é um movimento contra-hegemônico ao modelo de formação uniprofissional. Seu aspecto inovador está expresso pelo caráter multiprofissional, oportunizando a convivência entre estudantes de graduação, professores universitários e profissionais da saúde de diferentes núcleos profissionais em cenários de prática do SUS. Essa inte(g)ração possibilitou aprendizagens sobre as diferentes profissões da saúde, organização de um trabalho em equipe pautado na colaboração , reconhecimento do trabalho na Estratégia de Saúde da Família, com destaque para o processo de trabalho do Agente Comunitário de Saúde, expressando valores da educação interprofissional (EIP). A disciplina integradora fomenta espaços de aproximação com o SUS, por meio da vivência nos territórios com equipes multiprofissionais da APS. Desafios pedagógicos de organização das atividades nos cenários de prática (planejamento das tutorias) e limitação de tempo e de espaços institucionalizados para o compartilhamento das experiências entre os estudantes que representam diferentes profissões foram destacados. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS: A disciplina integradora apresenta-se como um potente cenário para o desenvolvimento da EIP na graduação. Para a consolidação da proposta de inte(g)ração da disciplina, momentos presenciais para o compartilhamento das percepções sobre a vivência no território entre os estudantes e professores devem ser garantidos, assim como espaços de educação permanente e continuada para os professores que dela participam. É fundamental que a Universidade invista na ampliação das atividades de ensino compartilhadas entre os cursos da saúde, e que a comunidade acadêmica se comprometa e se envolva na inte(g)ração. / INTRODUCTION: The present study aims the Health Professionals Education. To respond the complex needs of health practices and knowledge there must be an overcoming of the fragmented and exclusively uni professional curriculum model. Education and health policies and programs have redirected the process of training the different professions that work with health care giving emphasis on the integrality of attention to health, participation in social control, also with committed and integrated pedagogical programs, in order to improve the living conditions of the population. OBJECTIVE: To understand the meanings of multi professional experience in the teaching activity – ‘Integrated Practices in Health I’ - in practical scenarios of the Unified Health System/ Primary Health Care, analyzing its potential for inter professional education. METHODOLOGY: It is a case study with a qualitative approach whose field of research was the integrated teaching activity of the Health Courses - discipline ‘Integrated Practices in Health I’ - of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). Data production consisted of documentary analysis, online forms, individual semi- structured interviews with graduates, undergraduate students and University manager (n=24), focus group with professors (n=11) and participant observation with field diary registration. The sample was intentional defined by the standard of saturation and density of the textual data. The data were interpreted by Bardin thematic analysis of content with support of the software ATLAS.H (Visual Qualitative Data Analysis). The study was approved by Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) and Porto Alegre City Hall. RESULTS: The integrative discipline is a counter-hegemonic movement to the uniprofessional training model. Its innovative aspect is expressed by the multi professional character allowing the coexistence between undergraduate students, university professors and health professionals from different professional backgrounds of the Unified Health System practice scenarios. This integration made it possible for students to learn about different health professions, the organization of a teamwork based on collaboration, the recognition of teamwork in the Family Health Strategy with emphasis on the work process of the Community Health Agent, expressing values of the inter professional education. In addition the integrative discipline encourages approaching spaces with the Unified Health System through living in territories with Primary Health Care multi professional teams. Pedagogical challenges of organizing activities in practice scenarios (planning the tutorials) and limitation of time and institutionalized spaces to share experiences among students, representing different professions were highlighted. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: Integrative discipline presents itself as a potent scenario for the development of Inter professional education. For the consolidation of the proposal of a integrative discipline, face-to-face moments for sharing the living perceptions in the territory between students and professors must be assured, as well as spaces of permanent and continued education for the professors that are part in the project. It is essential that the University make investments in the expansion of teaching activities shared among the Health Courses, and that the academic community engages and engages with interaction.

INTRODUÇÃO: Este estudo tem como foco a educação de profissionais da saúde. Para responder às complexas necessidades dos fazeres e saberes em saúde deve haver a superação do modelo curricular fragmentado e exclusivamente uniprofissional. Políticas e programas de educação e saúde têm reorientado o processo de formação dos profissionais que atuam no cuidado em saúde a partir da ênfase na integralidade da atenção à saúde, participação no controle social e de currículos integrados e comprometidos com a melhoria das condições de vida da população. OBJETIVO: Compreender os significados da vivência multiprofissional na atividade de ensino ‘Práticas Integradas em Saúde I’ em cenários de prática do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS)/Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS), analisando seu potencial para a educação interprofissional. METODOLOGIA: Trata-se de um estudo de caso de abordagem qualitativa, cujo campo de investigação foi a atividade de ensino integradora dos cursos da saúde – disciplina Práticas Integradas em Saúde I – da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). A produção de dados foi constituída pela análise documental, formulário online, entrevistas individuais semiestruturadas com egressos, estudantes de graduação e gestor universitário (n=24), grupo focal com professores (n=11) e observação participante com registros em diário de campo. A amostra foi intencional definida pelo critério da saturação e densidade do material textual. Os dados foram interpretados pela análise temática de conteúdo de Bardin com o apoio do software ATLAS.ti (Visual Qualitative Data Analysis). O estudo teve aprovação do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da UFRGS e da Prefeitura Municipal de Porto Alegre. RESULTADOS: A disciplina integradora é um movimento contra-hegemônico ao modelo de formação uniprofissional. Seu aspecto inovador está expresso pelo caráter multiprofissional, oportunizando a convivência entre estudantes de graduação, professores universitários e profissionais da saúde de diferentes núcleos profissionais em cenários de prática do SUS. Essa inte(g)ração possibilitou aprendizagens sobre as diferentes profissões da saúde, organização de um trabalho em equipe pautado na colaboração , reconhecimento do trabalho na Estratégia de Saúde da Família, com destaque para o processo de trabalho do Agente Comunitário de Saúde, expressando valores da educação interprofissional (EIP). A disciplina integradora fomenta espaços de aproximação com o SUS, por meio da vivência nos territórios com equipes multiprofissionais da APS. Desafios pedagógicos de organização das atividades nos cenários de prática (planejamento das tutorias) e limitação de tempo e de espaços institucionalizados para o compartilhamento das experiências entre os estudantes que representam diferentes profissões foram destacados. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS: A disciplina integradora apresenta-se como um potente cenário para o desenvolvimento da EIP na graduação. Para a consolidação da proposta de inte(g)ração da disciplina, momentos presenciais para o compartilhamento das percepções sobre a vivência no território entre os estudantes e professores devem ser garantidos, assim como espaços de educação permanente e continuada para os professores que dela participam. É fundamental que a Universidade invista na ampliação das atividades de ensino compartilhadas entre os cursos da saúde, e que a comunidade acadêmica se comprometa e se envolva na inte(g)ração. / INTRODUCTION: The present study aims the Health Professionals Education. To respond the complex needs of health practices and knowledge there must be an overcoming of the fragmented and exclusively uni professional curriculum model. Education and health policies and programs have redirected the process of training the different professions that work with health care giving emphasis on the integrality of attention to health, participation in social control, also with committed and integrated pedagogical programs, in order to improve the living conditions of the population. OBJECTIVE: To understand the meanings of multi professional experience in the teaching activity – ‘Integrated Practices in Health I’ - in practical scenarios of the Unified Health System/ Primary Health Care, analyzing its potential for inter professional education. METHODOLOGY: It is a case study with a qualitative approach whose field of research was the integrated teaching activity of the Health Courses - discipline ‘Integrated Practices in Health I’ - of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). Data production consisted of documentary analysis, online forms, individual semi- structured interviews with graduates, undergraduate students and University manager (n=24), focus group with professors (n=11) and participant observation with field diary registration. The sample was intentional defined by the standard of saturation and density of the textual data. The data were interpreted by Bardin thematic analysis of content with support of the software ATLAS.H (Visual Qualitative Data Analysis). The study was approved by Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) and Porto Alegre City Hall. RESULTS: The integrative discipline is a counter-hegemonic movement to the uniprofessional training model. Its innovative aspect is expressed by the multi professional character allowing the coexistence between undergraduate students, university professors and health professionals from different professional backgrounds of the Unified Health System practice scenarios. This integration made it possible for students to learn about different health professions, the organization of a teamwork based on collaboration, the recognition of teamwork in the Family Health Strategy with emphasis on the work process of the Community Health Agent, expressing values of the inter professional education. In addition the integrative discipline encourages approaching spaces with the Unified Health System through living in territories with Primary Health Care multi professional teams. Pedagogical challenges of organizing activities in practice scenarios (planning the tutorials) and limitation of time and institutionalized spaces to share experiences among students, representing different professions were highlighted. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: Integrative discipline presents itself as a potent scenario for the development of Inter professional education. For the consolidation of the proposal of a integrative discipline, face-to-face moments for sharing the living perceptions in the territory between students and professors must be assured, as well as spaces of permanent and continued education for the professors that are part in the project. It is essential that the University make investments in the expansion of teaching activities shared among the Health Courses, and that the academic community engages and engages with interaction.