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Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2005. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

The embryonic mouse inner ear was used as a model with which to study ototoxicity and tissue interactions. The inner ear anlage can be explanted and cultured in vitro from about the 12th gestational day (gd), and will differentiate parallel with the inner ear developing in vivo until a time corresponding to birth (21st gd). During this period the ovoid sac develops into the labyrinth. In the present thesis work, otic anlagen from gd 12, 13, 13.5, 15 and 16 were used. As a rule the explants were kept in culture until a time point equivalent to the 21st gd. Analyses using freeze-fracture technique and transmission electron microscopy showed that in cultured 13th gd otocysts the development of junctional complexes followed the same principal pattern as in vivo. Tight junctions develop into many strands lying parallel to the apical surface of all epithelial cells. Uncoupling of the hair cells occurs with loss of gap junctions. Some tight junctions had an aberrant appearence, with in part very thick strands and strands running at right angles to the apical surface. All aminoglycosides are potentially ototoxic. In the inner ear, outer hair cells of the organ of Corti and vestibular type I hair cells are affected by these antibiotics. The access route to the hair cells and the sites and mechanisms of action of aminoglycosides are not precisely defined. The uptake of tritiated tobramycin in 16th gd inner ears was studied. An initial rapid uptake of the drug, within 10 min, was followed by a slower accumulation, reaching a steady state after 60 min. Most of the tobramycin was bound reversibly, at least after a short period of incubation (2 h). The irreversibly bound fraction was of the same magnitude as the uptake within 10 min. Uptake took place against a concentration gradient. The otocyst can differentiate even without the statoacoustic ganglion. The interaction of the sensory epithelium with the ganglion was investigated by explanting the statoacoustic ganglion without target tissue. Twenty-five percent of the ganglions survived and had outgrowth of neurites but there was no differentiation into either the cochlear or vestibular type of neuron cells. Exposure of cultured otocysts (13 or 13.5 gd) to l-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid, a 1-proline analog that disrupts formation of collagen, resulted in retarded morphogenesis of the labyrinth and a dose- dependent derangement of the basal lamina. The expression of intermediate filaments (IFs) was analysed using monoclonal antibodies. The same IF pattem was found in cultured inner ears as in vivo. Explants were taken on 13th, 15th or 16th gd. Exposure to gentamicin, ethacrynic acid or cisplatin did not alter the IF composition. Cytokeratins (CKs) 8 and 18 were identified in all inner ear epithelia. In addition CKs 7 and 19 were visualized in the epithelia involved in maintaining endolymph homeostasis. The ganglion cells showed coexpression of CK, vimentin and neurofilaments. The elemental composition of the endolymph compartment of 16th gd inner ears cultured for 5 days was studied using energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis. Na to K ratios characteristic of endolymph were found. / <p>S. 1-34: sammanfattning, s. 37-88: Härtill 6 uppsatser</p> / digitalisering@umu

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Florida, 2004. / Typescript. Title from title page of source document. Document formatted into pages; contains 118 pages. Includes Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Orientadores: Carla Beatriz Collares Buzato, Maria Tereza Cartaxo Muniz / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T04:14:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Falcao_VivianeTannuriFerreiraLima_D.pdf: 4019842 bytes, checksum: b5e69f5076caaaff42a597448cba843c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: As junções intercelulares (JIs) e suas proteínas estruturais estão envolvidas em vários processos celulares tais como adesão e comunicação celular, diferenciação, proliferação e homeostase celular em diversos órgãos. No pâncreas endócrino, JIs parecem estar envolvidas na regulação da citoarquitetura das ilhotas pancreáticas, bem como na biossíntese e secreção de insulina. O objetivo desta tese foi investigar o possível papel do contato intercelular mediado pelas junções intercelulares e suas proteínas estruturais na disfunção das células beta pancreáticas na patogênese do Diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DMT2). Para tanto, investigamos a distribuição e expressão celular de proteínas juncionais (a saber, E-, N-, VE-caderinas, ZO-1, ?- e ? - cateninas) no pâncreas endócrino de camundongos C57BL/6/JUnib alimentados com uma dieta rica em gorduras (dHL) durante 8 meses. Inicialmente, foi feita uma caracterização metabólica dos animais e uma análise estrutural e morfométrica do pâncreas endócrino, já que estudos avaliando o efeito da administração de dHL por tempo prolongado são escassos. Os animais do grupo dHL (alimentados com ração contendo 21%g lipídios por 8 meses) tornaram-se obesos, mostrando importante aumento do ganho de peso (170%) em relação ao grupo controle (que receberam ração padrão com 4,5%g lipídios pelo mesmo período de tempo). Ainda, os camundongos obesos exibiram distúrbios metabólicos característicos e indicativos dos estágios iniciais do estabelecimento da DMT2, como resistência periférica a insulina, com um aumento (de 27,34%, p=0,0005) da área sob a curva de ITT, bem como marcada hiperglicemia em jejum (52%, p<0,0001) e hiperinsulinemia pós-prandial (88%, p=0,0058) em relação ao grupo Ct. Ilhotas pancreáticas isoladas de camundongos alimentados com dHL mostraram uma deficiência significativa da secreção de insulina estimulada por glicose (p<0,05), associada a um aumento da expressão do gene da insulina (isoformas 1 e 2), analisado por qPCR. A histologia do pâncreas endócrino não revelou alterações marcantes na morfologia e citoarquitetura das ilhotas entre os grupos de animais. Entretanto, os animais dHL apresentaram um aumento significativo do volume relativo de células ? por pâncreas total (aumento de 57,1%, p<0,036) e da área relativa de células ? por ilhota em relação ao grupo controle (p<0,003), indicando uma expansão compensatória da massa de célula beta, associada com uma significativa diminuição (p<0,003) da área ocupada pelas células alfa em relação à área total da ilhota (30%, p<0,003). Com relação à distribuição celular das proteínas juncionais nas ilhotas pancreáticas, a N-caderina, E-caderina, ZO-1 e cateninas estão distribuídas na região de contato intercelular das células endócrinas pancreáticas, enquanto que a VE-caderina está limitada ao endotélio. Verificou-se, por imunoistoquímica, uma diminuição na marcação intercelular das células ? para N-caderina (p<0,0001), E-caderina (p<0,0001) e ?-catenina (p<0,0001) e um aumento na imunoreação para VE-caderina (p<0,004) nas ilhotas de camundongos diabéticos em relação ao grupo Ct. No caso particular da imunofluorescência para N-caderina, verificou-se um aumento na marcação difusa do interior das células ?, indicando uma redistribuição dessa proteína da região de contato intercelular para o citoplasma. Entretanto, não observamos diferenças significativas no grau do conteúdo celular dessas proteínas juncionais em homogeneizados de ilhotas isoladas entre os grupos experimentais, analisado por Western Blot. Conforme revelado por qPCR, um aumento na expressão gênica da VE- e N-caderinas, bem como de ZO-1, foi observado em ilhotas isoladas de camundongos diabéticos em comparação com os controles. Em conclusão, as proteínas juncionais estudadas são expressas por células endócrinas e endoteliais das ilhotas pancreáticas e, em particular, a distribuição/expressão de N-, E- e VE-caderinas, bem como ?-catenina nas ilhotas é significativamente alterada em camundongos obesos e diabéticos, o que pode ter repercussão no desenvolvimento da DMT2 / Abstract: Intercellular junctions (IJs) and their CAMs participate in important cellular processes such as adhesion, growth/death and signaling. In the endocrine pancreas, IJs play a role in regulating islet cytoarchitecture, insulin biosynthesis and secretion. In this PhD thesis, we investigate the islet histology and cellular distribution and content of CAMs (E-, N-, VE-cadherins, ZO-1, ?- and ?-catenins) in the endocrine pancreas of C57BL/6/JUnib mice fed a high fat (HF) diet for a prolonged time period (8 months). After HF diet exposure, mice became obese and displayed marked metabolic disturbances indicative of type 2 diabetes mellitus, such as marked peripheral insulin resistance and hyperglycemia, and moderate hyperinsulinemia. Isolated pancreatic islets of HF-fed mice showed a significant impairment of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion associated with an increase in insulin (isoforms 1 and 2) gene expression as revealed by qPCR. Histology of the endocrine pancreas revealed no marked changes in islet morphology and cytoarchitecture between animal groups, although HF-fed mice showed a 57% increase in the relative beta cell volume (per total pancreas) in comparison with controls. As shown by immunohistochemistry, ZO-1, E-, N-cadherin and catenins, were expressed at the intercellular contact site of endocrine cells while VE-cadherin was restricted to the islet vascular compartment. A cellular redistribution of N- and E-cadherin and ?-catenin (from the contact region to the cytoplasm in endocrine cells) and an increase in VE-cadherin islet content were seen in diabetic mice as compared to controls. No significant differences in islet immunoreaction for the other CAMs were observed between the animal groups. As revealed by qPCR, an increase in gene expression of VE- and N-cadherins as well as of ZO-1, not accompanied by significant changes in islet protein content, was observed in isolated islets of diabetic mice as compared to the controls. In conclusion, CAMs are expressed by endocrine and endothelial cells of pancreatic islets and, in particular, the islet distribution/content of N-, E- and VE-cadherins as well as ?-catenin are significantly altered in obese and diabetic mice / Doutorado / Biologia Celular / Doutora em Biologia Celular e Estrutural

Abstract Neurofibromatosis type 1 syndrome (NF1) is caused by mutations of the NF1 gene. The NF1 protein (neurofibromin) contains a domain which is related to the GTPase-activating protein (GAP) and accelerates the switch of active Ras-GTP to inactive Ras-GDP. The NF1 protein has been referred to as a tumor suppressor, since the cells of malignant schwannomas of NF1 patients may display a loss of heterozygosity of the NF1 gene. Psoriasis is characterized by hyperproliferation of the epidermis and by down-regulated levels of NF1 mRNA and protein. Ca2+ is an universal signal transduction element modulating cell growth and differentiation. Many cell types coordinate their activities by transmitting waves of elevated intracellular calcium levels from cell to cell. The propagation of calcium waves had not been studied previously in human keratinocytes. Thus, the aim of the present study was to find out which pathways may play a role in Ca2+ signaling at different extracellular calcium concentrations in NF1 and and psoriatic keratinocytes versus normal control keratinocytes. The results demonstrated that NF1 and psoriatic keratinocytes have a tendency to form cultures characterized by altered Ca2+-mediated cell signaling compared to normal keratinocytes. Specifically, the main route of calcium-mediated signaling was gap-junctional in normal keratinocytes. In contrast, ATP-mediated calcium signaling predominated and capacitative calcium influx was defective in NF1 and psoriatic keratinocytes. The results of the present study suggest that mutations of the NF1 tumor suppressor gene or lowered levels of NF1 protein/mRNA may eventually lead to altered intercellular communication.

La Protéine Cellulaire du Prion (PrPc), isoforme non pathogène de la Protéine Scrapie, est une protéine ubiquitaire qui a été impliquée dans de nombreux processus cellulaires tels que la prolifération, la migration, l’adhésion, la différenciation et l’apoptose, par des mécanismes qui restent en grande partie à élucider. L’épithélium intestinal est en constant renouvellement et son homéostasie repose sur une régulation fine et coordonnée de l’ensemble de ces processus. Notre équipe s’est intéressée au rôle de la PrPc dans l’épithélium intestinal et a mis en évidence son expression dans le type cellulaire majoritaire de cet épithélium, les entérocytes, et sa double localisation selon leur état de différenciation. En effet, dans les cellules différenciées, la PrPc est majoritairement présente au niveau des desmosomes, alors que dans les cellules prolifératives, elle est principalement nucléaire. Nous mettons en évidence que la PrPc desmosomale est impliquée dans le maintien et l’intégrité de l’ensemble des jonctions intercellulaires (jonctions serrées, adhérentes et desmosomes) et contribue à la fonction de barrière de l’épithélium intestinal. La PrPc nucléaire, quant à elle, interagit avec plusieurs effecteurs de la voie de signalisation Wnt : la -caténine, la -caténine et le facteur de transcription TCF7L2. Dans ce contexte, nous révélons la capacité de la PrPc nucléaire à moduler l’expression de gènes cibles de la voie Wnt canonique. L’ensemble de ces travaux permet de révéler la PrPc comme un nouvel élément clé de l’homéostasie de l’épithélium intestinal – du maintien de la fonction de barrière jusqu’à la régulation de l’expression de gènes – et de définir la PrPc comme un nouveau membre de la famille des protéines NACos. / The cellular Prion Protein (PrPc), the normal conformer of the Scrapie protein, is a ubiquitous protein, which has been involved in several cellular processes such as proliferation, migration, adhesion, differentiation and apoptosis, through mechanisms that are not fully characterized. Intestinal epithelium is renewing constantly and its homeostasis requires a fine and coordinated regulation of all these processes. Our team has focused on PrPc functions in this tissue and has demonstrated that it is expressed in enterocytes, the major cell type in the intestinal epithelium, with a dual localization depending on the differentiation state of the cells. Indeed, in differentiated cells PrPc is localized in desmosomes while being mostly in the nucleus in proliferative cells. We demonstrated the involvement of desmosomal PrPc in the maintenance and integrity of all the intercellular junctions (tight, adherens junctions and desmosomes) and its requirement for the intestinal barrier function. PrPc in the nucleus interacts with key effectors of the Wnt pathway: -catenin, -catenin and the transcription factor TCF4/TCF7L2. In this context, we revealed the ability of nuclear PrPc to modulate the expression of a subset of Wnt target genes. Altogether, this work highlights the role of PrPc as a new key element of the intestinal epithelial homeostasis – from the barrier function to gene regulation – and allows considering PrPc as a new member of the NACos family proteins (proteins associated with the Nucleus and Adhesion Complexes).

Abstract Type 1 neurofibromatosis (NF1) syndrome is caused by a mutation of the NF1 gene. NF1 protein (neurofibromin) contains a domain which is related to the GTPase activating protein (GAP) and accelerates the switch of active Ras-GTP to inactive Ras-GDP. The clinical symptoms of NF1 patients include e.g. the formation of benign neurofibroma tumors and hyperpigmented lesions of the skin. The NF1 protein has been referred to as a tumor suppressor since cells of malignant schwannomas of NF1 patients may display loss of heterozygosity of the NF1 gene. In the present study, the expression of the NF1 gene was investigated during tissue repair in human skin. Elevated NF1 protein levels were seen in a fibroblastic cell population of healing wounds. In vitro studies were designed to investigate NF1 expression in dermal fibroblasts under the influence of growth factors that are operative during wound healing. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) isoforms AB and BB and transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) elevated NF1 mRNA levels in cultured dermal fibroblasts. In further studies, histological examination on apparently healthy skin of NF1 patients revealed frequently small masses of neurofibromatous tissue at the vicinity of hair follicles. Thus, action of the NF1 gene appears to be an integral part of normal tissue repair. Enhanced NF1 tumor suppressor expression may serve to limit excessive fibrosis in wound healing. As Ras proteins play a role in the regulation of cell differentiation and formation of cell junctions, the functional expression of NF1 protein was elucidated using differentiating keratinocytes as an in vitro model system. The results demonstrate that an intense NF1 tumor suppressor signal on intermediate filaments was temporally limited to the period in which the formation of desmosomes takes place. In analogy to NF1 protein, a rapid elevation of NF1 mRNA level was detected following initiation of differentiation. Interestingly, NF1 mRNA hybridization signal polarized towards cell-cell contact zones. This finding recognizes a potential way for post-transcriptional modification of NF1 expression and targeting of translation to subplasmalemmal location. The results demonstrate that the function of NF1 protein is associated with the formation of cell junctions, and thus to cellular communication.

Abstract This study examined the role of tumor suppressor neurofibromin and Protein kinase C (PKC) in urinary bladder cancer, and the effect of PKC inhibitors on cancer cell behaviour. Tumor suppressor protein neurofibromin is a product of the NF1 gene, a mutation of which causes the most common hereditary tumor syndrome, type 1 neurofibromatosis. NF1 gene mutations and changes in expression have been demonstrated in malignancies, unrelated to type 1 neurofibromatosis. The best known function of neurofibromin is its Ras GTPase accelerating function. Thus, it functions as a Ras inactivator. This study demonstrated for the first time that the NF1 gene is expressed in normal and malignant urinary bladder epithelium and in cultured bladder carcinoma cells in mRNA and at the protein level. Furthermore, neurofibromin expression is decreased during bladder carcinogenesis. It can be speculated that this may lead to increased Ras activity in urinary bladder cancer. The PKC family is composed of several different isoenzymes which are responsible for a number of important intracellular events and cellular functions. Many of these are also important in cancer development and progression. The results demonstrate changes in expression of PKC α and βI isoenzymes in urinary bladder carcinoma. Furthermore, the results relate the increased expression of isoenzymes to increased PKC enzyme activity and the high proliferation rate of the cancer cells. In addition, this study utilizes small molecular inhibitors of PKC isoenzymes in order to study the effect of the inhibition of these isoenzymes on cancer cell behaviour in vitro and in vivo. The study mainly focuses on the function of PKC α and βI isoenzymes and on the effects of inhibition of these by using Go6976. The results show that Go6976 inhibits cancer cell growth, migration and invasion in vitro, and tumor growth in a mouse model. The use of Go6976 induces changes in desmosomes and adherens junctions, and in focal adhesions and hemidesmosomes. The results also show that Go6976 functions as a cell cycle checkpoint abrogator and increases the cytotoxicity of two classical chemotherapeutic agents, doxorubicin and paclitaxel. In the future, it may be possible that Go6976 or related drugs could be used in clinical cancer treatments.

La voie de signalisation Ras/MAPK régule de nombreuses fonctions biologiques et occupe un rôle central dans la transmission de signaux extracellulaires à des protéines cibles intracellulaires. Les dysfonctionnements de cette voie sont responsables de plusieurs maladies et syndromes génétiques, tels que le cancer ou le diabète. Cette voie de signalisation, qui régule l’activité des protéines kinases ERK1/2 comptant un grand nombre de substrats cellulaires, occupe une place primordiale dans de nombreux processus biologiques. Parmi ces substrats, on retrouve les protéines kinases de la famille RSK qui comptent quatre isoformes (RSK1-4). Bien que plusieurs substrats cellulaires aient été identifiés pour les isoformes RSK1 et RSK2, les fonctions biologiques des kinases RSK ainsi que les mécanismes moléculaires les régulant sont encore aujourd’hui peu décrits. Ainsi, afin d’améliorer nos connaissances sur la famille des RSK, nous avons utilisé plusieurs approches. Tout d’abord, nous avons déterminé les partenaires cellulaires à proximité des kinases RSK avec la mise en place d’une méthode protéomique spécifique. Cette première étape nous a permis d’identifier la protéine p120ctn comme un nouveau substrat des kinases RSK, mais aussi de démontrer le rôle de ces dernières dans la régulation des jonctions intercellulaires. D’autre part, en se focalisant sur un domaine particulier des kinases RSK encore non étudié, notre deuxième étude apporte elle aussi de nouvelles connaissances sur les différentes interactions des protéines RSK. Ces travaux ont entre autres permis de montrer que la liaison de l’isoforme RSK2 avec la protéine Scribble inhibe son activation par la voie de signalisation Ras/MAPK. En établissant donc des études à grande échelle pour déterminer les interactions propres à chaque isoforme des kinases RSK, nous avons identifié plusieurs nouveaux partenaires cellulaires de ces protéines ainsi que leurs fonctions associées. Cette étape est cruciale à la compréhension et la caractérisation du rôle des protéines RSK, notamment dans le développement des cellules cancéreuses. / The Ras/MAPK signaling pathway regulates many biological functions and plays a key role in transducing extracellular signals to intracellular target proteins. Inappropriate regulation of this pathway leads to a variety of diseases and genetic syndromes, including cancer or diabetes. This signaling pathway regulates the activity of ERK1/2 protein kinases, which have many cellular substrates, and therefore regulates significant biological processes. Among these substrates, there is the RSK (p90 ribosomal S6 kinase) family of protein kinases, which is composed of four isoforms (RSK1-4). Although several cellular substrates have been identified for the RSK1 and RSK2 isoforms, the biological functions of RSK kinases and the molecular mechanisms regulating them are still poorly understood. Thus, to improve our knowledge of the RSK family, we used several approaches. First, we determined the cellular partners of the RSK kinases using a proximity-based labeling technique. This first step allowed us to identify the p120ctn protein as a new substrate of RSK kinases, but also to demonstrate the role of these proteins in the regulation of intercellular junction’s integrity. Additionally, by focusing on a particular domain of RSK kinases still unstudied, our second study also provided new insights into the different interactions of RSK proteins. Finally, we demonstrated that the binding of the RSK2 isoform with the Scribble protein inhibits its activation by the Ras/MAPK signaling pathway. Consequently, by establishing large-scale studies to determine the specific interactions of each RSK isoform, we have identified several new cellular partners of these proteins and their associated functions. This step is crucial to understand and characterize the role of the RSK proteins, particularly with respect to their described functions in cancer.