Este trabalho trata da caracterização eletroóptica de cristais orgânicos, a saber: L-arginina fosfatada, L-alanina e L-treonina. O aspecto teórico que envolve este efeito nestes cristais é descrito, discutindo a forma de manifestação do efeito em cada um dos grupos de simetria cristalina aos quais pertencem. Além disso, discutimos e observamos a ocorrência de efeitos de natureza piezoelétrica durante o processo de caracterização eletroóptica. / This work reports on the electrooptical characterization of organic crystals, namely: L-arginine phosphate monohidrate, Lalanine and L-threonine. We describe the theoretical aspect in these crystals discussing how the effect occurs according to the symmetry groups of each one. Furthermore, we discuss and observe the occurrence of piezoelectric effects during the electrooptical characterization.

Orientador: Evandro Conforti / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T02:46:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Galdieri_FlavioJose_D.pdf: 39790965 bytes, checksum: 18db9fa30a7997dc5b78aedb2c47a930 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Analisa-se neste trabalho o efeito que o ruído acústico incidente sobre a fibra óptica tem na medida da largura de linha espectral do laser HeNe, utilizando experimentalmente o método auto-homódino com um interferômetro de Mach-Zehnder desbalanceado. O interferômetro tem um ramo com dois quilômetros mais longo que o outro, sendo a fibra enrolada em forma de bobina. As fases dos feixes da luz do laser são descorrelacionadas por atraso relativo dado pela bobina. Por razões práticas a linha de atraso foi construída com comprimento muito menor que o requerido, o que não atende a condição de não-correlação, na qual o tempo de atraso relativo é maior que o tempo de coerência do laser. Os resultados experimentais mostram que a linha espectral tem alta correlação com uma linha lorentziana e que a linha é alargada por intensificação do ruído acústico sobre a bobina de fibra. A abordagem teórica considera que o ruído acústico sobre a bobina tem os efeitos de levar o interferômetro a um regime quasi-coerente, descorrelacionando parcialmente as fases e de alargar a linha espectral por intensificação do ruído acústico nas ressonâncias da bobina. Simula-se o alargamento da linha com introdução de uma modulação harmônica no interferômetro. A simulação da bobina, modelada como uma casca cilíndrica de sílica com incidência de uma onda acústica calcula a variação do índice de refração, nas frequências próprias da casca cilíndrica. A partir destes resultados calcula-se o índice de modulação da onda acústica, com a técnica da matriz de transferência e obtêm-se, no espectro simulado com modulação de fase, a linha espectral alargada. Na parte experimental, o interferômetro foi montado em câmara de vácuo para controlar a intensidade do ruído acústico. Nas medições, o ruído acústico descorrelaciona as ondas por modulação. Devido a este efeito, a linha medida tem alta correlação com uma lorentziana e largura que aumenta com a pressão, que é a hipótese do presente trabalho / Abstract: We experimentally analyze the acoustic noise effect on the measurement of the HeNe laser spectral linewidth, using an unbalanced optical fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer, with a two kilometers longer arm. The fiber is wounded on a reel. The measured spectra with self homodyne detection is a process where the original laser signal is split, propagate in the two arms, are coupled together before detection by a photo-diode. The measured signals are non-coherent, given by the relative delay longer than the coherence time in the long arm. For practical reasons, the delay line was built with a much shorter length than required to analyze the laser line, which limits the delay to a value smaller than the coherence time. The theoretical approach here considers the acoustic noise on the longer arm forcing the interferometer system to a quasi-coherent, partially uncorrelating regime. The overall effect is a broadening of the spectral line by the enhancement of acoustic noise in coil fiber resonances. The enlargement of the spectral line is simulated using the introduction of a harmonic modulation wave in the non-coherent regime. A three-dimensional simulation of the optical fiber coil shaped like a silica cylindrical shell, with incidence of an acoustic wave, calculates the variations of refractive index in the natural frequencies of the cylindrical shell through the elasto-optic tensor. The refractive index variation of this model is applied to obtain the modulation index of the light in the fiber, using the transfer matrix technique to simulate the phase modulated spectrum. In the experimental bench, the interferometer is mounted in a vacuum chamber to control the intensity of the acoustic noise effect. The results exhibit increasing spectral linewidth with the air pressure, always preserving a high correlation with a Lorentzian line. In the simulation of the interferometer with phase modulated ligth signals, the spectral line is also broadened. The experimental results is in agreement with the hypothesis of spectral line broadening caused by phase uncorrelated waves whose uncorrelation is enhanced by the acoustic noise random effects in the interferometer long arm optical fiber reel / Doutorado / Telecomunicações e Telemática / Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica

This thesis report works on optically characterizing waveguide based biosensors consisting of thin, narrow Au stripes embedded in CYTOP. The devices were examined using an ever evolving and improving interrogation setup, variations of which are described in detail in this document. A number of changes were made to the setup configuration in order to reduce noise levels and increase efficiency and accuracy of acquired measurements. Waveguides of varying configurations (straight waveguides and Mach-Zehnder Interferometers with etched and cladded channels) are described and optically characterized. The characterization results of these devices are presented in this thesis. Bulk index measurements are carried out in order to determine a suitable bio-sensing solution with a refractive index matched to that of CYTOP. Step index measurements clearly distinguishing the introduction of sensing solutions of refractive indices varying from one another, are made available. Preliminary bio-sensing experiments involving detection of change in refractive index of sensing fluid as well as adlayer thickness with the introduction of analytes binding to the waveguide surface that has been functionalized with antibodies, using both straight and cladded waveguides with single mode outputs are studied.

Optical fiber sensors have been intensively studied and successfully employed in various human social activities and daily living, such as industrial production, civil engineering, medicine, transportation, national defense and so on. According to different structures, optical sensors could be divided into various categories. This thesis focuses on studying different kinds of in-line fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometers, which have played an important role among the optical interferometric fiber sensors. The structure composition, fabrication process, physical principle and practical applications of two novel in-line fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometers are proposed and discussed in detail in this work. The tapered bend-insensitive fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer (BIF-MZI) is firstly fabricated and used as a fiber vibrometer. The unique double-cladding structure of bend-insensitive fiber not only provides higher mechanical strength to the sensor, but also guarantees a more uniform transmission spectrum， since only a few inner-cladding modes are left interfering with the core mode. A high sensitivity and fast response intensity demodulation scheme is employed by monitoring the power fluctuation of the BIF-MZI at the operation wavelength. Both damped and continuous vibrations are detected using the proposed sensor. It is demonstrated that this sensor responses to an extremely wide range of frequencies from 1 Hz up to 500 kHz with high signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). The discrimination of temperature and axial strain is realized based on the dispersion effects of high-order-mode fiber (HOMF) by forming a single mode fiber-high-order-mode fiber-single mode fiber (SMF-HOMF-SMF) structure based in-line Mach-Zehnder interferometer. Unlike some kinds of in-line MZIs such as tapered and core–offset structures whose cladding modes are excited with different types under changing temperature and strain circumstances, the HOMF is capable of supporting three stable core modes, which guarantees a reliable and repeatable measurements within a large temperature or strain range. A new method based on the fast Fourier transform (FFT) is employed to analyze the mode couplings and their chromatic dispersion and intermodal dispersion properties in HOMF. The strong dispersion effects lead to a multi-peak feature in the spatial frequency spectrum. It is found that peaks that denote the waveform periods at positions that are beyond the critical wavelength possess highly sensitive and distinct phase responses to external disturbances, which provides the possibility to realize the discrimination measurements with high sensitivities and smaller errors by selecting appropriate peaks. The phase demodulation scheme is applied to quantify the temperature and strain changes in terms of phase shifts. Appropriate peak selections according to the practical needs would provide an easy access for applications where more than two parameters are required to be discriminated.

The diploma thesis deals with the influence of magnetic and electromagnetic fields on signals transmitted by optical fibers. Subsequently, the results of individual measured values are evaluated and analyzed, which were measured using an interferometer and a polarimeter. The first part deals with the theoretical analysis of the principles of interference and polarization of light. It further explains the basic operation of the above-mentioned devices as well as the immunity of the optical fiber to EMI. The second part of the work presents selected devices and technologies that were used as a source of electromagnetic or magnetic radiation. Subsequently, individual phenomena are plotted both in the course of time and with the help of a spectrogram or Poincaré sphere. From the measured results we can conclude that the commonly available technologies, which were selected for the diploma thesis, will not cause greater negative problems to the signal on measured frequencies in optical fibre, that could degrade the transmitted signal.

This thesis investigates the constancy of light speed with respect to the light age using an active fiber-based Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) illuminated by sunlight. The original sunlight in one arm, which has the age of 8.3 minutes since it was emitted from the sun, interferes with the young light generated by stimulated emission from an optical amplifier in the other arm, which is coherent to the sunlight. The speed difference between the sunlight and the newly regenerated light is obtained by measuring the phase variations as the interference signal travels along a span of single-mode fiber. System error is eliminated by the self-calibration which is achieved by alternatively switching other two local amplified spontaneous emission light sources and the sunlight as the input to the MZI, and then comparing the measured phase differences of these three sources. The relative accuracy of light speed measurement is . Consider the 8.3 minutes age of the sunlight, for a possible variation of light speed of c with light age in optical fiber, we obtainĢc/c is less than 1.7 / Master of Science

This work reports on the construction of a 408 nm laser system designed to drive stimulated Raman transitions between the F = 4 and F = 5 2 S 1/2 states of 87 Sr + using the 2 P 3/2 state as the intermediate state. This laser system will be used as part of a 87 Sr + ion interferometer. This work also includes a discussion of relevant theory describing the interaction of the ions and laser, along with a calculation of the transition rates as a function of laser power and detuning.

The High Efficiency HyperSpectral Imager (HEHSI) is a Fourier Transform hyperspectral imager based on a Sagnac interferometer. This thesis research concentrates on the design upgrade and calibration of HEHSI from a proof of concept instrument to a prototype field instrument. Stability is enhanced by removing degrees of freedom and alignment is enhanced by providing for in-situ adjustments. The use of off the shelf components allows for reduced development time and cost constraints. HEHSI is capable of multiple configurations to accommodate sensors and optics with specialized capabilities for multiple wavelength ranges and viewing conditions. With a spectral response of 400 to 1000 nanometers in the visible and very near IR as well as 900 to 1700nm in the Near IR. Creation and use of a real time feedback alignment utility allow quantifiable signal comparison and image alignment. Advances allow for HEHSI to remain aligned during data collection sessions and confirmation of alignment through quantitative measures.

No / In this paper the sensitivity of the decoupling matrix used for mutual coupling compensation in small size uniform circular arrays has been studied. The compensation matrix is calculated using the receiving mode technique for a 5-element uniform circular array and applied to two groups of direction finding algorithms, namely phase comparison-based (interferometry) and subspace-based algorithms. In the tracking application considered the receiver array is deployed on a car roof or aircraft, so the geometry of the platform influences the compensation results. In this work, the effect of different ground plane geometries in terms of the standard deviation of angular error for each estimation algorithm using simulation results is investigated. The results show that the calibration conditions used to determine the compensation matrix affect the AOA estimation accuracy.

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