L’objectif de cette recherche est d’exploiter l’adaptation interculturelle des étudiants-sojourners chinois en France, et plus précisément en premier lieu leur parcours personnel, en second lieu leurs stratégies en face des difficultés d’adaptation dans l’apprentissage du métier d’étudiant étranger et celui du métier d’étudiant adulte. Actuellement, plus de 30.000 étudiants chinois s’inscrivent chaque année en enseignement supérieur en France. Éloignés de leur pays natal, ils doivent s'adapter à un nouvel environnement. Du fait de leurs difficultés à communiquer dans une langue étrangère, des différences culturelles et sociales et de la pression économique, une partie des étudiants chinois rencontrent des problèmes, tant sur le plan physique que psychologique pendant leur séjour en France : difficultés dans leur adaptation à un système éducatif nouveau, dans la manière d'appréhender une culture différente (barrière de la langue, mode de vie, etc..). Du point de vue théorique nous nous situons dans une perspective historico-culturelle du psychisme, avec l’idée que les processus psychiques sont dépendants du contexte dans lesquels ils se développent, la théorie des champs conceptuels proposée par Gérard Vergnaud. Du point de vue des concepts et recherches, nous utilisons notamment Culture shock de Oberg, Courbe en U de Lysgaard, Pression-adaptation-croissance dynamique de Kim et Stratégies d’acculturation de Berry ; d’autres réflexions concernent les facteurs d’influence sur l’adaptation interculturelle et favorisent notre analyses des données. Ce travail a mis en œuvre une méthode de construction des données impliquant le croisement de plusieurs techniques de recueil des données (cross-fertilisation, Acioly-Régnier, 2010) qui combine l’observation ethnographique, le récit de vie par bande-dessinées personnalisée et l’entretien d’auto-confrontation simple. Ont ainsi été abordés divers aspects de l’adaptation des étudiants : passage du projet à la venue en France, rapport à l’enseignement et à l’administration française, vie quotidienne extra universitaire, intégration sociale, projet au-delà du séjour. Les résultats de cette recherche montrent que les étudiants-sojourners chinois s’adaptent d’autant mieux qu’ils ont des véritables stratégies pour réagir à de nouveaux contextes. Il a également été confirmé que dans leur adaptation interculturelle, les étudiants-sojourners chinois étudiés pratiquent une stratégie convertible multidimensionnelle. / The objective of this research is to exploit the intercultural adaptation of the Chinese sojourners - students in France, and more exactly first of all their personal course, secondly their strategies in front of the difficulties of adaptation in the learning of the job of foreign student and that of the job of grown-up student. At present, more than 30.000 Chinese students join every year higher education in France. Taken away from their native country, they have to adapt themselves to a new environment. Because of their difficulties communicating in a foreign language, cultural and social differences and economic pressure, a part of the Chinese students meet problems, both on the plan physical and psychological during their stay in France: difficulties in their adaptation to a new education system, in the way of taking a new and different culture (language barrier, lifestyle, etc.). From the theoretical point of view we are situated in a historico-cultural prospect of the psyche, with the idea that the psychic processes are dependent on the context in which they develop (the theory of the conceptual fields was proposed by Gérard Vergnaud). From the point of view of the concepts and the searches, we use in particular Culture shock of Oberg, U Curved for Kim's dynamic Lysgaard, Pression-adaptation-croissance and Strategies of acculturation of Berry; other reflections concern the factors of influence on the intercultural adaptation and favour our data analyses. This work has implemented a method of construction of the data involving the crossing of several techniques of data collection (cross-fertilization, Acioly-Régnier, on 2010) which combines the ethnographical observation, the narrative of life by band drawn personalized and the maintenance of simple auto-confrontation. Several aspects of the adaptation of the students were approached: passage of the project in the coming in France, relationship with the education and in the French administration, the extra university everyday life, the social integration, the project beyond the stay. The results of this research show that the Chinese sojourners students adapt themselves all the better since they have real strategies to react to new contexts. It was also confirmed that in their intercultural adaptation, the Chinese sojourners students practise a multidimensional convertible strategy.

La mondialisation rend plus faciles les échanges entre personnes venant de cultures et d’origines différentes. S’intéressant à la vie des étrangers en Chine, notre étude porte sur la population africaine installée à Yiwu, ville qui accueille la deuxième plus grande communauté africaine en Chine, après Guangzhou. Cette thèse s’interroge sur la source de l’attractivité de Yiwu et sur sa capacité d’intégration. Pour apporter des éléments de réponse, nous avons recueilli entre 2015 et 2016, sous forme de questionnaires et d’entretiens, les témoignages de 81 commerçants étrangers, dont 32 d’origine africaine. L’enquête révèle que la majorité de la population analysée a été attirée par les avantages commerciaux que la ville propose. Le commerce est donc la motivation et le centre d’intérêt de cette communauté, dont les membres, une fois installés, s’efforcent de s’intégrer à la vie commerciale. Néanmoins, leur effort se limite pour l’essentiel à la vie professionnelle. D’une part, le gouvernement local de Yiwu n’est pas totalement ouvert à la population étrangère. Il existe de nombreuses restrictions, qui font obstacle à une intégration complète. D’autre part, les grandes différences culturelles et religieuses forment une barrière spontanée et profonde, presque impossible à dépasser. Ainsi, les commerçants africains fréquentent bien plus leurs compatriotes que leurs partenaires commerciaux chinois. Ils restent principalement au sein de leur communauté dans la vie quotidienne et sociale. Même s’il leur arrive de fréquenter des Chinois en dehors du commerce, cette fréquentation est souvent utilitariste et peu affective. La vraie intégration est donc un état idéal qui demande encore beaucoup d’investissement, si elle est réellement possible. / Globalization makes immigration a lot easier and more efficient among people coming from different backgrounds and cultures. Interested in the lives of foreigners in China, we turned our attention to the African community in Yiwu. Why do these people come to Yiwu and more importantly, how do they adapt themselves to a society which is very different from their own? This thesis tries to find the origins of the city’s attractiveness and if it is immigrant-friendly. Numerous field trips have been made between 2015 and 2016, 81 international businessmen have been interviewed, 32 coming from Africa, with interviews as well as questionnaires. This population is mainly attracted by the commercial advantages of the city. These people are strongly focused on commercial activities, which is their most important immigration motivation. Once settled, they actively try to integrate into local society, as well as to devote themselves successfully to their commercial activities. However, these efforts are strictly limited in their professional life. On the one hand, the governments, both local and central, are not fully welcoming to foreign residents. Multiple administrative restrictions have been observed which prevent them from a better adaptation. On the other hand, important cultural and religious differences between the Africans and the local population create a spontaneous barrier which is practically impossible to exceed. Because of that, African businessmen tend to associate more with people from the same region and avoid the locals when seeking for a deeper connection. They usually stay within their own community in daily and social life. Even if outside-of-work exchanges exist, they are generally a way to enhance the business and therefore not efficient enough in terms of understanding and communication. In other words, real integration is rather an ideal state which still needs a lot of devotions, if it is possible at all.

Since 1992, the number of short-term mission (STM) travelers has exponentially increased for more than a decade. The purpose of STMs is to spread religious messages to local residents. In order to spread the word of God, STM travelers attempt to interact with local residents. They want to communicate with local residents in the host community and build a relationship with them. Therefore, for STM travelers their relationship with local residnets really matters. Many tourism scholars have argued that hosts-tourists interaction heavily influences both tourists and hosts. In spite of the increased popularity and the importance of host-tourist interaction in the context of STMs, STMs have received relatively little attention from the tourism research field. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to understand short-term mission travelers' interaction with local residents within four existing theories: the theory of leisure and tourist motivation, the theory of cultural hegemony, the gift-exchange theory, and the integrative theory of cross-cultural adaptation. To reach this research aim, this study used a qualitative research design rooted in the constructivist paradigm. A total of 43 STM travelers participated in the interview of this study. Considering the concept of the cultural distance between the participant's home culture and the host culture, American and Korean STM travelers who visited Cambodia or Thailand were recruited. Also, to understand the process of participant's relationship-building and cross-cultural adaptation, both pre- and post-interviews with 26 participants were conducted. The results showed that STM travelers sought personal and interpersonal rewards from the trip, which supports the theory of leisure motivation. Also, this type of travel had similarities with alternative, mass, and volunteer tourism in terms of tourist motivation. Regarding the theory of cultural hegemony, hegemonic power was exercised through STM travelers' work. STM travelers took advantage of an opportunity to provide what locals wanted as an opportunity to spread their religious message. Furthermore, identified conflicts between Christianity and the local culture support the existence of cultural hegemony. Concerning the relationship-building process of STM travelers, the results suggested that STM travelers built their relationship with local people and God by providing a gift to them and positively evaluating receivers' responses. In terms of the theory of cross-cultural adaptation, this study found support for this theory as successful intercultural adaptation led to a personal transformation in travelers. Finally, cultural distance was considered as a dimension of the intercultural adaptation theory. Regarding the perceived cultural distance, American mission travelers reported cultural distance with the host culture whereas Korean mission travelers expressed a cultural similarity to the host cultures rather than cultural difference.

This autobiographical study relates my personal experiences as an international student in Canada to curriculum theory and issues in multicultural education. The study takes a creative, cookbook journal format, using a selection of recipes for exploring cross-cultural experiences and making connections between self and the multicultural environment, and between curricular theories and educational practice. While sometimes recipes refer to simple instructions, the curriculum recipes in this study do not provide simple solutions but rather creative ways of thinking about curriculum. The research question guiding this study is how we can understand multicultural curriculum so that majority groups (the host people in Canada) and minority groups (the people from other cultures) acknowledge a space of shared responsibility for intercultural adaptation, and so that there are not two sides or positions for people when crossing cultures, but a space in between where people dwell together.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:31:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Michel Mott Machado.pdf: 1817336 bytes, checksum: a814c0a26d9e7931c84021e18ada76d8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-11 / The study of dignity is present in many fields of Life Sciences, the Humanities and Social Sciences. In the Management field, in particular, researches have been carried out mainly through the perspective of dignity in organizations and, more recently, from a stakeholder‟s point-of-view. The purpose of this study was to understand how the dignity from the cultural experience of Latin American expatriates in Brazil, was projected and symbolized by them. The decision to take the expatriation as one of the central elements of the study, due to the profound changes from the process of productive restructuring, since the late twentieth century, implying mobility of capital and people in different parts of the globe. Despite the signs of a growing trend of intra-regional migration process in the context of Latin America and the Caribbean, most of the researches involving the expatriation phenomenon still show little emphasis on the reality of Latin American countries. It is assumed here that the cultural adjustment of expatriate suppose to leave suspended their own cultural base, producing vulnerability in relationships, and therefore promoting violation of dignity. In this qualitative research, interviews in-depth were conducted, face to face, with ten expatriate executives from four different South American countries, who lived in Brazil when the interviews were made. From a de-colonial approach, was adopted as data analysis method the symbolic cartography as proposed by Boaventura de Sousa Santos. From the point of view of projection and symbolization, the omission and neglect in management, fed the projection of the Latin American expatriate dignity to the periphery in the researched companies, in this case, prevailed the figure of Ares over Athena in the sphere of organization. In this sense, is desirable the development of a critical reflection about the expatriation process and interculturalism in native organizations, from top management. The prevalence of absences on emergencies / "presence" hindered the process of intercultural adaptation, as the continuing violations of dignity resulted in disqualification of other Latin Americans. / O estudo da dignidade está presente em vários campos das Ciências da Vida, das Ciências Humanas e das Ciências Sociais Aplicadas. No campo da Administração, em particular, pesquisas vem sendo realizadas, principalmente, por meio da perspectiva da dignidade nas organizações, bem como, mais recentemente, a partir de uma visão baseada em stakeholders. O objetivo deste estudo foi o de compreender como a dignidade, a partir da vivência cultural dos expatriados latino-americanos no Brasil, foi projetada e simbolizada pelos mesmos. A decisão de tomarmos a expatriação como um dos elementos centrais do estudo deveu-se às profundas transformações oriundas do processo de reestruturação produtiva, desde o final do século XX, o que acarretou implicações à mobilidade de capital e de pessoas em diferentes partes do globo. Apesar da sinalização de uma tendência de crescimento do processo migratório intra-regional no contexto da América Latina e Caribe, a maior parte das pesquisas que envolvem o fenômeno da expatriação ainda demonstram pouca ênfase sobre a realidade de países latino-americanos. Assume-se aqui que a adaptação cultural do expatriado pressupõe deixar em suspensão a sua base cultural própria, o que é uma perspectiva geradora de vulnerabilidade nas relações, e portanto, de violação da dignidade. Nesta pesquisa qualitativa, foram realizadas entrevistas em profundidade, face a face, com dez executivos expatriados de quatro diferentes países sul-americanos, que moravam no Brasil quando da realização das entrevistas. Desde uma perspectiva descolonial, adotou-se como método de análise de dados a cartografia simbólica conforme proposta por Boaventura de Sousa Santos. Do ponto de vista da projeção e da simbolização, a omissão e o descaso na gestão alimentaram o processo de periferização da dignidade do expatriado latino-americano nas empresas pesquisadas, prevalecendo assim, a figura de Ares sobre Atena na esfera da organização. Nesta direção, pode-se dizer que enseja-se o desenvolvimento de uma reflexão crítica acerca do processo de expatriação e da interculturalidade nas organizações