Ao apresentar criticamente ao público de língua portuguesa a obra da escritora irlandesa contemporânea Eavan Boland, por meio de uma seleção poética traduzida, que privilegia a visualidade e a ekphrase, este trabalho tece uma leitura intermediática (artes visuais e literárias) e verifica os efeitos de sentido da intermedialidade na construção do lirismo poético. Pressupondose a inevitável incomunicabilidade da linguagem, esta tese examina a intermedialidade, presente no processo de escrita entre as fronteiras do nacional e do cosmopolita e, sobretudo, do privado ao público e deste àquele, enquanto um recurso artístico, característico da pluralidade identitária da poesia, capaz de alcançar graus de comunicabilidade mais amplos, ou seja, menos deficitários. Por fim, a seleção de poemas aqui recolhidos traça o percurso íntimo da produção artística de Eavan Boland, momento em que os graus de articulação lingüística (seja por meio visual, verbal ou intermediático) assistem a uma suspensão de sua incomunicabilidade, e conseguem atingir esferas mais densas de sucesso comunicativo, fazendo vir à tona a natureza lírica da escrita: os movimentos concomitantes entre as esferas pública e privada referem-se à busca da interioridade, da subjetividade do eu-lírico, o auto-retrato da poetisa. Portanto, a partir do exercício interpretativo das traduções poéticas, bem como do estudo da intermedialidade, lê-se aqui a ekphrase como recurso poético na obra de Eavan Boland, capaz de metonimizar o transitar da voz poética na tradição irlandesa a partir de onde a poetisa fala, a nação irlandesa e a ruptura com essa tradição, a busca ao encontro do feminino, da voz da mulher e, acima de tudo, da voz poética enunciadora do fluxo comunicativo. / While presenting the work of the Irish, contemporary writer Eavan Boland to the public of Portuguese readers, by means of a poetic selection that privileges visuality and ekphrasis, this thesis establishes an intermediatic reading (visual and literary arts) and verifies intermediality´s effects of meaning in the construction of poetic lyricism. While presupposing language´s inevitable incommunicability, this thesis bears witness to the intermediality present in the process of writing in the frontiers of the national and the cosmopolitan and, above all, of the private and public and vice-versa, as an artistic tool, characteristic of poetry´s plural identity, which is capable of reaching broader, less deficient levels of communicability. Ultimately, the selection of poems here presented heeds to the intimate trajectory of Eavan Boland´s artistic production, which reveals levels of linguistic articulation (being them visual, verbal or intermediatic) that suspend its incommunicability and, then, are able to reach deeper spheres of communicative success, as it brings up the lyric nature of writing. The movements that go from the public to the private spheres of subjectivity refer to the search for interiority, for the self, the self-portrait in poetry. Therefore, from the interpretative exercise of the poetic translations, as well as from the study of intermediality, ekphrasis is here read as a poetic tool in the work of Eavan Boland, metonimic of the poetic voice´s transit within the Irish tradition, from where the poet speaks, the Irish nation and the rupture with such tradition, in search of the encounter with the Female, the woman´s voice and, above all, the poetic voice as enunciator of the communicative flow.

Notre travail de recherche a porté sur quatre des caractéristiques principales de la poésie espagnole la plus contemporaine : l'hybridation, l'intermédialité, la porosité et la marginalité. Nous avons examiné les écritures poétiques de sept poètes nés entre 1962 et 1990, Manuel Vilas,Jorge Riechmann, Agustin Fernandez Mallo, Vicente Luis Mora, Pablo Garcia Casado, Begona Callejon et Luna Miguel. Ces sept poètes sont paradigmatiques d'un renouveau créatif qui prend appui sur une ouverture forte sur le monde social, scientifique mais aussi populaire et quotidien. La question de la définition de la poésie revient dans ce contexte avec plus de force. Tout semble plus brouillé que jamais avec ces incursions de la poésie dans des univers non-poétiques. Ces franchissements de frontières permettent de saisir l'acte de création poétique, ce qu'est la poésie : une poésie en mutations rétro-alimentées dans ses explorations méta-poétiques et son rapport au monde qui l'entoure. / Our research work was concerned with four main characteristics of Spanich poetry in its most contemporary form : hybridations, intermedialities, porosity and marginality. We studied the poetic writings of seven poets born between 1962 and 1990 : Manuel Vilas, Jorge Riechmann, Agustin Fernandez Mallo, Vicente Luis Mora, Pablo Garcia Casado, Begona Callejon and Luna Miguel. These seven poets are representative of a creative revival that leans heavely on an openness towards concerns of a social and scientific nature but also common and day-to-day lite. Within this context, the question of what defines poetry becomes ail the more powerful. As never before,theses-poetic incursions within the non-poetic world throw everything into flux. These boundary crossings enable one to better grasp the process of poetic creation and what is : poetry undergoing transformations via feedback with regard toits metapoetic explorations and its relationship with the outside world.

This study addresses the theatre of Romeo Castellucci’s group, the Socìetas Raffaello Sanzio, and its director’s engagement with visual arts. In particular, the study analyses the tenth episode M#10 Marseille of Castellucci’s major production Tragedia Endogonidia, a work composed of 11 episodes, each dealing with a European capital. Using the notion of intermediality, this thesis demonstrates how an intermedial performance integrates questions and principles connected with visual arts within the framework of a new concept of performance called ‘interformance’. The author introduces Henk Oosterling’s definition of intermediality where he uses Derrida’s theory of différance to explain the notion as a back and forth movement created by the interaction of media whose differences produce tension within the spectators. This tension suspends and postpones the audience’s meaning generation, thus opening the possibility of a multiplicity of meanings. As a result, the meaning of an interformance directly depends on the interrelationship of media and the subjectivity of the spectator.

This dissertation examines the theme of travel in the work of Karel Čapek (1890-1938), both in his travelogues and fiction. Instead of assuming travel as a conventional departure to another destination, journey and return home, Čapek experimented with the topic, popular in interwar literatures and arts, as an example of the avant-garde interconnectedness between different genres and arts. Čapek used three approaches to express his experiences of traveling. First, he founded his own aesthetics of the so called “marginal forms” or “low-brow genres” which he simultaneously interpolated in his prose. Their use, which greatly changes the perspective on travel writing, is visible in comparison between Čapek’s and previous travelogues (chapter 1). Secondly, he introduced skaz as stylized spoken language to Czech literature, and changed the traditional roles of the narrator and his addressees in travelogues (chapter 2). Thirdly, he used visual elements of language, combined verbal and visual arts (illustrations and drawings) in the narrative (chapter 3). Finally, all these elements he interpolated to his prose (chapter 4) through the intertextual links with travelogues. On the example of the theme of travel in Karel Čapek’s work, my dissertation revisits some current definitions of the historical avant-garde. It shows that the recent theories, predominantly developed on the examples from Western European and Russian arts, cannot be fully applied to local artistic movements. First, it shows that the notion of the avant-garde cannot be just confined to the writers who called themselves “avant-garde” (such as Karel Teige or Vladislav Vančura). Instead, it should be also expanded to other writers, such as Karel Čapek, marginal to the avant-garde mainstream. Second, the analysis of the theme of travel in Karel Čapek’s opus shows that the Czech avant-garde was not destructive towards its literary heritage. Instead, it offered an alternative reading of tradition through artistic experiments. In extension, it also provided a new understanding of the cultural and literary identity.

This dissertation examines the theme of travel in the work of Karel Čapek (1890-1938), both in his travelogues and fiction. Instead of assuming travel as a conventional departure to another destination, journey and return home, Čapek experimented with the topic, popular in interwar literatures and arts, as an example of the avant-garde interconnectedness between different genres and arts. Čapek used three approaches to express his experiences of traveling. First, he founded his own aesthetics of the so called “marginal forms” or “low-brow genres” which he simultaneously interpolated in his prose. Their use, which greatly changes the perspective on travel writing, is visible in comparison between Čapek’s and previous travelogues (chapter 1). Secondly, he introduced skaz as stylized spoken language to Czech literature, and changed the traditional roles of the narrator and his addressees in travelogues (chapter 2). Thirdly, he used visual elements of language, combined verbal and visual arts (illustrations and drawings) in the narrative (chapter 3). Finally, all these elements he interpolated to his prose (chapter 4) through the intertextual links with travelogues. On the example of the theme of travel in Karel Čapek’s work, my dissertation revisits some current definitions of the historical avant-garde. It shows that the recent theories, predominantly developed on the examples from Western European and Russian arts, cannot be fully applied to local artistic movements. First, it shows that the notion of the avant-garde cannot be just confined to the writers who called themselves “avant-garde” (such as Karel Teige or Vladislav Vančura). Instead, it should be also expanded to other writers, such as Karel Čapek, marginal to the avant-garde mainstream. Second, the analysis of the theme of travel in Karel Čapek’s opus shows that the Czech avant-garde was not destructive towards its literary heritage. Instead, it offered an alternative reading of tradition through artistic experiments. In extension, it also provided a new understanding of the cultural and literary identity.

This study addresses the theatre of Romeo Castellucci’s group, the Socìetas Raffaello Sanzio, and its director’s engagement with visual arts. In particular, the study analyses the tenth episode M#10 Marseille of Castellucci’s major production Tragedia Endogonidia, a work composed of 11 episodes, each dealing with a European capital. Using the notion of intermediality, this thesis demonstrates how an intermedial performance integrates questions and principles connected with visual arts within the framework of a new concept of performance called ‘interformance’. The author introduces Henk Oosterling’s definition of intermediality where he uses Derrida’s theory of différance to explain the notion as a back and forth movement created by the interaction of media whose differences produce tension within the spectators. This tension suspends and postpones the audience’s meaning generation, thus opening the possibility of a multiplicity of meanings. As a result, the meaning of an interformance directly depends on the interrelationship of media and the subjectivity of the spectator.

This bipartite thesis presents and implements an intermedial model for co-reading poems and photographs in paper books, a genre I call photo poetry. A survey of the genre in Sweden was carried out and presented in a selected bibliography in my licentiate thesis. Two well-established poets, Katarina Frostenson and Rut Hillarp, made their debut in the genre in the 1980s and have since produced three books each. Frostenson cooperates with photographer Jean Claude Arnault and Hillarp created the poems as well as the pictures herself. Scholarly studies up to now have focused on the poems, however, and have therefore neglected the impact of the photographic pictures. The first part of the thesis elaborates a model based on the framework of the picture book and adapted to the text genre of poetry and the epistemology of the photographic picture. Two different narrative reading strategies are developed and applied to the material: the metonymical and the metaphorical linking. The metonymical linking implies that the diegesis on the spread is perceived to be part of a larger diegesis and that that diegesis has direct virtual contact with the diegesis on the next spread. The metaphorical linking implies that the diegesis on the single spread is perceived to be part of a larger diegesis, but that that diegesis has no direct virtual spatial contact with the next spread. Whether or not a diegesis is perceived to have direct virtual spatial contact with spreads depends on the story’s display of the contingency of characters, time and place. The model is based on the relations tied to the book’s construction: the schematic, the synchronic and the diachronic relation. The schematic relation concerns meaning created on all spreads, the synchronic relation meaning on a single spread, and the diachronic relation meanings on spreads in a row. The schematic and the diachronic may appear to overlap somewhat but in the schematic relation the focus is on tracing different story schemes, and in the diachronic relation the focus is on how the narration progresses and alternates between different schemes. The findings show that with the co-reading model the impact of the photographs gives a deeper understanding of not only the narrative interplay of word and image but also of semiotic, intermedial and intertextual connections. The reading strategies applied show that Frostenson’s and Arnault’s works gain from a metonymically linked interpretation whereas Hillarp’s mainly gain from a metaphorically linked interpretation. The study also discusses the impact of the photographic picture and connects it to the semiotic theory of C. S. Peirce as well as to Western picture practices.

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This thesis revolves around an obvious fact: printed (or otherwise two- or three-dimensional) poetry is always and inevitably visual. By analysing a representative selection of poems, including conspicuously experimental and image-like poems as well as examples of more conventional poetry, the thesis points out that visual iconicity is an equally inevitable consequence of the visuality of printed poetry. The analysis applies terminology relating to iconicity and intermediality (presented by Lars Elleström, whose theoretical basis is the semiotics of Charles Sanders Peirce) to the selected poems, while avoiding making too specific interpretations, in order to maintain a discussion of the ever-present phenomenon of visual iconicity as such, and not just the individual examples. Rather than introducing visual iconicity specifically to confirm more or less specific interpretations of poetic texts, this method of approaching poems as two-dimensional works of art is what this paper mainly aims to propose, as a productive starting point for literary analyses in general; as is concluded in the theoretical framework by Elleström, the actual modal and iconic properties of printed poetry contradict mutually exclusive dichotomies such as verbal/visual and text/image. While indirectly visually iconic poems tend to have a wider range of possible interpretations at the outset, the existence of iconic potential, however, does not depend on any specific interpretation.

This study addresses the theatre of Romeo Castellucci’s group, the Socìetas Raffaello Sanzio, and its director’s engagement with visual arts. In particular, the study analyses the tenth episode M#10 Marseille of Castellucci’s major production Tragedia Endogonidia, a work composed of 11 episodes, each dealing with a European capital. Using the notion of intermediality, this thesis demonstrates how an intermedial performance integrates questions and principles connected with visual arts within the framework of a new concept of performance called ‘interformance’. The author introduces Henk Oosterling’s definition of intermediality where he uses Derrida’s theory of différance to explain the notion as a back and forth movement created by the interaction of media whose differences produce tension within the spectators. This tension suspends and postpones the audience’s meaning generation, thus opening the possibility of a multiplicity of meanings. As a result, the meaning of an interformance directly depends on the interrelationship of media and the subjectivity of the spectator.